P2 GRADUATION PLAN: TU DELFT -BUILDING TECHNOLOGY. Design & Technology. Marten de Bruin. Façade Adaptive Heat Transfer by Changing Geometry

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1 P2 : TU DELFT -BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Studio Name Title Design & Technology Marten de Bruin Façade Adaptive Heat Transfer by Changing Geometry Date January 2013

2 GENERAL INFORMATION Personal information Name Marten de Bruin Student number Adress Zinnia 7 Postal code 3317HW Place of residence Dordrecht Telephone number address M.debruin@student.tudelft.nl Studio Studio Theme First mentor Second mentor Third party Studio coordinator Design and technology Facade design Arie Bergsma Wim van der Spoel DGMR Regina Bokel Argumentation choice of studio: In the façade, architecture, building technology and building physics are strongly interconnected. Properties of the façade determine the appearance of a building, they highly influence user satisfaction, by light and thermal comfort, and play an important role in the energy balance of the building. New ways of dealing with facade can be profitable with many respects. Personally I want to gain knowledge about façade related sustainable building design. It will contain the question how to design a façade in a way that it can contribute to a reduction of building energy use. I want to extend my skills in validating a design from a technical point of view. Gaining hard evidence instead of opinions and visions. Most important is to get more knowledge about how to use the input of nature in a sustainable way, with an attitude of preserving nature instead of exploiting it. Title Façade Adaptive Heat Transfer by Changing Geometry

3 1.PRODUCT 1.1 Problem statement A fully glazed façade is often chosen as a solution for providing a maximum of daylight and view. However, a fully glazed façade will also cause maximum sun transmission. On the other hand, once the solar heat is in the building, due to the high insulation value and airtightness of the building cooling appliance is needed to prevent increasing internal temperatures. Building and outdoor climate are often seen as separate systems. The free energy sources nature can provide, like passive solar gain in winter, and energy sinks like passive cooling in summer are often not used. A combined solution is needed for reducing solar transmittance in a full glazed façade, and using of the energy sources and sinks of the environment. This will lead to reduction of the energy use of building service functions such as heating- and cooling. To provide this solution the energy exchange between in- and outside climate must be optimized and a façade must be able to adjust its properties. Heat transmission is influenced by the heat resistance of the façade and its conducting area. A façade with properties that able to adjust is needed. The adaptable properties: Façade area, U-value and solar transmittance. By changing the geometry of a façade, the conducting area is enlarged, and with a different material configuration, exposing other material properties, the U value is changeable. And to reduce the solar transmittance through a facade: Façade s geometry will provide shading potential. The research will build on earlier done research: Research showed that a façade with adaptable insulation and g- value contributes to a significant reducing of the energy use of a building [Bakker, 2009]. And research done on a façade with adaptable geometry. [Csoke, 2011] 1.2 The research question Concluding the problem statement, the following research question for succeeding research can be determined: >How can an adaptable façade geometry of a fully glazed office building be optimized for the heat exchange between in-and outside climate? Restricting parameters The problem is specified by a number of parameters that are restricting the scope. As they are: - The reference is a fully glazed, transparent façade for a maximum of daylight and view. - No traditional sun shading devices should be incorporated. This will define the façade as an alternative for shading devices. Sub questions This question is divided in the following sub-questions: - What role play the U value, area (form and scale) and solar gain of the façade in heat transfer? - What materials properties, technical and physical, are needed? - To what extend needs the thermal insulation and solar gain be adaptable?

4 - How can the thermal insulation and solar gain of an adaptable façade be controlled? - What is the possible improvement of thermal comfort? - What is the possible energy reduction potential? - How can a changing geometry be constructed. - How plays the outside climate and (inside)building properties a role in functioning? - What are possible negatively influencing effects that can occur, and how can they be prevented? 1.3 Goal /intentions This façade will lower the primary energy of (the total) of heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting for the given situation of a fully glazed building with high heat load. The research should make visible in what way the relevant aspects of the façade (area, u- value and solar transmittance) influence functioning. There is a continuous interaction with these aspects, which adds complexity to the research. The solution for the façade deals in a passive way with seasons and sun, positive influencing the energy balance of a building. The hypothesis is that a façade which can dynamically change its geometrical properties will lead to an integrated solution of sun-energy optimisation and insulation optimisation, with regard to energy use and thermal comfort. 2.REFLECTION Relevance - Scientific: The façade influences the environmental impact of buildings. The concept of a façade that by changing its properties can reduce energy use, must be elaborated to a technical realisation. Building energy reduction using the façade is driven by the belief that high quality buildings can be realized with far less consumption of natural resources. Reducing energy is a theme that involves all elements of a building process. - Social: An optimized façade with maximum view and energy reduction while not discharging user comfort. - Financial: Saving energy saves costs. Expectations are that although investments are higher, the system can be profitable.

