FINAL DRAFT. Building 17

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1 Building 17 LOCATION Bernard Road Fort Monroe Hampton, Va. MANAGEMENT ZONE Individually Eligible Historic Properties 3 CLASSIFICATION Contributing Structure CONDITION Fair 2 E F PRESERVATION CONSIDERATIONS The exterior of Building 17 has been subject to significant alteration, most notably the stripping of the white paint that once covered the brick walls, but it still retains a number of features that define its overall architectural and historical character. It is a mirror image of the adjacent Building 18, and together with Building 16, these three quarters form a unified group whose overall appearance should be maintained. Building 17 retains its Flemish bond brick walls, asphalt shingle gabled roof with gabled dormers and parapet end walls, and a combination of two-over-two-light and four-over-four- light double-hung sash windows. The full-width, three-story porch supported by brick piers and Tuscan wood columns is also a major character-defining feature. At the interior, the building retains original stairs and some original flooring. Closets on either side of fireplace are probably historical, and one or two original fireplaces may also exist. Earlier photos show that the brick walls were once painted white, and some of the paint still remains near the top of the parapet wall on the rear ell. In addition to radically altering the building s appearance, chemical and mechanical paint stripping techniques can damage the surface of brick, leaving it vulnerable to rapid deterioration from exposure to the elements. FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DESIGN STANDARDS RESOURCE INVENTORY 4C.29

2 THE TUILERIES DATE OF CONSTRUCTION 1823 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Federal HEIGHT AND AREA Three and one-half stories; 10,234 square feet USE (ORIGINAL / CURRENT) Bachelor Officers Quarters / Multifamily Housing DESCRIPTION Located within the boundaries of the original historic fort, Building 18 is a three-and-one-half story (two floors above an English basement) rectangular block with a rear ell. It features a concrete and brick foundation, wood frame walls with Flemish bond brick veneer, and an asphalt shingle, parapeted side-gabled roof with gabled dormers. Basement-level fenestration includes a glazed, paneled wood entry door with a jack arch lintel and two-over-two-light double-hung sash windows with jack arches and stone sills. The first and second floors also feature glazed, paneled wood entry doors, and the windows are four-over-fourlight double-hung sash with jack arches and stone sills. Each of the four dormers has a two-over-two light double-hung sash window. The full-façade, three-story wood porch with entablature and standing seam metal roof is supported by wood columns on square brick piers. Walls aligned with the center support column divide the porch between units on either side. The single-story side porches and sheltered entry have shed roofs and are supported by Tuscan wood columns. Other exterior details include iron railings at the concrete porch steps, a single, central brick chimney, skew corbels at the ends of each gabled parapet, and limestone coping at the tops of the parapet walls. Building 18 is part of a trio of buildings facing southwest overlooking the Moat. HISTORICAL DATA Building 18 was constructed in Unlike its twin, Building 17, it does not appear on the earliest (1819) projected maps of Fort Monroe. The building was designed to house eight bachelor officers and originally had a single-story porch on both the southwest and northeast (front and rear) elevations accessed by gracefully curved exterior stairs. Circa 1907 the front porches were altered to their present appearance. The rear porches were removed and replaced with bathroom wings. The building was altered again in the 1930s when rooms were rearranged to accommodate residents more efficiently. As one of the earliest, permanent officers quarters constructed at Fort Monroe, Building 18 derives its significance from its age, the its architectural character, and its context along Bernard Road opposite the Casemate Museum (Building 20). 4C.30 FINAL DRAFT JUNE 18, 2010

