Standard Temporary Structures TEMPORARY STRUCTURES STANDARD. Australian Building Codes Board 1

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1 TEMPORARY STRUCTURES STANDARD 2014 Australian Building Codes Board 1

2 ABCB Important Disclaimer While the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) 1, the participating Governments and other groups or individuals who have endorsed or been involved in the development of the Standard, have made every effort to ensure the information contained in this Standard is accurate and up to date, such information does in no way constitute the provision of professional advice. The ABCB gives no warranty or guarantee and accepts no legal liability whatsoever arising from or connected to, the accuracy, reliability, currency or completeness of any material contained in this Standard. Users should seek appropriate independent professional advice prior to relying on, or entering into any commitment based on material in this Standard in relation to building or related activities. Its interpretation in no way overrides the approvals processes in any jurisdiction Australian Government and States and Territories of Australia This work is the copyright of the Australian Government and States and Territories of Australia and, apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior permission. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be directed in the first instance to: General Manager Australian Building Codes Board GPO Box The Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) Canberra is a joint ACT initiative 2601 of all three levels of government in Australia and includes representatives from the building and construction industry, and the plumbing industry. The mission of the Phone: ABCB 1300 is to address issues relating ncc@abcb.gov.au to safety and health, and amenity and sustainability in the design and performance of buildings through the National Construction Code (NCC) Series, and the development of effective regulatory systems and appropriate non-regulatory solutions. This is set out in an inter-government agreement between the Commonwealth, States and Territories. Australian Building Codes Board 2

3 Preface The Australian Government and State and Territory Government Building Ministers responsible for building regulatory matters directed the ABCB to develop a standard for the design and construction of temporary structures which are primarily used for public assembly. The ABCB has developed this Standard to enable State and Territory approval authorities to use it as the primary document of reference for temporary structures to be applied nationally. This Standard is designed for use in the design, manufacturing, construction and approval of temporary structures. It provides technical design criteria for temporary structures, with regard for structural safety (particularly determining appropriate wind actions), fire safety (including fire resistance of materials, fire safety services and equipment, and egress) and access. Australian Building Codes Board 3

4 Acknowledgements The ABCB acknowledges the contribution of members of a stakeholder reference group that assisted in the development of the Standard. The following organisations were represented on the reference group Hire Rental Institute of Australia Circus Federation of Australia Lightweight Structures Association of Australia Modular Building Institute of Australia Melbourne City Council Sydney City Council Adelaide City Council City of Perth Council Western Australia Department of Health Environmental Health Australia Busselton Council Joondalup Council H-Line Structures HtS Hocker Australia Australian Temporary Structures Inflate Spanit Stizler Baytex Cardino Australian Building Codes Board 4

5 Carlise Events Harry the Hirer Mellen Events Coates Hire Moreton Hire Australian Building Codes Board 5

6 Table of Contents Preface... 3 Acknowledgements... 4 Table of Contents... 6 Part 1 Scope and General General Scope Limitation Part 2 Application Compliance with this Standard Definitions Suitability of materials Documents adopted by reference Language Use of Notes and Comments Part 3 Structural Provisions Application Resistance to actions Determination of individual actions Determination of structural resistance of materials and forms of construction Load notice Part 3A Structural Provisions Structural Provisions of Part Commentary on risk monitoring strategies Commentary on anchorage requirements Commentary on bracing for temporary structures Part 4 Fire Safety Application Fire resisting material Spacing between temporary structures and other structures Requirements for vehicular access Combustible materials placed/stored beneath tiered seating and viewing structures and stages Part 4.2 Fire Fighting Equipment Application Australian Building Codes Board 6

7 4.2.2 Fire hydrants Portable fire extinguishers Part 4.3 Egress Provisions Application Number of points of egress required Dimensions for points of egress from a temporary structure Egress travel distances Egress doors and curtains across points of egress Emergency Lighting and Exit Signs Application Emergency lighting requirements Design and operation of emergency lighting Exit Signs Direction signs Design and operation of exit signs Access, Amenity and Facilities Application Pedestrian ramps Stairway construction When barriers are required Barrier construction Handrails Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders Tiered seating structures, concourses and embankments Design requirements for tiered seating structures, concourses and embankments. 37 Part 5.2 Access for people with a disability Part 5.3 Amenity and Facilities Application Lighting Ventilation Sanitary facilities Part 5.3A Amenity and Facilities Part 6 Ancillary Provisions Application Heating and cooking appliances Australian Building Codes Board 7

8 6.3 Refrigerated chambers Part 6A Ancillary Provisions Electrical installations: Plumbing and drainage installations: Gas installations: Appendix A A1 Guideline publications A2 Recommended checklist for assembled structures Appendix B State and Territories legislative requirements for temporary structures Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Appendix C Commentary on risk management Australian Building Codes Board 8

