Cyclone-Resistant Curtain Walls for the Resiliency of Buildings & Cities

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1 Cyclone-Resistant Curtain Walls for the Resiliency of Buildings & Cities Jennifer Schneider, Structural and Security Glazing Segment Manager, Kuraray Trosifol

2 CTBUH Research Project Cyclone-Glazing and Façade Resilience for the Asia-Pacific Region The research project Cyclone-Glazing and Façade Resilience for the Asia-Pacific Region has been conducted by the Council on Tall Buildings, thanks to a research grant provided by Kuraray Trosifol World of Interlayers.

3 Cyclone Hurricane Typhoon Natural phenomena Hurricanes May-Nov. Hurricanes June-Nov. Tropical Cyclones April-Dec. Typhoons April-Jan. Tropical Cyclones Rare in the South Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Oct.-May Tropical Cyclones Oct.-May

4 Asia Pacific region Climate change typhoons are increasing 7 of the 10 most at-risk countries in the World are located in the Asia Pacific region, according to World Bank 2016 the East Asia and Pacific region is the most disaster prone in the world between 1980 and 2015, these climatechange-induced disasters have been consistently increasing in both frequency and intensity Typhoon events from according to wind speed

5 Asia Pacific region Climate change typhoon growth Typhoon intensity Typhoon frequency

6 Asia Pacific region Economic growth GDP (2016, million US$) GDP per capita (1990, US$) GDP per capita (2016, US$) GDP, PPP per capita (2016, US$) GDP, PPP per capita (2016, world ranking) Australia $ 1,204, $18, $49, $46, Bangladesh $ 221, $ $1, $3, China $ 11,199, $ $8, $15, Hong Kong $ 320, $16, $43, $58, /9 India $ 2,263, $ $1, $6, Japan $ 4,939, $25, $38, $41, New Zealand $ 185, $13, $39, $39, Philippines $ 304, $ $2, $7, South Korea $ 1,411, $6, $27, $35, Taiwan Thailand $ 406, $1, $5, $16, SOURCE Vietnam World Bank Group $ 202, $98.00 $2, $6, Vincom Landmark 81, Ho Chi Minh City. The future tallest building of Vietnam - under construction.

7 Asia Pacific region Urban population growth Population (2016) Urban population (1960) Urban population (2016) Urban population increase (from 1960 to 2016) Australia 24,127, % 89.55% 13,228,485 Bangladesh 162,952, % 35.04% 54,617,432 China 1,378,665, % 56.77% 674,602,781 Hong Kong 7,347, % % 4,726,280 India 1,324,171, % 33.13% 358,151,043 Japan 126,995, % 93.92% 60,748,133 New Zealand 4,693, % 86.32% 2,248,408 Philippines 103,320, % 44.28% 37,792,093 South Korea 51,246, % 82.59% 35,392,904 Taiwan ,206,357 Thailand 68,864, % 51.54% 30,103,230 Vietnam 92,701, % 34.23% 26,624,366 SOURCE World Bank Group Opus Hong Kong

8 Asia Pacific region Tall building growth A-P ANALYZED COUNTRIES Tall buildings total number 1990 Tall buildings total number 2000 Tall buildings total number 2010 Tall buildings total number ,793 3,580 6,618

9 Asia Pacific region Tall building growth Hong Kong Tall building growth and typhoon increasing

10 Asia Pacific region Tall buildings and typhoon events T.B. affected by typhoon event in the past T.B. in typhoon prone area - existing T.B. in typhoon prone area under construction Australia Bangladesh China Hong Kong India Japan New Zealand Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam TOTAL 1,772 3, Tall buildings in typhoon prone area 4,290

11 Asia Pacific region Tall buildings and curtain walls

12 Asia Pacific region Tall buildings and typhoon resilience Hong Kong, 1999 Gradient wind speed velocity and tall buildings Dozens of windows on Revenue Tower are boarded up after being blown in by Typhoon York

13 Asia Pacific region Tall buildings and curtain wall failure Hong Kong, 1999 After Typhoon York

14 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls First steps Darwin, Cyclone Tracy Florida City, Hurricane Andrew

15 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls Impact glazing Laminated Glass Two or more lites of glass and one or more interlayers Glass retention if breakage occurs Types of interlayer Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) Ionoplast Laminated glass Typical Constructions 6 mm HS Glass/ 2.28 mm interlayer/ 6 mm HS Glass for Large Missile impact 6 mm HS Glass/1.52 mm or 0.89 mm interlayer/ 6 mm HS Glass for Small Missile Impact

16 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls Types of interlayer Polyvinyl butyral Typically used for relatively small glass panel sizes & low pressures in large missile impact resistance applications in 90 mil thickness Small missile impact resistance uses 60-mil thickness Available in clear or colors UV-filtering Ionoplast Typically used for high design pressures, large windows, large missile impact Can be used in dry glaze systems - lower cost and easier installation High modulus interlayer used to bond two lites of glass together 100x stiffer than PVB, 5x more tear resistant Thicknesses include 35-mil, 60-mil, & 90-mil, and greater thicknesses UV-filtering UV-transparency available Available in clear or translucent white Less sensitive to moisture intrusion at the laminate edge than PVB Miami, Porche Design Tower

