TRADITIONAL RURAL HOUSES IN SERBIA THERMAL PERFORMANCES AND POTENTIALS FOR ENERGY RETROFIT

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1 TRADITIONAL RURAL HOUSES IN SERBIA THERMAL PERFORMANCES AND POTENTIALS FOR ENERGY RETROFIT Dr Ana Radivojević Associate Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade

2 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA existing traditional rural houses in Serbia date from the time before the World War Two extinction of traditional building techniques gradually started by the mid of the 20th century general characteristics of the rural houses depended on natural and climatic conditions in Serbia typological diversity regarding: spatial and formative characteristics structures and materials used in the constructions

3 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA NORTH / VOJVODINA RAMMED EARTH HOUSES

4 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA NORTH / VOJVODINA RAMMED EARTH HOUSES Typical cross section schemes with heated areas marked Typical spatial organization schemes with heated areas marked

5 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA WEST AND CENTRAL REGIONS LOG CABINS

6 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA WEST AND CENTRAL REGIONS LOG CABINS Typical cross section schemes with heated areas marked Typical spatial organization schemes with heated areas marked

7 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA EAST & SOUTH-EAST REGIONS HALF-TIMBERED (BONDRUK) STYLE HOUSES

8 BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA EAST & SOUTH-EAST REGIONS HALF-TIMBERED (BONDRUK) STYLE HOUSES Typical cross section schemes with heated areas marked Typical spatial organization schemes with heated areas marked

9 THE STATE OF PRESERVATION OF TRADITIONAL RURAL HOUSES IN SERBIA serious problem of Serbian rural areas depopulation consequently general negligence towards the traditional rural houses: mostly abandoned and left to the effects of the march of time when they are still in use (typical for houses that belong to the people of poor financial state) they keep their original form but maintenance is not always adequate

10 Inadequate thermal comfort one of the main problems of traditional houses! rarely, traditional houses are improved by their owners in the most of the cases in an unacceptable way: regarding preservation of their authenticity regarding the compatibility of the applied contemporary materials (possible problems with vapor diffusion and condensation due to the use of vapor sealed materials)

11 PRESENCE OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN NOWADAYS SERBIAN HOUSING STOCK the 2011 national Census show that about 10% of total dwellings in Serbia were built prior to 1945 the majority of these houses are freestanding family houses, predominantly from rural areas i.e. many of them represent traditional rural houses (especially those built before 1919) end of adoption of new Regulations on Energy Efficiency of Buildings energy efficiency comes into the focus of the present building practice in Serbia

12 Research project: Energy Efficiency of Buildings - Assessment of Energy Performances of the Serbian Building Stock Specific Heating Energy demand per year (by building type per period) Building type A before 1919 B Σ MWh/year

13 Research project: Energy Efficiency of Buildings - Assessment of Energy Performances of the Serbian Building Stock

14 Research project: Energy Efficiency of Buildings - Assessment of Energy Performances of the Serbian Building Stock energy improvement measures investigated within the research: two levels of potential improvement of energy efficiency of buildings: standard measures enhanced measures

15 QUESTION What would be more appropriate and more realistic measures for thermal renovation of traditional houses? pilot investigation was performed on the effects of certain passive measures for thermal renovation of a traditional house experimental model-building was created, based on building principles of one-storey bondruk style traditional house containing 3 rooms and a porch

16 QUESTION What would be more appropriate and more realistic measures for thermal renovation of traditional houses? passive measures addition of layer of, preferably natural, thermo insulation, in the zone of a ceiling structure, above those spaces where such structure existed addition of preferably natural, thermo insulation, in the zone of wooden floor structure towards the unheated cellar insertion of additional, inner casement window, which basically did not exist in traditional rural houses (it should be made of wood, with thermo-insulating glazing) adequate interventions on walls - the problem of authenticity! (measures should be applied on the inner side of a wall and with caution when choosing the exact thermo insulating material preferably natural, i.e. reed)

17 Model-building presumed elements of thermal envelope and their thermal properties

18 MODEL-BUILDING Efficiency of applied energy improvement measures Intervention type 1. Walls old new 2. Windows old new old No intervention 4. Ceiling old new old 5. Floor new kwh/m2 Type 1 window Type 2 window + ceiling Type 3 window+ceiling + floor Type 4 window+ceiling + floor + wall 3. Door new Qh/A original structure type 1 type 2 type 3 Type of intervention type 4 Qh/A [kwh/m2] (100%) (76.6%) (64.7%) (60.4) (46.7%)

19 Problem of determination of thermal properties of traditional materials in practice, there is a significant diversity of applied building materials and structures determination of their exact thermal properties is a complex problem!

20 Problem of determination of thermal properties of traditional materials Type of (traditional) building material naturally wet soil greasy loam and by- products loam with straw light loam armour of loam- straw wattles Thermal conductivity λ [W/mK] traditional building materials are not standardized! difficult to define precise thermal properties even for the same type of the material or a building technique variations regarding the thickness, number and sequence of layers

21 Further investigations field investigation, identification and systematization of the exact structure of building elements of traditional houses measuring and identification of thermal properties of applied materials and structures proposition of adequate/compatible thermal improvement measures (preferably passive ones ) based on the real/exact characteristics of traditional houses (transition from the general to the particular)