9 Part 1 Scope and General 1.1 General Temporary structures are used for a variety of functions at public and private events. They may provide viewing facilities (temporary tiered seating), shelter (tents and marquees) and platforms and supports for performers (such as stages). These types of temporary structures are commonly found at sporting events, such as motor racing and horse racing events, concerts and social occasions, such as weddings. Some temporary structures may be used by substantial numbers of people during major events. The fact that a structure is designed for temporary use does not change the overall expectation for safety. Commonly, temporary structures may be required at very short notice and although the time available from concept to use at an event may be limited, it is essential to design structures to suit the specific intended purpose and to recognise that the key to the safety of temporary structures lies largely in proper planning and control of work practices. In obtaining an approval for the use of these structures, contact with appropriate state or local authorities, such as municipal councils, fire authorities, health authorities and police may be necessary. The safe use of temporary structures requires judgement based on experience and careful evaluation of relevant factors and each case should be evaluated on its individual circumstances. The application of on-site risk management or risk monitoring is a critical consideration in the planning, implementation and use of temporary structures. The increased use and sophistication in design of temporary structures has highlighted the need to have suitable and consistent provisions in place nationally. In recognition of these factors the ABCB developed this Standard to enable State and Territory approval authorities to use it as the primary document of reference for the design, construction and use of temporary structures. This Standard contains sections which are normative and informative. Normative provisions are mandatory i.e. must be met in order to comply with this Standard, whilst the informative provisions are non-mandatory and are provided for guidance only. This Standard contains three informative appendices- Appendix A contains a recommended inspection checklist for assembled structures and a list of publications that provide further guidance. Appendix B contains an overview on each State and Territory s legislative arrangements for temporary structures. Appendix C contains commentary on risk management and on-site monitoring principles. Australian Building Codes Board 9

10 1.2 Scope This Standard contains technical criteria for the design, construction and use of temporary structures with an area more than 75 m 2.The scope of this Standard is limited to the technical criteria for the design, construction and use of temporary structures. 1.3 Limitation This Standard does not contain requirements for permits or approvals, licensing and other similar administrative requirements associated with the use of temporary structures. See Appendix B for further information on State and Territory administrative requirements. This Standard is not intended to apply to the following structures: portable toilets construction site sheds demountable classrooms or similar camping tents and awnings amusement rides shade sails construction hoardings, and temporary residential accommodation buildings. Australian Building Codes Board 10

11 Part 2 Application The application of this Standard is determined by the relevant legislative provisions in each State and Territory. 2.1 Compliance with this Standard The acceptable design criteria in Parts 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this Standard are mandatory and must be complied with in the design, construction and use of temporary structures. Any departures from the normative parts of this Standard must be approved by the relevant authority and must be fully documented. Comment: The legislative structure under which this Standard applies is illustrated in Figure 2.1. Any provision of this Standard may be overridden by, or subject to, State and Territory legislation. This Standard therefore, must be read in conjunction with that legislation. Any queries on such matters should be referred to the State and Territory authority responsible for regulatory matters associated with temporary structures. However, to assist users in determining the application of this Standard, commentary on State and Territory legislative arrangements is contained in Appendix B. Figure 2.1 Legislative Structure State/ Territory Acts and Regulations: Administrative matters e.g. approvals, licensing, adoption of temporary structures Standard, etc ABCB Standard: Contains technical design requirements in the form of acceptable design criteria e.g. design requirements for structural safety, fire safety and access for temporary structures ABCB STANDARD TEMPORARY STRUCTURES Referenced Documents: Documents adopted by reference in this Standard for specific applications, e.g. testing, design and installation requirements Australian Building Codes Board 11

12 2.2 Definitions Defined terms used within the text of this Standard are printed in italics. For the purposes of this Standard, the following definitions apply: Term Appropriate authority* Fabric membrane material Floor area Temporary structure Definition Means the relevant authority with the statutory responsibility to determine the particular matter. Means a thin flexible material that can be bent around a 6mm-diameter rod, such as a polyvinyl chloride fabric, used in roof and/or wall coverings. Means the amount of area, measured in square metres, taken up by the temporary structure. Supports located externally are excluded in the floor area measurement. Has the meaning assigned by the relevant State or Territory legislation or by the appropriate authority. Comment: Appropriate authority*- The appropriate authority for temporary structures may differ between States and Territories. In some cases the appropriate authority may be a municipal or private building certifier, State or Territory Building control administration or Health Department. 2.3 Suitability of materials Every part of a temporary structure must be constructed in an appropriate manner to achieve the requirements of this Standard, using materials that are fit for purpose for which they are intended. The determination of the evidence of suitability required to support the use of a material, form of construction or design to satisfy the acceptable design criteria of this Standard may be in the form of one or a combination of the following: (a) (b) A report issued by a registered testing authority, showing that the material or form of construction has been submitted to the tests listed in the report, and setting out the results of those tests and any other relevant information for its suitability for use. A certificate from a professional engineer or other appropriately qualified person which (i) certifies that a material, design or form of construction complies with the requirements of this Standard; and Australian Building Codes Board 12