3 Building 18 LOCATION Bernard Road Fort Monroe Hampton, Va. MANAGEMENT ZONE Zone E Stone Fort and Moat 3 CLASSIFICATION Contributing Structure CONDITION Fair 2 E F PRESERVATION CONSIDERATIONS The exterior of Building 18 has been subject to significant alteration, most notably the stripping of the white paint that once covered the brick walls, but it still retains a number of features that define its overall architectural and historical character. It is a mirror image of the adjacent Building 17, and together with Building 16, these three quarters form a unified group whose overall appearance should be maintained. Building 18 retains its Flemish bond brick walls, asphalt shingle gabled roof with gabled dormers and parapet end walls, and a combination of two-over-two light and four-over-four light double-hung sash windows. The full-width, three-story porch supported by brick piers and Tuscan wood columns is also a major character-defining feature. KEY PRESERVATION ISSUES Earlier photos show that the brick walls were once painted white, and some of the paint still remains near the top of the parapet wall on the rear ell. In addition to radically altering the building s appearance, chemical and mechanical paint stripping techniques can damage the surface of brick, leaving it vulnerable to rapid deterioration from exposure to the elements. FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DESIGN STANDARDS RESOURCE INVENTORY 4C.31

4 FAMILY HOUSING Colonel DATE OF CONSTRUCTION 1880 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Folk Victorian HEIGHT AND AREA Two stories; 3,204 square feet USE (ORIGINAL / CURRENT) Single-family Residence / Single-family Residence DESCRIPTION Located within the boundaries of the original historic fort, Building 19 is a two-story, wood-framed Folk Victorian house with a symmetrical, three-bay façade. It is clad in asbestos siding, with a side-gabled asphalt shingle roof and a front-facing gabled overhang at the center of the façade. Symmetrical bay windows flank a single-story, partial-width front porch with chamfered posts and jig-sawn brackets, and the screened side porch at the rear ell features square posts and a single-leaf entry door. All porches have a standing-seam metal roof. First floor fenestration includes a double-leaf, glazed, paneled wood door, and four-over-four-light double-hung sash windows. A bay window at the south end of the façade also has four-over-four double-hung windows two in the center and one at each side. At the second floor, there are four-over-four double-hung sash windows flanking a smaller six-over-six double-hung window located under the gabled overhang. Additional original exterior features include two central, corbelled brick chimneys at the main block and another at the rear ell, a large, louvered attic vent in the north gable, and side bays at either end of the building. The bargeboard at the southeast end of the roof is missing, leaving behind a void in the white paint on the underside of the eave. Several pickets have broken off of the bargeboard at the opposite end of the roof. Building 19 was constructed in 1880 to serve as officers quarters. The original slate roof, cornice brackets, gable end verge boards, and shutters have been removed. The kitchen was remodeled circa The asbestos siding was added in Building 19 was erected as housing during a massive Army building program begun in It has the same floor plan as Buildings 14 and 55, all of which were based on the same experimental quartermaster standardized plan. These are among the few extant single-family dwellings on the post from that time period. Building 19 is an integral part of the area s architectural character and helps define the development of the area surrounding the Parade Ground. HISTORICAL DATA 4C.32 FINAL DRAFT JUNE 18, 2010

5 Building 19 LOCATION 18 Bernard Road Fort Monroe Hampton, Va. MANAGEMENT ZONE Zone E Stone Fort and Moat 3 CLASSIFICATION Contributing Structure CONDITION Good 2 E F PRESERVATION CONSIDERATIONS Building 19 was renovated partially during Phase I of the Whole House Renovation Project, but the interior of the house retains many original elements and details, including slate mantels, hardware, moldings, quarter sawn pine flooring, arched recesses in primary spaces, and a stair with turned balusters, acorn newels, and a stained hardwood handrail. While some notable exterior features are missing or damaged, such as the bargeboards at the roof gable ends, it retains numerous elements that contribute to the building s overall architectural character. The existing asbestos exterior siding, paneled wood doors with glazing, bay windows, and decorative jig-sawn brackets at both the porch support posts and central roof cross gable should be preserved. FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DESIGN STANDARDS RESOURCE INVENTORY 4C.33

