Building Material and Construction

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2 Building Material and Construction

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4 Building Material and Construction (As per III semester Diploma in Civil Engineering syllabus of West Bengal State Council of Technical Education) S S Bhavikatti Emeritus Professor, BUBCET Hubli Formerly professor and Dean, NITK Surathkal, SDMCET Dharwad and Principal, RYMEC Bellary Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd

5 VIKAS PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD E-28, Sector-8, Noida Phone: Fax: Registered Office: 576, Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi Website: Bengaluru : First Floor, N.S. Bhawan, 4th Cross, 4th Main, Gandhi Nagar, Bengaluru Ph , Chennai : E-12, Nelson Chambers, 115, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikari, Chennai Ph / Kolkata : 82, Park Street, Kolkata Ph Mumbai : 67/68, 3rd Floor, Aditya Industrial Estate, Chincholi Bunder, Malad (West), Mumbai Ph , Published in 2014 ISBN: Vikas is the registered trademark of Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd Copyright Author All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS Publishing House Pvt Ltd and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Disputes if any are subject to Delhi Jurisdiction only.

6 Preface The employer or any other person in contact with civil engineer expects the engineer to suggest in selecting suitable building materials and supervise building construction. Hence building technology is an important subject in civil engineering. This subject is taught to civil engineering students in the early semester of their academic career. It is hoped that students will develop interest in buildng activities in their environs and pay attentions to local materials being used and construction practices. The author published a book on Building Materials and another on Building Construction, both published by Vikas Publishing House. This book is intended specially for students of Diploma Engineering of West Bengal for their course on Building Construction. It is felt that in the limited time available in the semester students should be provided with readily available material for their course and on this basic they take interest in the construction activity around their place and enhance their knowledge. The subject matter is presented in simple and lucid Manner. The text is amply supported by figures and tables. The author wishes to thank Vikas Publishing House for interest in publishing this book and the neat work carried out by its staff. Suggestions for improvements will be highly appreciated. S S Bhavikatti Hubli

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8 Syllabus Building Material and Construction Name of the Course: Diploma in Civil Engineering UNIT 1 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS 1.1 Building components and types of structure Building components & their function, Substructure foundation, plinth, Superstructure walls, sill, lintel, doors & windows, floor, roof, parapet, beams, columns; Types of structures load bearing structures, framed Structures, composite structures. 1.2 Masonry materials Building stones classification of rocks (physical, chemical), requirement of good building stone, dressing of stones, quarrying of stones, artificial or cast Stones. Bricks conventional bricks, standard bricks, composition of clay brick, strength of bricks, proportions of burnt clay bricks, testing of bricks, special bricks (fire clay brick, refractory brick, hollow blocks, fly ash bricks). Mortars classifications, lime mortar, cement mortar, composite mortar, special mortars, functions of mortar, proportions, properties of mortar and tests for mortar. Timber & Timber based material Use of timber, characteristics of good timber, defects in timber, plywood, particle board, veneer, sun mica, artificial timber, rubber wood. Miscellaneous materials Glass, plastic, fibers, aluminum, steel, galvanized iron, asphalt bitumen etc, micro silica, pvc, cpvc, ppf, waterproofing and termite proofing materials, admixtures in concrete, bonding agents, epoxy resins, polishing materials etc. UNIT 2 CONSTRUCTION OF SUBSTRUCTURE 2.1 Job layout Site clearance, preparing job layout, layout for load bearing structure and framed structure by center line, precautions while marking layout on ground. 2.2 Earthwork Excavation for foundation, Shoring and strutting, earthwork for embankment, material for plinth filling, tools and plants used for earthwork.