13 (ii) sets out the basis on which it is given and the extent to which relevant specifications, rules, codes of practice or other publications have been relied upon. Comment: The evidence of suitability requirement relates to the testing of products, permissible calculation methods and other relevant information to ensure that a material, form of construction or design is suitable. 2.4 Documents adopted by reference The documents listed in Table 2.4 are adopted by reference in this Standard. REFRENCED DOCUMENTS TABLE 2.4 No. Date Title AS/NZS 1170 Part 0 Part 1 Part 2 Part Structural design actions General principles (Amdt 1, 2, 3 and 4) Permanent, imposed and other actions (Amdt 1 and 2) Wind actions (Amdt 1, 2 and 3) Snow and ice actions (Amdt 1) AS/NZS Pressure equipment AS Glass in buildings (Amdt 1 and 2) AS 1530 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures Part Combustibility test for materials (Amdt 1) Part Test for flammability of materials AS/NZS 1530 Part Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures AS 1562 Part Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Metal (Admt 1, 2 and 3) AS/NZS 1562 Part 2 Part Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Fibre-reinforced cement Australian Building Codes Board 13

14 No. Date Title 1996 Plastics AS Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders AS/NZS 1664 Part 1 Part Aluminum structures Limit state designs (Amdt 1) Allowable stress design (Amdt 1) AS/NZS 1680 Part Interior lighting - Safe movement AS 1684 Part 2 Part 3 Part Residential timber-framed construction Non-cyclonic areas (Amdt 1) Cyclonic areas (Amdt 1) Simplified non-cyclonic areas (Amdt 1) AS Domestic oil-fired appliances Installation AS 1720 Part Timber structures Design methods (Amdt 1 and 2) AS 1860 Part Particleboard flooring Installation AS Windows in buildings Selection and installation AS/NZS 2269 Part Plywood Structural Specifications AS 2293 Part Emergency escape lighting and exit signs for buildings (Amdt 1) AS 2419 Part Fire hydrant installations AS Portable fire extinguishers and fire blankets AS/NZS Domestic solid-fuel burning appliances AS Concrete structures (Amdt 1 and 2) AS/NZS Domestic solid fuel burning appliances Method for determination of flue gas emission Australian Building Codes Board 14

15 No. Date Title AS Steel structures (Amdt 1) AS/NZS 4256 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part Plastic roof and wall cladding materials General requirements Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (upvc) building sheets Glass fibre- reinforced polyester (GRP) Polycarbonate AS/NZS Cold-formed steel structures (Amdt 1) ANSI E Entertainment Technology Temporary Structures Used for Technical Production of Outdoor Entertainment Events BS EN Temporary structures Tents Safety NASH standard Part Residential low-rise steel framing - Design criteria IStructE UK (ISE) -Third Edition 2007 Temporary demountable structures Guidance on procurement, design and use Comment: It should be noted that not all documents identified in Table 2.4 may be applicable for each application. Example: This Standard permits the use of fabric membrane material for the roof and wall coverings of a temporary structure. Therefore, AS which relates to the requirements for the design and installation of metal sheet roof and wall cladding would not be applicable for that particular design/application. However, if the temporary structure incorporated metal sheet roofing, then AS would be applicable for the design and installation of the roofing. It should also be noted that the majority of the documents referred to do not contain specific provisions for temporary structures. Therefore, their application requires judgement based on evaluation of relevant factors and each case should be judged on its individual circumstances. Australian Building Codes Board 15

16 2.5 Language Instructions or specifications that must be followed to achieve compliance with this Standard are given in the normative sections of this document. Terms such shall, must and require are used to help make this clear. 2.6 Use of Notes and Comments Notes and comments are used throughout this Standard NOTES form part of the mandatory requirements of this Standard. COMMENTS are provided for guidance purposes only and do not form part of the mandatory requirements of this Standard. Where terms such as "should", "may" and "recommend" are used, these are recommended practices or advice rather than compliance requirements and do not need to be followed to meet the requirements of this Standard. Australian Building Codes Board 16

17 Part 3 Structural Provisions (NORMATIVE) 3.1 Application The structural provisions of this Standard are satisfied by complying with (a) (b) 3.2 to 3.5; or an alternative method which has been approved by the appropriate authority. 3.2 Resistance to actions The resistance of a temporary structure must be greater than the most critical action effect resulting from different combination of actions, where (a) the most critical action effect on a temporary structure must be in accordance with 3.3; and (b) the resistance of a temporary structure is determined in accordance with Determination of individual actions The magnitude of individual actions is determined in accordance with the following: For permanent actions: (a) The design or known dimensions of the temporary structure; and (b) the unit weight of the construction; and (c) either of the following: (i) AS/NZS (ii) BS EN (iii) ANSI E1.21 (iv) ISE. For imposed actions: (a) The known loads that will be imposed during the occupation or use of the temporary structure; and (b) either of the following: (i) AS/NZS (ii) BS EN (iii) ANSI E1.21 (iv) ISE. For wind and snow actions: Australian Building Codes Board 17