17 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls Best practice in the United States The Florida Building Code It regulates façades performance requirements with the Testing Application Standard procedures The Miami-Dade County best practices include the product approval program with the Notice of Acceptance ASTM Standard requirements In the ASCE 7, the wind zone map is shown to identify the regions susceptible to hurricanes ASTM E1886 and ASTM E1996 requirements have to be followed by buildings constructed in US areas affected by hurricanes Miami, 2006 Colonial Bank after Hurricane Wilma

18 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls United States resilience tested Post Hurricane Wilma Progress Assessment, Miami Dade County Building Code Compliance Office, April 2006 Glass and Glazing No damage was observed in buildings constructed under the most recent building code Building Construction Success Glass tested under the current impact tests did not fail Miami, 2006 After Hurricane Wilma

19 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls United States resilience tested Performance of Laminated Glass during Hurricane Wilma in South Florida, Glazing Consultants International LLC, September 2006 Aim to survey buildings utilizing laminated glass with SentryGlas or Butacite PVB interlayer that were in the path of Hurricane Wilma in South Florida and to report the findings 18% Survey Results 11% No damage Broken glass Vague 82 properties in the path of Hurricane Wilma were built with these interlayer products 71%

20 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls United States - ASTM ASTM 1996-Defines impact requirements and ASTM Defines cycling requirements after impact Levels of Protection and Impact Test Requirements Level of Protection Assembly elevation Wind Zone 1 49 m/s (110 mph) basic wind speed < 54 m/s (120 mph) Wind Zone 2 54 m/s (120 mph) basic wind speed < 58 m/s (130 mph) at greater than 1.6 km (one mile) from the coastline Wind Zone 3 58 m/s (130 mph) basic wind speed 63 m/s (140 mph), or 54 m/s (120 mph) basic wind speed 63 m/s (140 mph) and within 1.6 km (one mile) of the coastline Wind Zone 4 basic wind speed > 63 m/s (140 mph) Basic Protection 9.1 m > 9.1 m (30 ft) (30 ft) Enhanced protection 9.1 m > 9.1 m (30 ft) (30 ft) C A D D C A D D D A E D D A E D Applicable Missiles Cyclic Static Pressure Differential Loading Loading Sequence Loading Direction Air Pressure Cycles N. of Air Pressure Cycles 1 Positive 0.2 P Ppos Positive 0.0 P Ppos Positive 0.5 P Ppos Positive 0.3 P Ppos Negative 0.3 P Pneg 50 6 Negative 0.5 P Pneg Negative 0. 0 P Pneg 50 8 Negative 0.2 P Pneg 3350 Cycling pressure used is determined by design pressure of the building for the maximum inward (Ppos) and maximum outward (Pneg) air pressure differential for which qualification is sought. Missile Level Missile Impact Speed A 2 g (31 grains) ± 5 % steel ball m/s (130 f/s) C 2050 g ± 100 g (4.5 lb ± 0.25 lb) 2 x 4 in.; 1.2 m ± 100 mm (4 ft. ± 4 in.) lumber m/s (40 f/s) D 4100 g ± 100 g (9.0 lb ± 0.25 lb) 2 x 4 in.; 2.4 m ± 100 mm (8 ft. ± 4 in.) lumber m/s (50 f/s) E 4100 g ± 100 g (9.0 lb ± 0.25 lb) 2 x 4 in.; 2.4 m ± 100 mm (8 ft. ± 4 in.) lumber m/s (80 f/s)

21 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls United States - ASTM ASTM 1996 Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes ASTM 1886 Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials Impact test requirements The first 3 floors of a building (up to 9.1 meters) must withstand the large missile test (4 kg mass of lumber), while all floors above 9.1 meters must withstand the small missile test (2-gram steel balls) v = m/s Pressure cycling test requirements In both cases, the pressure cycling test must be carried out in the missile impacted glass

22 Projects in Florida Examples of Resiliency 1000 Museum Porsche Design Tower Brickell City Center December 20, 2017 Trosifol Business 22

