Excel - STEM Scenario: The Bridge is Out!! Year 7

Transcription

1 Excel - STEM Scenario: The Bridge is Out!! Year 7 Name: Teacher: Miss Hall 1

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5 Scenario: Reconnecting Kempsey Kempsey Shire has experienced major flooding events throughout its history, with significant events in 1893, 1921, 1949, 1950, 1963, 2001 and In 2030 Kempsey has experienced its worst flood in living memory with a flood peak at Georges Creek of 19.2 metres. Communities, including those in the centre of town were isolated for 5 days with some low lying areas inaccessible for up to ten days. The main traffic bridge, pictures below, has been washed away after the concrete pillars supporting the upper bridge collapsed under the pressure of the turbulent flood waters. This not only isolates the township of Kempsey, but makes getting supplies to more remote communities near impossible. Flood waters have still cut the route from Kempsey to Fredrickton and the Kempsey Shire Council has determined that the surface of the road connecting the two towns has been washed away. As local engineers, the Kempsey Shire Council has made an urgent request for you to design a replacement bridge. You must research all you can about bridges, submit drawings of your proposed bridge for Council approval, build a model for testing and ensure it meets the minimum load testing requirements. Are you ready to meet the challenge!!! 5

6 Essential Vocabulary In order to help the people in the Forts at Kempsey it is essential that you know the following words: Accuracy Assess Control Variable Dependent Variable Design (v.) Discuss Evaluate Force Independent Variable Investigate Kinetic Energy Observation Potential Energy Precision Prototype Qualitative Quantitative Refine Reliability Scale Variable 6

7 Bridge Brainstorm Why do we need bridges? What do bridges help us do? 7

8 What are bridges made from? What are the different types of bridges that can be built? Draw some examples of each type 8

9 What are the names of the different parts of a bridge? 9

10 Name some famous bridges around the world and what they are made from. Bridge 1: Bridge 2: Bridge 3: 10

11 Find two bridge failures and describe what caused the bridge to fail? (Was it weather, poor materials or an engineering mistake!!!) Bridge 1 Name: What happened: Why did it happen? 11

12 Bridge 2 Name: What happened? Why did it happen? 12

13 Which is Stronger a Square or a Triangle??? If you had to build a structure that other people relied on to cross a river or a deep valley would you make it out of squares or triangles?? Which shapes will stay together under the weight of a load? A load can be defined as a heavy or bulky thing that is being carried or is about to be carried. Your task today is to investigate which shape can carry the greatest load when used to build structures. Your group should have the following equipment: 3 x sheets of coloured paper with 10.5cm x 3.5cm rectangles 3 x sheets of coloured paper with 14cm x 3.5cm rectangles 1 x sheet of coloured paper with 28cm x 3.5cm rectangles 1 x roll sticky tape 1 x pair of scissors Items to be used as load items: Item Pen Weight (g) Triangles Squares Item Weight (g) Calculator Triangles Squares Ruler Cork Highlighter Battery Glue Stick Mobile Phone 13

14 Instructions: o Step One - Select the sheets with the 10.5cm x 3.5cm rectangles and cut alone the lines until all three sheets are in small strips. o Step Two Fold at each strip at the marks provided (every 3.5cm) to form a triangle. Tape the open edges together to form a triangle. Repeat folding and cutting until you have all the blocks assembled. o o o Step Three - Complete the same process for the sheets with the 14cm x 3.5cm rectangles, but when folding at the 3.5cm marks it should be folded into a square shape for taping. Repeat folding and cutting until you have all the blocks assembled. Step Four - Cut some paper planks, 3.5cm strips of paper from the single sheet. They can be 28cm, 21cm, 14cm, 7cm long (your choice). Step Five - You re done! Now it s time to build! 14

15 Bridge Simulations: Testing Materials and Working to Design Specifications An important part of designing a bridge is having an idea about the materials you will work with and the design requirements you must include when building the product. Using the following online simulations you will: And 1. Use different materials to problem solve and construct different bridges; 2. Follow a set of design specifications to test bridges under different situations. 1. Materials: Building a Bridge Online Select the All Games A-Z tab Select the A-C tab Open Build the Bridge Complete the activities When finished go back to the A-C tab Select Cargo Bridge 2 Complete all activities Click Play Complete instructions and activities 15

16 2. Design Specifications: Building a Bridge to Withstand an Earthquake In some areas of the world bridge design is complicated by environmental factors that are unpredictable. One of these unpredictable occurrences is an earthquake. On the West Coast of America, in the State of California, is a city called San Francisco. It is surrounded by many geological faults that cause the area to experience many earthquakes, both small and large. Bridges in the area need to be engineered to withstand not only the level of earthquake but the sheer number of them. In the following simulation you will be able to test different types of bridge and safety designs to determine which type of bridge will withstand earthquakes of various sizes and locations. You will also be able to add individual safety measures to support your chosen design. Complete the set tasks and then complete 3 design specifications you decided on. Instructions: 1. Access the website above. 2. Decide which type of bridge or combinations of design you will use. 3. Add the safety features you wish to include in your bridge design. 4. Select the geological fault you will test you bridge design against and the strength of the earthquake. 5. Set off the earthquake and see how successfully your bridge design and safety feature combination are in surviving an earthquake. 6. Record your results 16