18 The applicable annual probability of design event for safety, determined by (a) assigning the temporary structure an Importance Level in accordance with Table 3.3.1; and (b) the annual probability of exceedance for wind and snow actions must be determined in accordance with Table 3.3.2; and (i) regional wind speeds for use in AS/NZS be determined in accordance with Table or Table for the relevant wind region and reference period for which the temporary structure is erected, or (ii) using a comparative method in either of the following: (A) a special study in accordance with AS/NZS (B) BS EN (C) ANSI E1.21 (D) ISE. Notes: 1. Where one of the international standards or documents are proposed to be used regard must be given to the corresponding Australian Standards, e.g. in BS EN 1378 it references BS 6399 Part 2 for determining the regional wind speeds for the United Kingdom. As such, these wind speeds are not applicable for Australian conditions and must be replaced with the relevant provisions of the Australian Standard for wind actions AS/NZS Where a temporary structure is erected externally the ultimate strength limit state design wind speed used in structural calculations must not be less than 30 m/s. 3. Snow actions are only applicable to a temporary structure which will be erected in an alpine area in a period prone to significant snow fall. Alpine area is a defined term in NCC Volume One and Two and Volume Two contains a map of the alpine areas in Australia. Table IMPORTANCE LEVELS OF TEMPORARY STRUCTURES Importance Level Type of temporary structure 2 Temporary structure designed to contain not more than 300 people. 3 Temporary structure designed to contain more than 300 people. Table DESIGN EVENTS FOR SAFETY Importance Level Probability of exceedance Wind Snow 2 1:500 1:50 3 1:1000 1:100 Australian Building Codes Board 18

19 Table REDUCTION FACTORS ON REGIONAL WIND SPEEDS Wind region Reduction factor on regional wind speed 6 month duration 1 month duration 1 week duration A B C D Table REGIONAL WIND SPEEDS FOR REFERENCE PERIODS Wind region Importance Level Probability of exceedance Regional wind speed (in m/s) for a reference period of: 6 month duration 1 month duration 1 week duration A 2 1: : B 2 1: : C 2 1: : D 2 1: : Australian Building Codes Board 19

20 Notes to Table and Table 3.3.4: 1. The reference period refers to the time the structure is erected and in use, not whilst being erected. 2. Interpolation is permitted for other reference periods not less than one week. If erected for a period less than one week, the one week factor is to be applied. 3. For structures erected in cyclonic regions (C & D) in periods not prone to cyclone events, the wind loads for region C & D should be considered as per those for region A. 4. The reduction factors in Table and have been derived from probabilistic modeling carried out by C.H. Wang and L.Pham, and published in their 2011 research paper (C-H Wang and L Pham,2011, Design wind speeds for temporary structures Ecosystem Sciences, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol 12 No 2) 3.4 Determination of structural resistance of materials and forms of construction The structural resistance of materials and forms of construction must be determined in accordance with the following, as appropriate: (a) Concrete ballasts: AS (b) Steel floor, wall and roof frames, or other supporting framing: AS 4100, AS/NZS 4600 or NASH Standard Part 1. (c) (d) (e) (f) Aluminium floor, wall and roof frames, or other supporting framing: AS/NZS or AS/NZS Timber construction: (i) Floor, wall and roof frames, or other supporting framing: AS (ii) Wall and roof frames: AS 1684 Part 2, Part 3 or AS/NZS Glazed assemblies: (i) In an external wall: AS 2047; and (ii) Other glazed assemblies not covered by (i): AS Roof and wall coverings: (i) Plastic sheeting: AS/NZS , AS/NZS 4256 Parts 1, 2, 3 and 5. (ii) Metal roofing: AS (iii) Fabric membrane material may be used as a roof and/or wall covering provided when installed as a roof covering it is designed and installed to: (A) avoid the potential for water ponding; and (B) if erected in an alpine area, in a period prone to significant snowfall, be able to resist the accumulation of snow. (iv) Plywood including structural plywood and plywood cladding: AS /NZS (g) Flooring: (i) Particleboard structural flooring: AS (ii) Plywood structural flooring: AS/NZS Australian Building Codes Board 20

21 Note: Not all the documents referred to in 3.4 may be applicable for each application. However, if materials and construction listed in 3.4 are used, they must comply with the requirements outlined in the relevant sub-clauses. Example: If a temporary structure contains particleboard structural flooring, it would need to comply with AS (Installation of particleboard flooring). 3.5 Load notice A notice indicating the maximum permissible actual distributed and concentrated load for which the temporary structure has been designed must be displayed in a prominent location on the temporary structure. The notice must be in legible letters and figures (a) at least 50 mm high; and (b) on a contrasting background. Australian Building Codes Board 21