6 FIRST FRONT Casemate Museum DATE OF CONSTRUCTION 1826 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Defense Structure HEIGHT AND AREA One story; 34,704 square feet USE (ORIGINAL / CURRENT) Gun Emplacements/Museum DESCRIPTION Forming part of the boundary of the original historic fort, Building 20 is a single-story rectangular block of sixteen vaulted casemates. Each three-bay casemate is defined by a deep brick segmental arch supported by flush granite piers. Within the bays a central door with fanlight is flanked by two granite jack-arched nine-over-nine double-hung windows with stone sills. The doorway arches are also molded stone. The brick is laid in Flemish bond. The interior of each casemate is two rooms deep with a central fireplace, brick floors laid in a herringbone pattern, granite walls and exposed brick vaulted ceilings. HISTORICAL DATA Building 20 was constructed as the first front of the fort. It housed artillery both inside and on its roof until 1880 when the casemates were converted to quarters. They remained as quarters until circa 1950, when they became the chapel center and historian s offices. In 1951 Casemate 20 was opened as a memorial to Jefferson Davis, who was imprisoned there at the end of the Civil War. In 1955, the interior walls that had been erected in the 1880s to create housing quarters were removed to accommodate an expanding Casemate Museum. In 1970 the chapel center and historian s offices were moved to Building 21, and in 1983 the Casemate Museum occupied the entire First Front with exhibits, offices, and storage. Although some floors have been cemented over to protect the original building fabric and climate control has been introduced to preserve the artifacts displayed there, Building 20 has been meticulously restored to its original appearance, with all aspects of its nearly two-century history represented guns are displayed in some casemates, and others are configured as they were in the 1880s when they served as quarters. 4C.34 FINAL DRAFT JUNE 18, 2010

7 Building 20 LOCATION Bernard Road across from the Tuileries Fort Monroe Hampton, Va. 3 MANAGEMENT ZONE Individually Eligible Historic Properties CLASSIFICATION Contributing Structure CONDITION Good 2 E F PRESERVATION CONSIDERATIONS The series of structures comprising the fort s interior and exterior walls, gates, and casemates (the interior rooms), and the surrounding Moat are arguably the most important of Fort Monroe s cultural resources due to its architectural and historical significance. Building 20 retains a number of notable features, including the Flemish bond brick pattern, molded stone doorway arches, and the central door with fanlight at each casement, flanked by double-hung windows. Because this casemate originally served as housing, it has a different scale and more detailed interior finish treatments than the storage casemates. Casemates 20, 21, and 22each have a residential character imparted by a rhythmic alteration of fan-lighted doors and nine-over nine hung windows. FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DESIGN STANDARDS RESOURCE INVENTORY 4C.35

8 SECOND FRONT Chapel Center Casemate 21 DATE OF CONSTRUCTION 1827 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Defense Structure HEIGHT AND AREA One story; 29,122 square feet USE (ORIGINAL / CURRENT) Gun Emplacements/Offices DESCRIPTION Forming part of the boundary of the original historic fort, Building 21 is a basic rectangular block, with fourteen vaulted casements and two magazines for a total of sixteen bays. Each three-bay casemate is defined by a deep brick segmental arch supported by flush granite piers. Within the bays a central door with fanlight is flanked by two granite jack-arched nine-over-nine double-hung windows with stone sills. The doorway arches also are molded stone. The brick is laid in Flemish bond. The interior of each casemate is two rooms deep with a central fireplace and brick floors covered by concrete and wall-to-wall carpet. Wood paneling covers most of the original granite walls, and the vaulted brick ceilings have been plastered over. The mantels are a glazed Roman brick laid with red mortar. Building 21 faces southeast and is similar to Buildings 20, 22 and 23. HISTORICAL DATA Building 21 was constructed as the second front of the fort to house artillery. While it is similar to Buildings 20, 22 and 23 in shape and original usage, it has been more substantially altered in the years since it was built. It was converted into NCO housing in the 1880s, and maps of the fort show colonnaded porches stretching the entire width of the façade. Renovation and conversion to office space was begun after World War II and completed circa 1958, and the porches were removed at this time. A pet cemetery is located on the roof. Alterations to the interior were primarily to combat damp rot due to substantial moisture infiltration, and the paneling was added to cover high-lead content wall paint. 4C.36 FINAL DRAFT JUNE 18, 2010