9 viii Syllabus 2.3 Foundation Types of foundation open foundations, shallow foundation, stepped foundation, isolated and combined column footing, raft foundation, deep foundation and pile foundation; Pumping method of dewatering, cofferdams, bearing capacity of foundation soil, under reamed pile foundation. UNIT 3 CONSTRUCTION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE 3.1 Stone masonry Terms used in stone masonry facing, backing, hearting, through stone, Corner stone, uncoursed rubble masonry, coursed rubble masonry, point to be observed in construction of stone masonry, mortars for stone masonry, tools and plants used for stone masonry, col-grout masonry. 3.2 Brick masonry Common terms used in brick masonry, requirements of good brickwork, bonds in brick masonry (English, flemish, stretcher and header bonds, junction of wall main wall to main wall and main wall to partition wall only), brick laying, line level and plumb of brickwork, striking and raking of Joints, lead and lift, precautions in brick masonry, tools and plants used in brick masonry, pointing, comparison between brick and stone masonry. Hollow concrete block Masonry, composite masonry, Cavity wall purpose and construction. 3.3 Doors and windows Doors components and construction of panelled doors, battened doors, flush doors, collapsible doors, rolling shutters, revolving doors, glazed doors, sizes of door, PVC door. Windows component and construction of fully panelled, partly panelled and glazed, glazed wooden, steel, aluminum windows, sliding windows, louvered window, ventilators, cement grills, protective treatment for doors and windows, fixtures and fastenings for doors and window, sill, lintel and weather shed functions, types and construction. 3.4 Vertical communication Means of vertical communication stair case, elevator, ramp, requirement of good staircase, types of staircase, fabricated stair. 3.5 Scaffolding and shoring Purpose, types of scaffolding, process of erection and dismantling; purpose and types of shoring, underpinning, safety precautions. UNIT 4 BUILDING FINISHES 4.1 Floors and roofs Floor finishes shahabad, kota, marble, granite, kadappa, ceramic tiles, vitrified, mosaic tiles, chequered tiles, glazed tiles, pavement blocks, concrete floors, tremix floor, skirting and dado, terrazzo flooring, IPS flooring; Process of laying process of laying and construction, finishing and polishing of floors. 4.2 Roofing materials AC sheets, G.I sheets, plastic sheets, fibre sheets, mangalore tiles etc. Steel trusses. Timber trusses, R.c.c. slab.

10 Syllabus ix 4.3 Water Proofing Treatment Introduction, material required for water proofing and its specification, Water proofing of water closet and bath room, procedure & Cross section, Terrace and basement water proofing, Precautions to be taken while water proofing. 4.4 Termite Proofing Introduction, general principles of termite proofing, Methods of termite proofing, Material used in termite proofing treatment. 4.5 Damp Proofing Sources of dampness & its effects, Material used for damp proofing, Methods of damp proofing. Damp proofing treatment, in building such as basement, floors, walls. UNIT 5 WALL FINISHES 5.1 Plastering Necessity of plastering, single coat plaster double coat plaster, neeru finishing and pop, special plasters stucco plaster, Plaster board and wall claddings. Precaution to be taken while, Plastering. Defects in plaster. 5.2 Pointing Necessity, types and procedure of pointing. 5.3 Painting Necessity, surface preparation, method of application, selecting suitable painting material, white wash and colour wash. UNIT 6 BUILDING MAINTENANCE 6.1 Cracks Causes and types of cracks, identification and repair of cracks, guniting and grouting, use of epoxy and crack fills, remedial measures. 6.2 Settlement Causes and remedial measures; Plinth protection necessity and materials used. 6.3 Demolition Necessity, method of demolition hand demolition, machine demolition, Controlled blasting demolition, precautions during demolition. 6.4 Rebaring techniques Necessity and equipment for rebaring techniques building.

