Software Engineering

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1 Software Engineering Part I. Aspects and Models of Software Development Process Gunadarma University 1 Software Engineering

2 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering Problems in Software Engineering 3 Software Development Process Definition Models of Software Development Process 4 Software Design & Specification 5 Software Testing & Evolution 2 Software Engineering

3 References I Introduction Sommerville, Ian, Software Engineering, Addison-Wesley, 1982 Pressman, Roger S, Software Engineering: A Practitioner s Approach, Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill, 2005 Parnas, David, Software Engineering Programmes are not Computer Science Programmes, Annals of Software Engineering, 1998 Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge ( Other S.E. Course Related Sites (Wikipedia, MIT, Cornell, Ilmukomputer.com, SE course by Adang Suhendra, etc) 3 Software Engineering

4 Outline Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering Problems in Software Engineering 3 Software Development Process Definition Models of Software Development Process 4 Software Design & Specification 5 Software Testing & Evolution 4 Software Engineering

5 Software Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering Computer programs, a soft-molded mechanical that can be easily transformed or altered Software Products : Generic : developed for general users / market user should follow developer specification Bespoke / Tailor-made : developed for particular customer developer should follow user s specification / requirement 5 Software Engineering

6 Software Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering Computer programs, a soft-molded mechanical that can be easily transformed or altered Software Products : Generic : developed for general users / market user should follow developer specification Bespoke / Tailor-made : developed for particular customer developer should follow user s specification / requirement 5 Software Engineering

7 Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering World of Software Engineering I Application of systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software NATO Software Engineering Conference, Garmisch, Deutschland. Term was popularized by F.L. Bauer Pioneers: S.E. is C.A.R. Hoare David Parnas Barry Boehm & Fred Brooks a form of engineering but not just set of good programmers (David Parnas) not engineering but that it should be (Steve McConnell) is an art and a science (Donald Knuth) 6 Software Engineering

8 Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering World of Software Engineering II Engineers learns science + methods needed to apply science Knowledge from computer engineering & science, management, mathematics, project management, quality management, software ergonomics, system engineering Scientists can focus deeply on a subject, but engineers should have relatively broad knowledge That s why distinction between computer science and software engineering is fuzzy 7 Software Engineering

9 Outline Aspects of Software Engineering Problems in Software Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering Problems in Software Engineering 3 Software Development Process Definition Models of Software Development Process 4 Software Design & Specification 5 Software Testing & Evolution 8 Software Engineering

10 Aspects of Software Engineering Problems in Software Engineering Why should we learn S.Eng.? taken from : 9 Software Engineering

11 Aspects of Software Engineering Problems in Software Engineering Properties of Good Software Maintainability Software should be easily altered in evolution due to user s changing demand Dependability Software should be trustworthy on that users can entirely depend their business process Efficiency Software should not waste system resources Usability Software must be usable in high degree by the users for which it was designed 10 Software Engineering

12 Outline Software Development Process Definition 1 Introduction 2 Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering Problems in Software Engineering 3 Software Development Process Definition Models of Software Development Process 4 Software Design & Specification 5 Software Testing & Evolution 11 Software Engineering

13 Software Development Process Definition Software Development Process Set of activities goal is development or evolution of software Generic activities : 1 Specification Defining what system should do & constraints 2 Development Production phase: programming, documentations, error checking 3 Validation and verification Validate that software meets user s need 4 Evolution Altering the software along with the changing of users s needs 12 Software Engineering

14 Software Development Process Definition Software Process Model Simplified representation of software process from a specific perspective Perspectives: Workflow based - sequence of activities Data-Flow based - information flow Role/Action based Generic software process model: Waterfall model Evolutionary Formal transformation Integration from reusable components Agile and extreme Software Development (New) 13 Software Engineering

15 Outline Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process 1 Introduction 2 Aspects of Software Engineering Software Engineering Problems in Software Engineering 3 Software Development Process Definition Models of Software Development Process 4 Software Design & Specification 5 Software Testing & Evolution 14 Software Engineering

16 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process The Waterfall Model The Spirit 15 Software Engineering

17 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process The Waterfall Model As is 16 Software Engineering

18 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process The Waterfall Model The Problems Difficulty of accommodating change along the process Inflexible partitioning of the project into distinct stages Difficult to respond to changing customer requirements Only appropriate when the requirements are well-understood 17 Software Engineering

19 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Evolutionary Development Explained 18 Software Engineering

20 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Evolutionary Development Problems and Applicability Problems: Lack of process visibility Systems are often poorly structured Special skills (for example, languages for rapid prototyping) may be required Thus, applicable for: small or medium-size interactive systems development of parts of large systems (e.g. user interface) short-lifetime systems 19 Software Engineering

21 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Formal System Development Definition Users s requirement are specified in mathematical form Transformed through different abstraction of specification to an executable program Requirement Definiiton Formal Specification Formal Transformation Executable Program Integration & System Testing A transformation is correctness-preserving, thus it is straightforward to prove that Executable Program conform specification Cleanroom approach 20 Software Engineering