9 Building 21 LOCATION Bernard Road across from Building 166 Fort Monroe Hampton, Va. 3 MANAGEMENT ZONE Individually Eligible Historic Properties CLASSIFICATION Contributing Structure CONDITION Fair 2 E F PRESERVATION CONSIDERATIONS The series of structures comprising the fort s interior and exterior walls, gates, and casemates (the interior rooms), and the surrounding Moat are arguably the most important of Fort Monroe s cultural resources due to its architectural and historical significance. Building 20 retains a number of notable features, including the Flemish bond brick pattern, molded stone doorway arches, and the central door with fanlight at each casement, flanked by double-hung windows. Because this casemate originally served as housing, it has a different scale and more detailed interior finish treatments than the storage casemates. Casemates 20, 21, and 22each have a residential character imparted by a rhythmic alteration of fan-lighted doors and nine-over nine hung windows, together with more refined interior details such as the red brick mantels and plastered vaulted ceilings. Though the Chapel Center generally receives good care and maintenance, it suffers from perpetual dampness that results in ongoing deterioration problems, such as flaking brick, mortar, and plaster, floor settlement, and mold growth. FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DESIGN STANDARDS RESOURCE INVENTORY 4C.37

10 THIRD FRONT Casemate 22 DATE OF CONSTRUCTION 1829 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Defense Structure HEIGHT AND AREA One story; 26,520 square feet USE (ORIGINAL / CURRENT) Gun Emplacements/Storage DESCRIPTION Forming part of the boundary of the original historic fort, Building 22 is a basic rectangular block, with fourteen vaulted casements and two magazines for a total of sixteen bays. The majority of the three-bay casemates are defined by a deep brick segmental arch supported by flush granite piers, but at least one bay appears to have had its door replaced with a smaller one and the windows covered with hinged wood shutters. Within each of the other bays, a central door with fanlight is flanked by two granite jack-arched nine-over-nine double-hung windows with stone sills. The doorway arches also are molded stone, and the brick is laid in Flemish bond. The interior is defined by granite walls and brick vaults. Building 22 faces southeast and is similar to Buildings 20, 22 and 23. HISTORICAL DATA Building 22 was constructed in 1829 as the third front of the fort to house artillery. It was converted into NCO housing circa 1880, and maps from 1887 show the addition of porches to the casemate façades. After World War II the casemates were remodeled as office space and this conversion was completed by circa The porches were removed at this time and the Education Center moved in. Circa 1978 the Education Center moved to Building 96 which had been relinquished by HUD, and around the same time Building 22 was condemned due to damp rot from moisture infiltration. The electrical wiring was stripped out and the building was converted to storage for lawn maintenance equipment. 4C.38 FINAL DRAFT JUNE 18, 2010

11 Building 22 LOCATION Bernard Road across from Building 50 Fort Monroe Hampton, Va. 3 MANAGEMENT ZONE Individually Eligible Historic Properties CLASSIFICATION Contributing Structure CONDITION Fair 2 F G PRESERVATION CONSIDERATIONS The series of structures comprising the fort s interior and exterior walls, gates, and casemates (the interior rooms), and the surrounding Moat are arguably the most important of Fort Monroe s cultural resources due to its architectural and historical significance. Building 20 retains a number of notable features, including the Flemish bond brick pattern, molded stone doorway arches, and the central door with fanlight at each casement, flanked by double-hung windows. Because this casemate originally served as housing, it has a different scale and more detailed interior finish treatments than the storage casemates. Casemates 20, 21, and 22each have a residential character imparted by a rhythmic alteration of fan-lighted doors and nine-over nine hung windows. FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DESIGN STANDARDS RESOURCE INVENTORY 4C.39