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12 Contents Preface Syllabus v vii UNIT 1 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS 1 Chapter 1 Building Components and Type of Structures Building Components Classification of Building According to Method of Load Transfer 7 Questions 8 Chapter 2 Stones as Masonry Material Classification of Rocks Quarrying Dressing Artificial or Cast Stones 15 Questions 16 Chapter 3 Bricks Composition of Clay Bricks Harmful Ingradients in Clay Properties of Good Building Bricks Testing of Bricks Special Bricks 20 Questions 21 Chapter 4 Mortars Cement Mortar Lime Mortar Mud Mortar Special Mortars Functions of Mortars Tests on Mortars Requirements of Good Mortar 28 Questions 29 Chapter 5 Timber and Timber Based Materials Uses of Timber Characteristics of Good Timber 32

13 xii Contents 5.3 Defects in Timber Timber Based Materials Laminates/Sunmica Artificial Timber Rubber Wood 38 Questions 38 Chapter 6 Miscellaneous Materials Glass Plastics Fibres (US: Giber) Aluminium Steel Galvanized Iron Bitumen, Asphalt and Tar Micro Silica Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) Water Proofing Materials Termite Proofing Materials Admixtures in Concrete Bonding Agents Epoxy Resins Polishing Materials 55 Questions 56 UNIT 2 CONSTRUCTION OF SUB-STRUCTURE 57 Chapter 7 Job Layout Site Clearance Preparing Job Layout 59 Questions 60 Chapter 8 Earth Work for Foundations Excavation for Foundation Shoring and Strutting Precautions to be Taken in Deep Trenching Earthwork for Embankment Materials for Plinth Filling Tools and Plants Used for Earth Work 65 Questions 69 Chapter 9 Foundation Type of Foundations Pumping Method of Dewatering Cofferams Under Reamed Pile Foundation Bearing Capacity of Foundation Soil 90 Questions 95

14 Contents xiii UNIT 3 CONSTRUCTION OF SUPER-STRUCTURE 97 Chapter 10 Stone Masonry Terms Used in Stone Masonry Types of Stone Masonry Mortars for Stone Masonry Tools for Stone Masonry Points to be Observed in Construction of Stone Masonry Cplgroot Masonry 108 Questions 108 Chapter 11 Brick Masonry Common Terms Used in Brick Masonry Requirements of Good Brickwork Bonds in Brick Masonry Junctions in Walls Brick Laying Tools for Brickworks Precautions in Brick Masonry Works Comparison Between Brick Masonry and Stone Masonry Striking and Raking of Joints Hollo Concrete Block Masonry Composite Masonry Cavity Walls 130 Questions 133 Chapter 12 Doors, Windows and Ventilators Location of Doors, Windows and Ventilators Materials for Door, Windows and Ventilators Terminology Size of Doors Size of Timber Types of Doors Sizes of Windows Size of Timber for Windows Types of Windows Ventilators Fixtures and Fasteners for Doors and Windows Sill, Lintel and Weater Shed 151 Questions 154 Chapter 13 Vertical Communication Stairs Types of Stairs Requirements of a Good Stair Ramps Escalators Lifts 163 Questions 164

15 xiv Contents Chapter 14 Scaffolding and Shoring Scaffolding Shoring Underlinning Safety Precations 173 Questions 173 UNIT 4 BUILDING FINISHES 175 Chapter 15 Floors and Flooring Types of Floor Finishes Mud and Muram Flooring Natural Stone Flooring Clay/Ceramic Tile Flooring Cement or Cement Based Flooring Miscellaneous Flooring 180 Questions 182 Chapter 16 Roofs Classification of Roofs Flat Roofs Pitched Roofs Roof Coverings for Pitched Roofs 191 Questions 193 Chapter 17 Water Proofing Treatment Materials for Water Proofing Water Proofing Water Closets and Bath Rooms Methods of Water Proofing Basement Water Proofing of Terrace Water Proofing of Sloped Concrete Roofs Precautions to be Taken While Water Proofing 199 Questions 200 Chapter 18 Termite Proofing Types of Termites Termite Proofing Materials General Principles of Termite Proofing Preconstruction Treatment Post Construction Treatment Structural Barriers 203 Questions 203 Chapter 19 Damp Proofing Sources of Dampness Effect of Dampness Materials for Damp Proofing Principles of Damp-Proofing Methods of Damp Proofing 206 Questions 208

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