22 Part 3A Structural Provisions (INFORMATIVE) The intent of the structural provisions in this Standard is to ensure that a temporary structure has sufficient strength to accommodate those who will be accommodated and the contents of the structure and to resist the wind forces, and in specific application snow loads, acting on the structure. Wind forces in particular acting on a temporary structure are a critical consideration in the design, construction, and dismantling of these structures. The design should ensure the transfer of wind forces to the ground or supporting structure, with an adequate safety margin to prevent collapse of the structure or the building being lifted, or slid off its supporting foundations. To resist these forces it is necessary to have (a) an anchorage system, where the roof is connected by the walls to the supporting foundations by a chain of connections, or if no walls are in place, to supporting columns or similar; and (b) a bracing system to prevent horizontal collapse due to wind forces; and (c) continuity of the system where each structural element is interlocked to its adjoining structural element throughout the structure. The design and suitability of a temporary structure is generally proven either by long established use or, particularly for larger structures, by calculation verified by a qualified structural engineer. As a minimum, such calculations should include the maximum wind loading for which the structure is approved and the maximum imposed load permissible. Structural Provisions of Part 3.1 Part 3.1 is set out in the same manner as the corresponding structural provisions in Section B of NCC Volume One. Primarily, Part 3.1 relates to the determination of an appropriate level of wind actions that a temporary structure must resist and the acceptable materials and forms of construction. Part 3.1 provides a concession to the structural requirements in Section B of NCC Volume One. Primarily, the concession contains reduced design factors for the annual probability of exceedance for wind, and snow for temporary structures. The requirement to consider snow actions in the design would only apply where a structure is erected in an alpine area where significant snow fall is likely to occur. Applying Part 3.1 Temporary structures are required to be assigned an Importance Level based on the number of occupants. Importance Levels are determined by using Table Temporary Structures used for public assembly events would generally be assigned an Importance Level of 3 (major structure affecting crowds), because in the event of failure there is a potential to cause a high level of hazard to human life. Australian Building Codes Board 22

23 Once the Importance Level is established, the annual probability of exceedance of design events can be determined. The annual probability of exceedance is determined by using Table For determination of wind actions, AS/NZS specifies the principles to be applied. Tables and provide reduction factors and the corresponding adjusted regional wind speeds from those contained in AS/NZS The regional wind speeds are dependent on the relevant wind region and the reference period for which the structure is erected, and in use for. However, other factors from AS/NZS such as shielding, topography, shape of structure, etc are still applicable to temporary structures but can be applied taking account of the reduced regional wind speed factors. The reduction factors provided in Tables and have been derived from probabilistic modelling for actions and resistances. The probabilistic modelling is in accordance with the NCC Volume one Section B methodology for specifying design events for which buildings and structures must be designed based on the annual probabilities of exceedance for the specified events. It should be noted that the structural requirements of this Standard are applicable to not just tents, marquees or the like but also apply equally to stages, seating structures and other temporary structures covered by this Standard. Although the structural provisions of this Standard do not differentiate between types of temporary structures, useful guidance on that aspect can be found in the United Kingdom Institute of Structural Engineers publication: Temporary demountable structures - Guidance on procurement design and use, 3rd edition (ISE 2007). The ISE publication contains chapters for specific design parameters for grandstands (Chapter 9), stages and similar structures (Chapter 10), tents and marquees (Chapter 11) and ancillary and special structures (Chapter 13). The ISE publication also has useful information on ground and site conditions (Chapter 6), such as determining ground bearing pressures for the structure and its supporting members. Commentary on risk monitoring strategies In applying the specified reduction factors of Part 3.1, consideration should be given to the implementation of a monitoring strategy for the particular event at which the temporary structure(s) will be used and consideration given to the following factors: 1. Suitable monitoring systems, e.g. action plans should be in place to continuously assess the wind conditions at each site and procedures implemented to take early preventative action if necessary. 2. Site managers should be informed of the design wind load of the temporary structure and given instructions to evacuate should the design wind load be in danger of being exceeded. A wind monitoring plan, incorporating wind action levels, should be developed and provided to those purchasing or hiring the structure or using the structure. Australian Building Codes Board 23