12 STORAGE CASEMATE Old Bakery Casemates DATE OF CONSTRUCTION Circa 1823 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Defense Structure HEIGHT AND AREA One story; 7,800 square feet USE (ORIGINAL / CURRENT) Gun Emplacements/Storage DESCRIPTION Forming part of the boundary of the original historic fort, Building 23 is similar to Buildings 20, 21 and 22. It has vaulted casements, and each three-bay casemate is defined by a deep brick segmental arch supported by flush granite piers. Within the bays, a central steel door with granite rustications is flanked by two solid steel windows with granite jack arches and stone sills. The brick infill of the granite wall is laid in Flemish bond, with cement coping on the tops of the parapet walls. The interior has never been wired or otherwise renovated for office use; it has always been used for storage, and thus retains a high degree of integrity. HISTORICAL DATA Building 23 was constructed in 1823, and originally served to house gun emplacements and as storage. The name Old Bakery Casemates comes from its proximity to the Old Bakery at Fort Monroe there was never a bakery located in the casemate itself. The casemate was repaired twice during 1830s to correct damage caused by foundation settlement. Building 23 is still used for storage, having never been wired for electricity or fitted with plumbing. It remains essentially unchanged from its 1823 and its 1830 reconstructions. 4C.40 FINAL DRAFT JUNE 18, 2010

13 Building 23 LOCATION Bernard Road next to Building 117 Fort Monroe Hampton, Va. 6 MANAGEMENT ZONE Individually Eligible Historic Properties CLASSIFICATION Contributing Structure CONDITION Fair 5 F G PRESERVATION CONSIDERATIONS The series of structures comprising the fort s interior and exterior walls, gates, and casemates (the interior rooms), and the surrounding Moat are arguably the most important of Fort Monroe s cultural resources due to its architectural and historical significance. Building 23 retains a number of significant features, including the rusticated granite blocks that make up the exterior door surrounds, the Flemish bond brick infill at each individual casemate, and the solid steel windows with stone jack arch lintels and sills. Each three-bay casemate is defined by a deep segmental brick arch. While the storage casemates have a much more utilitarian character than most other buildings on post, they are an important part of Fort Monroe s historical context in that they represent a culmination of fortifications engineering, expressing classical architectural principles as well as the most current thinking in defense structure design at the time of their construction. FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DESIGN STANDARDS RESOURCE INVENTORY 4C.41

14 FIRE STATION DATE OF CONSTRUCTION 1881 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Colonial Revival HEIGHT AND AREA Two stories; 3,751 square feet USE (ORIGINAL / CURRENT) Fire Station/Fire Station DESCRIPTION Located just outside the boundaries of the original historic fort, Building 24 is a two-story, three-bay rectangular building with an asymmetrical façade. The brick walls are laid in seven-course American bond and rest on a concrete foundation, and the building is capped by an asphalt shingle, gable-on-hip roof. First floor fenestration includes two large openings to the fire truck bays, which dominate the façade, as well as a smaller, single-leaf paneled door that serves as a pedestrian entrance, and small two-over-two light double-hung sash windows with brick two-course segmental arches and cast stone sills. There is a single-leaf, paneled wood door with a single-light transom at the rear of the building. The second floor also has two-over-two-light double-hung sash windows with two-course segmental arches and cast stone sills, and one single-light fixed window at the rear elevation a twin single-light window has been bricked in. The double-hung windows at the second floor are paired at the façade and side elevations, but the rear elevation only has single windows, placed symmetrically. The simple single-leaf entrance door is below a brick arch filled in with brick that differs from that of the surrounding wall, which may suggest the door opening was originally arched as well. HISTORICAL DATA The two-story fire station (Building 24) was constructed in 1881 has been altered many times, but continues to serve its original purpose. It is said to be the Army s oldest fire station. The garage doorways originally had round arches. Shutters have been removed. Former stables have been converted to offices and a coal chute to bathrooms. The stairs inside the rear of the building on the east side have been removed. Building 24 was constructed during a massive Army building program begun in Building 24 is an integral part of the historic Ruckman Road streetscape and contributes greatly to the architectural diversity of the area. Building 24 derives its significance from its age and architectural design. On each elevation, the second floor wall surface is recessed approximately the depth of one wythe of brick, as if it were only a masonry panel within a larger masonry frame. A corbelled brick cornice wraps the building above each of the second floor panels. There is evidence of interior tie rods, with exterior star-shaped caps, on the façade and west elevation. Exterior lighting has been added with copious exposed conduit. Modern utility integration is awkward. The building has copper gutters and downspouts. In some surrounding areas there are brick pavers, however, they have been obscured with later pavement. 4C.42 FINAL DRAFT JUNE 18, 2010