22 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Formal System Development The Use of Formal Methods investing more effort in the early phases of software development reduces requirements errors as it forces a detailed analysis of the requirements incompleteness and inconsistencies can be discovered and resolved savings as made as the amount of rework due to requirements problems is reduced 21 Software Engineering

23 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Formal System Development Example of System Specification in TLA+ 22 Software Engineering

24 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Formal System Development Formal Transformation and Proofs P1 P2 P3 P4 TRUE 23 Software Engineering

25 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Formal System Development Problems and Applicability Problems Need for specialised skills and training to apply the technique Difficult to formally specify some aspects of the system Applicability Critical systems especially those where a safety or security case must be made before the system is put into operation 24 Software Engineering

26 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Component Reuse Oriented Development Definition Based on systematic reuse where systems are integrated from existing components or COTS (Commercial-off-the-shelf) systems Process stages Component analysis Requirements modification System design with reuse Development and integration This approach is becoming more important but still limited experience with it 25 Software Engineering

27 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Component-Reuse Oriented Development Phases of Development Process 26 Software Engineering

28 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Process Iteration Basic idea : system requirements ALWAYS evolve in the course of a project so process iteration where earlier stages are reworked is always part of the process for large systems Iteration can be applied to any of the generic process models Two (related) approaches Incremental development Spiral development 27 Software Engineering

29 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Incremental Development Definition Rather than deliver the system as a single delivery, the development and delivery is broken down into increments with each increment delivering part of the required functionality User requirements are prioritised and the highest priority requirements are included in early increments Once the development of an increment is started, the requirements are frozen though requirements for later increments can continue to evolve 28 Software Engineering

30 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Incremental Development In a Diagram 29 Software Engineering

31 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process Incremental Development Advantages Customer value can be delivered with each increment so system functionality is available earlier Early increments act as a prototype to help elicit requirements for later increments Lower risk of overall project failure The highest priority system services tend to receive the most testing 30 Software Engineering

32 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process extreme programming New approach to development based on the development and delivery of very small increments of functionality Relies on constant code improvement, user involvement in the development team and pairwise programming 31 Software Engineering

33 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process The Spiral Model (Boehm) Process is represented as a spiral rather than as a sequence of activities with backtracking. Each loop in the spiral represents a phase in the process. No fixed phases such as specification or design - loops in the spiral are chosen depending on what is required. Risks are explicitly assessed and resolved throughout the process. 32 Software Engineering

34 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process The Spiral Model (Boehm) 33 Software Engineering

35 Software Development Process Models of Software Development Process The Spiral Model (Boehm) Objective setting Specific objectives for the phase are identified Risk assessment and reduction Risks are assessed and activities put in place to reduce the key risks Development and validation Planning A development model for the system is chosen which can be any of the generic models The project is reviewed and the next phase of the spiral is planned 34 Software Engineering

36 Software Design & Specification Software Specification The process of establishing what services are required and the constraints on the system s operation and development Requirements engineering process Feasibility study Requirements elicitation and analysis Requirements specification Requirements validation 35 Software Engineering

37 Software Design & Specification Software Specification Requirement Engineering Process 36 Software Engineering

38 Software Design & Specification Software Design Process Activities Architectural design Abstract specification Interface design Component design Data structure design Algorithm design 37 Software Engineering

39 Software Design & Specification Software Design Process In a Diagram 38 Software Engineering

40 Software Design & Specification Software Design Methods Systematic approaches to developing a software design The design is usually documented as a set of graphical models Possible models Data-flow model Entity-relation-attribute model Structural model Object models 39 Software Engineering

41 Software Design & Specification Programming & Debugging Translating a design into a program and removing errors from that program Programming is a personal activity - there is no generic programming process Programmers carry out some program testing to discover faults in the program and remove these faults in the debugging process 40 Software Engineering

42 Software Design & Specification Debugging Process Locate Error Design Error Repair Repair Error Re-test Program Debug Documentation 41 Software Engineering

43 Software Testing & Evolution The Testing Process 42 Software Engineering

44 Software Testing & Evolution The Testing Process Stages Unit testing Individual components are tested Module testing Related collections of dependent components are tested Sub-system testing Modules are integrated into sub-systems and tested. The focus here should be on interface testing System testing Testing of the system as a whole. Testing of emergent properties Acceptance testing Testing with customer data to check that it is acceptable 43 Software Engineering

45 Software Testing & Evolution Testing Phases 44 Software Engineering

46 Software Testing & Evolution Software Evolution Software is inherently flexible and can change. As requirements change through changing business circumstances, the software that supports the business must also evolve and change Although there has been a demarcation between development and evolution (maintenance) this is increasingly irrelevant as fewer and fewer systems are completely new 45 Software Engineering

47 Software Testing & Evolution System Evolution 46 Software Engineering

48 Software Testing & Evolution Automated Support Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is software to support software development and evolution processes Activity automation Graphical editors for system model development Data dictionary to manage design entities Graphical UI builder for user interface construction Debuggers to support program fault finding Automated translators to generate new versions of a program 47 Software Engineering

49 End That s All Folks

50

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