24 3. Types of monitoring strategies could include placing an anemometer on the structure to monitor site wind speeds. The purpose of monitoring the site wind speed is due to the structures generally being designed to take account of a safe working wind speed and an ultimate wind speed the structure can withstand. Once winds reach certain levels specific measures may need to be implemented. 4. Another matter which requires monitoring is guy ropes used for anchoring the structure which, in strong winds, may loosen and may need regular tightening. Other supporting members may also need to be checked for movement. Although, these management and monitoring strategies are beyond the scope of this Standard, useful information on these types of strategies can be found in the ISE publication and the Performance Textile Association (UK), Safe use and operation of temporary demountable fabric structures publication. It is therefore, recommended that advice be sought from the relevant appropriate authority for the jurisdiction in which the temporary structure will be erected for the types of on-site management measures required. Commentary on anchorage requirements Part 3.1 does not provide specific provisions for ground anchorage systems due to their design being subjected to numerous variable factors, such as site conditions, bearing capacity of soil, number of occupants, size and shape of structure, and the proprietary nature of many systems in use. However, in determining the appropriate ground anchorage requirements for the temporary structure, the engineering principle factors from the AS 1170 suite, or similar, can be applied taking account of the reduced regional wind speed factors in Part 3.1. The following guidance is provided in relation to determining the appropriate ground anchorage requirements for temporary structures that rely on guy ropes or similar for support: 1. Anchors are critical to the stability and safety of temporary structures. The pull out force that an anchorage stake can withstand depends on the type of soil, water penetration, the inclination of the anchor and the depth of the anchor. 2. Loose, non-cohesive soils provide the least resistance and may require special anchors. In these situations pull-out tests would be expected in order to verify the anchorage resistances. 3. Each connector should be capable of carrying uplift force, because the ability of a temporary structure to resist the wind forces is directly related to its weakest link. 4. Where ground penetration is not possible, heavy ballast weights can be used for the purpose of providing structural support to the structure as a means of withstanding uplift forces. These ballast weights require calculation and a suitable factor of safety applied. 5. Integral wooden flooring will contribute to the anchorage by virtue of its weight, but it is very unlikely to meet the full load requirements as only the outer edge has any effect. 6. Anchorage should always be in accordance with the manufacturer s manual and be consistent with the design documentation. Australian Building Codes Board 24

25 7. Every upright should be anchored even if uplift forces are countered at the main anchor points, as lateral movement can destabilise the structure. 8. All uprights should have a means to spread the load at the base to prevent sinking when erected on soft ground. Additionally, it is essential to ensure the security of stabilising anchorages (stakes, ballasts, etc) at all times. 9. Stakes and ropes near exits or other walking routes should be fenced off or clearly marked to prevent members of the public from walking into or tripping over them. 10. Purpose-designed stakes with defined heads and/or eyes for rope attachment are generally preferred since they do not need to project significantly above the surface. This provides superior anchorage as well as reducing the risk of tripping. Where necessary, consideration should be given to protecting the heads of any projecting stakes with a suitable padding. 11. If heavy rain or flooding occurs, the loadbearing capacity of the ground may be reduced, guy ropes may slacken and anchorages may become loosened. Commentary on bracing for temporary structures Part 3.1 does not provide specific provisions for bracing systems for temporary structures due to their design being subject to numerous variable factors, such as site conditions, size and shape of structure, and the proprietary nature of many systems in use. The following guidance is provided in relation to determining the appropriate stability and bracing requirements for temporary structures: 1. Roof and wall bracing are an integral part of most framed structures and should be fitted to any installation in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. 2. Generally, bracing should be placed in each end bay and, on larger structures, every 6 th bay. 3. Roof panels should be sufficiently tensioned to avoid ponding. 4. On uneven ground the excessive use of packing is discouraged. Specialist platforms or scaffolding should be considered for variations in height and special attention given to the anchorage system. 5. Where temporary structures are erected on a scaffold grid or similar platform, the grid or platform should comply with AS/NZS 4576:1995, and the temporary structure be designed taking account of it being placed on the elevated platform. 6. Upon hiring or supplying the structure, all relevant design information should be provided, e.g. design wind load, anchorage load, point load, occupancy level etc. in the form of an operation manual. Australian Building Codes Board 25

26 Part 4 Fire Safety Part 4.1 Fire Resistance (NORMATIVE) Application The fire resistance provisions of this Standard are satisfied by complying with (a) (b) to 4.1.5; or an alternative method which has been approved by the appropriate authority Fire resisting material (a) (b) Roof and wall coverings of a temporary structure (including any additional lining attached to the structure) must comply with the fire hazard properties set out in Table (a) does not apply to tiered seating and viewing structures or stages without wall or roof coverings. Table FIRE HAZARD PROPERTIES Material or assembly location Flammability Index Spreadof-Flame Index Smoke-Developed Index For roof and wall coverings: (a) within 4 m of the base of the temporary structure and for airsupported temporary structures (without other supporting framework) (b) In every other case Australian Building Codes Board 26