5 3.PROCESS/METHOD The following scheme shows the structure which is used in research process. During the process the research will take its final form. The proposed process to be followed in divided periods. The timeline of the research process is shown in appendix 1. Period: P1 P2 Preliminary research -Literature study. Following questions: a. Climate adaptive facade examples b. Solar shading principles c. Heat transmission principles d. Night cooling potentials e. Climate properties worldwide. f. Expected functioning Period: P2 - P3 Research Recursive process of Design/ Model/ Simulate Step 1 Simulation Based on input from preliminary research, insight is gained in functionality. Determined will be the needed properties of: - The time interval; seasonally- monthly- and daily differences will be researched. Step 2 Considering the technical input Based on the functionality during the year, technical considerations will evaluate feasibility of: - Motion - Heat transmission adaptability Step 3 Validation by computational calculations Based on first insight in functioning, from energetic and technical point of view, optimisation of the façade will take place and the energy performance will be determined. Variants will be compared to each other and to a static, basic variant by simulating the façade and checking the energy performance. Influence of U- value, area, and solar gain will be determined.

6 The two states the façade will contain, insulating and conducting mode, will be simulated separately. The results of this simulation will give insight in the operating modus of both properties. Secondly, the effect of different climates and different functions /building systems can be part of research by simulation. Simulation: Dynamic numerical simulation is used for determining the energy performance. Building simulation can predict why, how and when a building is using energy. Building simulation is making connections between the dynamics of building and installation, and between the inside and outside of buildings. There are two possible simulation software available: TRNSYS and Energy Plus. TRNSYS will be used, supported by manual calculations for determining input. Period: P3 P4 Step 4 Final design During the period P3 until P4, based on the conclusions of the simulation, the façade will be optimized and elaborated in principal details. The results of the research and the design will be presented in a report and a presentation.

7 APPENDIX 1: RESEARCH TIMELINE

8 APPENDIX 2: LITERATURE Book 1. Addington, M. Schodek, D. (2012 ) Smart materials and new technologies. Architectural press. 2. Benyus, J.M. (1997) Biomimicry, Innovation Inspired by Nature. William Morrow and Co. New York 3. Drake, S. (2007). The third skin, UNSW press 4. Knaack, U., Klein, T., (2009) The future envelope 2 Architecture-climate- skin. Research in Architectural engineering Series, Volume 9, IOS Press. 5. Linden, A.C. van der (2006) Bouwfysica, ThiemeMeulenhoff 6. Renckens, J. (1998). Facades & Architecture, TU Delft. 7. Santamouris, M, (2006) Environmental design of urban buildings- an integrated approach. Earthscan. 8. Schumacher, M. Schaeffer, O. Vogt, M.M. (2009) Move Architecture in motion. Birkhauser Articles 9. AlAnzi, A. et al, Impact of building shape on thermal performance of office buildings in Kuwait Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) Available online at Artmann, N. Manz, H. Heiselberg, P. (2006) Climatic potential for passive cooling of buildings by night-time ventilation in Europe. Applied Energy 84, p Bakker, L.G. et al, (2009) Climate adaptive building shells, TVVL magazine, nr Bilow, M. (2012) International facades CROFT, doctoral thesis. Available online at: Bokel, R. (2011) College sheets, Course AR2AE045, TUDelft. 14. Breesch, H. et al. (2005) Passive cooling in a low-energy office building Solar Energy 79 (2005) Available online at Capeluto, G., (2002) Energy performance of the self-shading building envelope, Energy and Buildings 35, Available online at Csoke, C. (2011) Dynamic facades, Msc thesis. University of applied sciences, Detmold. 17. Dijk, R. van, (2009) Adaptables, Msc thesis. Available online at: Hutcheon, N. (1963). Requirements for exterior walls. Canadian Building Digest, Loonen, R.C.G.M.(2010) Climate adaptive building shells, Msc thesis. Available online at: Loonen, R.C.G.M, (2011) Prestatiesimulatie van adaptieve gevels, TVVL magazine, nr Spoel, W.H. et al. (2008) Passive cooling using adaptable insulation. Senter novem research. 22. Schlenger, J. (2009). Climatic Influences on the Energy Demand of European Office Buildings. Dissertation available online at: Taki, A.H., Loveday, D.L. (1996) Surface convection coefficients for building facades with vertical mullion-type protrusions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy : Trcka, M., Wetter, M., Hensen, J.(2007) Comparison of co-simulation approaches for building and hvac/r system simulation. Proceedings of the 10th IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, 3-5 September, pp Wang, Z. et al, (2009) Night ventilation control strategies in office buildings, Solar Energy 83, , Available online at

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