17 Test Design 1 Bridge Type Safety Features Fault Earthquake Strength Suspension Shock Absorbers Shear Links Hayward Results Earthquake Strength 6.0 Results Earthquake Strength 8.0 Test Design 2 Bridge Type Safety Features Fault Earthquake Strength Cantilever-Truss Ductile Materials Bearings Hayward 17

18 Results Earthquake Strength 6.0 Results Earthquake Strength 8.0 Test Design 3 Bridge Type Safety Features Cable-Stay Shock Absorbers Shear-links Fault Hayward San Andreas Earthquake Strength Results Hayward Fault Earthquake Strength

19 Results Hayward Fault Earthquake Strength 8.0 Results San Andreas Fault Earthquake Strength 7.0 Results San Andreas Fault Earthquake Strength

20 Test Design 4 Your Choice of Test 1 Bridge Type Safety Features Fault Hayward San Andreas Earthquake Strength Results Fault Earthquake Strength Results Fault Earthquake Strength 20

21 Test Design 5 Your Choice of Test 2 Bridge Type Safety Features Fault Hayward San Andreas Earthquake Strength Results Fault Earthquake Strength Results Fault Earthquake Strength 21

22 Test Design 6 Your Choice of Test 3 Bridge Type Safety Features Fault Hayward San Andreas Earthquake Strength Results Fault Earthquake Strength Results Fault Earthquake Strength 22

23 Spotlight: The Sydney Harbour Bridge Section 1: Sydney Harbour Bridge 1. How far did the Sydney Harbour Bridge have to span? 2. What was the Sydney Harbour Bridge designed to carry? i.e. how many lanes are there and what are they for? 3. How much does the Sydney Harbour Bridge weigh? 23

24 Section 2: Profile of Engineer 4. Who was John Job Crew Bradfield? 5. What type of education did Bradfield complete? 6. Did he only work in Australia? If not where else did he study bridges? 7. Was he the only engineer to contribute ideas to the bridge design? If not, who else made contributions? 8. What were his other achievements as an engineer? 24

25 Section 3: Challenges and Solutions 9. How many years was it between when the bridge was first thought of and when it began construction? Why did it take so long? 10. Why was space a challenge? 11. Why was safety a challenge? 12. Name one new innovation that made it easier to build the bridge? 25

26 Section 4: Milestones 13. Mark the milestones for the Sydney Harbour Bridge on the timeline

27 Section 5: Fast Facts Span of Arch in metres: Height to top of arch in metres: Weight of steel arch: Total weight of bridge: Bridge movement: Width of deck: Clearance for shipping: Height of pylons: Base of each abutment tower: Total length of bridge: Number of rivets: Largest rivet: Longest hanger: 27

28 Shortest hanger: Concrete used for bridge: Granite facing used on pylons and piers: Allowance for deck expansion: Paint required: Initial contract price: Final cost: 28

29 To: Bridge Engineers From: General Manager Kempsey Shire Council As per our prior conversation we request that you submit your group s bridge design plans for consideration at the next Council meeting. Your design plans must be drawn to scale and three views must be submitted. The required views are: 1. Side view 2. Top view 3. Underside view For design specifications see attached document. Once your designs have been viewed by Council, either an approval or a review order will be given. A design approval means a model build kit will be issued for load testing of your design. A review order means you need to make modifications to your design for resubmission if you wish to be considered to receive a model build kit for design and load testing. I look forward to receiving your design proposal. General Manager Kempsey Shire Council 29

30 Bridge Design Specifications All drawings are to be submitted on A3 paper drawn using the provided pencils, ruler and protractor. All measurements and angles must be labelled on the drawings for the design to be considered. Bridge Specifications The gap to be spanned is 30m wide. A drawing scale of 1cm = 1m is to be used in all technical drawings. The bridge can be: No longer than 30 m No wider than 15 m No higher than 10 mm from the road deck The bridge must have pylons (legs) at either end of the bridge which are no more than 5m high You can select from any bridge style, but the aim is to hold as much weight as possible to cope with heavy traffic. However, if the bridge is unnecessarily heavy, this will count against you in the model build process. In other words Council is looking for a light bridge that holds a lot of weight. 30

31 Side View: (glue copy of your side view plan here) 31

32 Top View: (glue copy of your top view plan here) 32

33 Underside View: (glue copy of your underside view plan here) 33

34 Design Approval Project Name: Project Team Members: Project Goal: Clients: Design Elements: 1. Side View Approval o Notes: 2. Top View Approval o Notes: 3. Underside View Approval o Notes: Final Approval for Granting a Model Build Kit Approved o Not Approved o Signed: Miss Hall Officer of Infrastructure 34

35 Design Kit Now you have received your design build kit please check that all elements are present. 2 x lasagne sheets 20 x spaghetti strands 20 x fettuccine strands 20 x spiral pasta 4 x hot glue sticks 1 x hot glue gun 1 x A3 gluing sheet 3 x hot glue sticks vouchers for extra glue 35

36 The Final Test!! Have you reconnected your Community? Weight of the Design Kit (Pasta + Glue Used): Weight of Model Bridge: g g Minimum Weight Required to Meet Design Criteria: 500g Weight Held by Bridge Model: g Weight Held by Winning Model: g 36

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