27 Notes: 1. In determining fire hazard properties: (i) Flammability Index means the index number as determined by AS (ii) Smoke-developed Index means the index number for smoke as determined by AS/NZS , and (iii) Spread-of-Flame Index means the index number for spread of flame as determined by AS/NZS In determining the flammability index, spread-of-flame index and smoke-developed index a lower index number indicates better performance. The index is based on the logarithmic scale of 0 to 10 (for flammability Index 0-100). 3. If a material achieves a lower index number for a particular test to those prescribed in Table 4.1.2, it is still required to satisfy the other prescribed indices Spacing between temporary structures and other structures (a) (b) In order to reduce the possibility of the spread of fire between structures, the spacing between temporary structures and other structures must be not less than 3 m, unless compensating fire safety features are provided, and are approved by the appropriate authority. Compensating fire safety features include non-combustible wall coverings to the structure. Note: For the purpose of 4.1.3(b)(i) non-combustible wall covering means- (a) not deemed combustible as determined by AS Combustibility Test for Materials, or (b) constructed wholly of materials that are not deemed combustible in accordance with C1.12 in NCC Volume One Requirements for vehicular access (a) (b) Where a temporary structure has a floor area greater than 3000 m 2, the site must be arranged to allow access to emergency vehicles to within 50 m of any part of the temporary structure. Vehicular access required by (a) is to be as follows: (i) access routes must be not less than 6 m wide, and (ii) have no overhead structure or cable less than 4.5 m above the ground, and (iii) be capable of taking the weight of fire brigade vehicles; and Australian Building Codes Board 27

28 (iv) be kept clear of obstructions at all times when the temporary structure is in use Combustible materials placed/stored beneath tiered seating and viewing structures and stages The area beneath tiered seating and viewing structures and stages must not be used for storage of combustible materials. Australian Building Codes Board 28

29 Part 4.2 Fire Fighting Equipment (NORMATIVE) Application The fire fighting equipment provisions of this Standard are satisfied by complying with (a) (b) to 4.2.3; or an alternative method which has been approved by the appropriate authority Fire hydrants Fire hydrants or water for fire fighting must be provided to serve a temporary structure with a floor area greater than 750 m 2 in accordance with the following (a) (b) (c) temporary structures must be located not more than (i) 90 m from a single fire hydrant, where the temporary structure has a floor area more than 750 m 2 and not more than 3000 m 2 ; and (ii) 90 m from one fire hydrant and not more than 120 m from a second fire hydrant, where the temporary structure has a floor area more than 3000 m 2. Where fire hydrants are provided in accordance with (a), signage is to be provided at the main entrance to the temporary structure indicating the location of the fire hydrants. Where fire hydrants cannot be provided in accordance with (a), 36,000 litres of water storage is to be provided. The water storage is to be provided with connections for fire fighting provided in accordance with the requirements of AS and must be located not more than 90 m from the temporary structure. Note: The 36,000 litres water storage in 4.2.2(c) is 1 hour of water storage at a flow rate of 10L/sec Portable fire extinguishers Portable fire extinguishers must be provided in accordance with Table Table REQUIREMENTS FOR PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Requirements for Extinguishers Risk Class (as defined in AS 2444) Location/Type/Number Australian Building Codes Board 29

30 All enclosed temporary structures Note: Class AE or E fire risk Class F fire risk Class B fire risks Class A fire risks One 4.5kg B (E) dry chemical powder extinguisher located adjacent to any generator or switchboard One 4.5kg B (E) dry chemical powder extinguisher located adjacent to any cooking areas One 4.5kg B (E) dry chemical powder extinguisher located adjacent to any flammable liquids or gas containers One 4.5kg AB (E) dry chemical or pressurised water type extinguisher for every 100 m 2 of floor area of the structure and where more than one extinguisher is required, they must be distributed evenly and be located within 5 m of each point of egress from the structure The appropriate authority may require additional extinguishers be provided to cover fire risks in relation to special hazards associated to the use of the structure. This could include events where fireworks are to be used within or in close proximity to the temporary structure. Australian Building Codes Board 30

31 Part 4.3 Egress Provisions (NORMATIVE) Application The egress provisions of this Standard are satisfied by complying with (a) (b) to 4.3.5; or an alternative method which has been approved by the appropriate authority Number of points of egress required (a) Tents, marquees or similar Must be determined in accordance with Table 4.3. (b) (c) Stages Must have a minimum of 2 points of egress from the backstage area. Tiered seating or viewing structures Tiered seating or viewing structures must have a minimum of 2 points of egress and if they contain more than one tier of seating, it must have a minimum of 2 stairways or ramps, each forming the point of egress from the structure. Table 4.3 NUMBER OF POINTS OF EGREESS AND WIDTH OF POINTS OF EGRESS Persons accommodated Number of points of egress required Aggregate width of points of egress(mm) Australian Building Codes Board 31

32 Over plus one additional exit for each additional 450 persons of part thereof 9000 plus 500 mm for each additional 50 persons or part thereof. Note: Points of egress must be spaced as evenly as possible around the perimeter of the structure Dimensions for points of egress from a temporary structure Every point of egress or path of travel to the egress point must provide a minimum unobstructed height of 2000 mm, except the unobstructed height of any doorway may be reduced to not less than 1980 mm and the unobstructed width of the point of egress may be reduced by 200 mm at doorways Egress travel distances The distance of travel to a point of egress in a temporary structure must not be more than 60 m Egress doors and curtains across points of egress (a) (b) All point of egress doors from a temporary structure must open outwards; and Where a flap or curtain is used to cover a point of egress it must be designed so that, when it is secured, it will not obstruct or impede egress. Australian Building Codes Board 32