23 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls International - ISO ISO Destructive-windstorm-resistant security glazing - Test and classification Levels of Protection and Impact Test Requirements Level of Protection Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Height of assembly Wind Zone 1 50 m/s basic wind speed < 55 m/s Wind Zone 2 55 m/s basic wind speed < 60 m/s Wind Zone 3 60 m/s basic wind speed < 65 m/s Wind Zone 4 basic wind speed 65 m/s Applicable Missiles Missile Missile Impact Speed Level A (2 g ± 1) g small steel ball 39.7 m/s B (1 ± 0.10) kg small lumber 15.3 m/s C (2.05 ± 0.1) kg small lumber 12.2 m/s D (4.1 ± 0.1) kg medium lumber 15.3 m/s E (4.1 ± 0.1) kg medium lumber 24.4 m/s 10 m > 10 m 10 m > 10 m 10 m > 10 m 10 m > 10 m N N B A C B D D N N B A C B D D N N C A D B E D N N C A D B E D Cyclic Static Pressure Differential Loading Loading Loading Air Pressure N. of Air Sequence Direction Cycles Pressure Cycles 1 Positive 0.2 P Ppos Positive 0.0 P Ppos Positive 0.5 P Ppos Positive 0.3 P Ppos Negative 0.3 P Pneg 50 6 Negative 0.5 P Pneg Negative 0. 0 P Pneg 50 8 Negative 0.2 P Pneg 3350 P Air pressure differentials for Testing for Classification Zone Basic wind speed P (Pa) Wind Zone 1 Wind Zone 2 Wind Zone 3 Wind Zone 4 50 m/s basic wind speed < 55 m/s m/s basic wind speed < 60 m/s m/s basic wind speed < 65 m/s basic wind speed 65 m/s 3.640

24 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls International - ISO ISO Destructive-windstorm-resistant security glazing - Test and classification Impact test requirements The first 3 floors of a building (up to 10 meters) must withstand the large missile test (4 kg mass of lumber), while all floors above 10 meters must withstand the small missile test (2-gram steel balls) v = m/s Pressure cycling test requirements In both cases, the pressure cycling test must be carried out in the missile impacted glass

25 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls Asia-Pacific - AS/NZS AS/NZS Structural Design Actions Wind Actions Impact loading from windborne debris Where windborne debris loading is specified, the debris impact shall be equivalent to: (a) timber member of 4 kg mass with a nominal cross-section of 100 mm x 50 mm impacting end on at 0.4 Vr for horizontal trajectories and 0.1 Vr for vertical trajectories; and (b) spherical steel ball 8 mm diameter (approximately 2 grams mass) impacting at 0.4 Vr for horizontal trajectories and 0.3 Vr for vertical trajectories where Vr is the regional wind speed Missile Speed - example For Region C: V500 = 72.6 m/s; V500 x 0.4 = 29 m/s For Region D: V500 = 88.0 m/s; V500 x 0.4 = 35.2 m/s Regional Wind Speed Cyclonic Regions Vr (m/s) C D V1 23 x Fc 23 x Fd V5 33 x Fc 35 x Fd V10 39 x Fc 43 x Fd V20 45 x Fc 51 x Fd V25 47 x Fc 53 x Fd V50 52 x Fc 60 x Fd V x Fc 66 x Fd V x Fc 72 x Fd V x Fc 74 x Fd V x Fc 80 x Fd V x Fc 85 x Fd V x Fc 90 x Fd V x Fc 91 x Fd V x Fc 95 x Fd V x Fc 99 x Fd Vr (r 5 years) Fc ( R ¹ ) Fd ( R ¹ ) The wind speeds for regions C and D include additional factors (Fc and Fd) which shall be as follows: (a) For R 50 yrs, Fc=1.05 and Fd=1.1 (b) For R 50yrs, Fc=Fd=1.0

26 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls Asia-Pacific - AS/NZS AS/NZS Structural Design Actions Wind Actions Impact test requirements Large and small missile impact testing must be applied at heights up to 25 meters but there are no requirements for higher façades. Within a 500 year return period, for region C v = 29 m/s and for region D v = 35.2 m/s. Pressure cycling test requirements No test required for approval process

27 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls Asia Pacific local requirements map Building glazed systems component typhoon resilience Australia AS/NZS requirements Bangladesh ASTM standard requirements China No requirements Hong Kong No requirements India No requirements Japan No requirements in progress New Zealand AS/NZS requirements Philippines ASTM standard requirements South Korea No requirements Taiwan No requirements Thailand No requirements Vietnam No requirements No requirements ASTM standard requirements No requirements in progress AS/NZS requirements

28 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls Research project results Generic problems and gaps in standards Resistance to penetration by missile impact is determined by the interlayer type and the thickness of the interlayer. Building envelope failure caused by a typhoon event can have many consequences. One of the gaps identified by this research: need for improved testing of windows for wind driven rain. Biloxi, 2005 Despite the apparent integrity of the building envelope of MGM Mirage s Beau Rivage Hotel and Casino, after Hurricane Katrina there was extensive damage

29 Cyclone-resistant curtain walls Final remarks Tall buildings have always represented a symbol for a company, for the society: a landmark in the city. This kind of construction has to follow the best practices for typhoon resistant glazing because, in addition to interior damage, the potential effects to the external area due to storms is invaluable. The effectiveness of cyclone resistant building components in Miami-Dade County have been proved as hurricane resistant building constructions. The most desirable result is that a maximum time is given by local authorities themselves to align these requirements to the most developed countries on the specific issue. The best ambition of tall buildings is to have a new image for a collective function, serving as a refuge for local residents during disaster events. Phase 2 of project to begin- Looking for partners

30 Beijing China Central TV Headquarters St. Petersburg FL,Dalì Museum Astana, Expo pavillion Osaka, Abeno Arukas Paris, Vuitton Foundation Shanghai Tower