33 4.4 Emergency Lighting and Exit Signs (NORMATIVE) Application The emergency lighting and exit sign provisions of this Standard are satisfied by complying with (a) (b) to 4.4.6; or an alternative method which has been approved by the appropriate authority Emergency lighting requirements (a) (b) An emergency lighting system must be installed in an enclosed temporary structure having a floor area more than 500 m 2, if the temporary structure is intended for use outside the hours of daylight, or in the absence of natural daylight where a minimum illumination level of 0.2 lux is not achieved at floor level; and any area that is used primarily for storage is excluded when calculating the floor area of the temporary structure for the purpose of determining emergency lighting requirements Design and operation of emergency lighting An emergency lighting system required by must (a) (b) use light fittings that comply with the requirements of AS/NZS ; or be capable of being continuously illuminated by lamps capable of producing a minimum illumination of 0.2 lux at floor level for- (i) 30 minutes for a structure designed to accommodate not more than 1000 persons; and (ii) 1 hour for a structure designed to accommodate more than 1000 persons Exit Signs Exit signs must be provided above or adjacent to all points of egress from an enclosed temporary structure. Australian Building Codes Board 33

34 4.4.5 Direction signs If a point of egress from a stage or seating structure is not readily apparent to persons occupying the structure, directional signage must be installed in appropriate positions in corridors, lobbies, aisles, crossovers, or the like, indicating the direction to the point of egress Design and operation of exit signs Exit signs must- (a) be clearly visible at all times when the structure is occupied and be either (i) (ii) (iii) photoluminescent exit signs complying with Specification E4.8 of NCC Volume One; or electrically illuminated exit signs complying with AS/NZS ; or bear the word EXIT in plain block lettering not less than 125 mm high in a colour contrasting with that of the background; and (c) (d) (e) be placed over any door, flap or opening leading to a point of egress from the structure; and be positioned, between 2 m and 2.5 m above the floor; and be illuminated whenever the public are present within the structure, including when the main lighting in the structure is dimmed or extinguished. Australian Building Codes Board 34

35 5 Access, Amenity and Facilities Part 5.1 Safe movement and access (NORMATIVE) Application The safe movement and access provisions of this Standard are satisfied by complying with (a) (b) to 5.1.8; or an alternative method which has been approved by the appropriate authority Pedestrian ramps A ramp serving an entrance or point of egress must have a gradient not steeper than 1:8, and be provided with a suitable non-slip surface Stairway construction A stairway must have: (a) (b) not more than 18 nor less than 2 risers in each flight; and the nominal dimension of goings and risers of a stair must be constant throughout each stair flight except that the going of winders in lieu of quarter or half landing may vary from the going of the straight treads within the same flight provided that the going of all such winders is constant; and (c) going (G) and riser (R) and slope relationship (2R+G) in accordance with Table 5.1.3, and (d) (e) (f) treads of solid construction or mesh or perforated material; and risers which do not have any openings that would allow a 125 mm sphere to pass through between treads; and treads which have a non-slip finish or a non-skid strip near the edge of the nosings; and (g) landings may be used to limit the number of risers in each flight and must be not less than 750 mm long and have a non-slip finish or a non-skid strip near the edge of the landing. Australian Building Codes Board 35

36 Table RISER AND GOING DIMENSIONS (mm) RISER (R) GOING (G) SLOPE RELATIONSHIP (2R+G) Max Min Max Min Max Min When barriers are required (a) A continuous barrier must be provided along the side of any roof to which public access is provided, any stairway or ramp, any floor, corridor, hallway, balcony, deck, verandah, mezzanine, access bridge or the like and along the side of any delineated path of acess to a temporary structure if (b) it is not bounded by a wall; and (c) its level above the surface beneath is more than 1 m Barrier construction (a) (b) (c) The height of a barrier must be in accordance with the following: (i) The height must be not less than 865 mm above the nosing line the stair treads or floor of a ramp. (ii) The height must be not less than (A) 1 m above the floor of any access path, balcony, landing or the like; or (B) 865 mm above the floor of a landing to a stair or ramp where the barrier is provided along the inside edge of the landing and does not exceed a length of 500 mm. (iii) The height of a barrier may be reduced to 750 mm high above the floor in situations where it would interfere with sightlines. A transition zone may be incorporated where the barrier height changes from 865 mm on the stair flight or ramp to 1 m at the landing. Openings in balustrade must be constructed so that they do not permit a 125 mm sphere to pass through it for stairs, the opening is measured above the nosing line of the stair treads. (d) A barrier must be designed to take loading forces in accordance with AS/NZS (e) For floors more than 4 m above the surface beneath, any horizontal elements within the barrier between 150 mm and 760 mm above the floor must not facilitate climbing. Australian Building Codes Board 36