guide to good practice

Transcription

1 CIRIA C674 London, 2010 The use of concrete in maritime engineering - a guide to good practice Sebastien Dupray Jon Knights Gareth Robertshaw Jonathan Simm Don Wimpenny Bridget Woods Ballard CETMEF Halcrow Group Halcrow Group HR Wallingford Halcrow Pacific Pty HR Wallingford Classic House, Old Street, London EC1V 9BP TEL: +44 (0) FAX: +44 (0) enquiries@ciria.org WEBSITE:

2 Contents Summary Acknowledgements Foreword (UK) Foreword (France) Boxes Figures Tables Glossary Abbreviations and acronyms v vi" ix xiv xvi **' xxiv xxxvil 1 Introduction Maritime concrete Background to the guide Structure of the guide Using the guide Scope Target readership and experience 6 2 Understanding maritime concrete structures Summary Introduction to maritime concrete structures Asset management of maritime concrete structures Objectives and principles of asset management Challenges for asset management of maritime concrete structures Asset management strategies for deteriorating structures Service life requirements Understanding service life requirements Selecting the design working life Pre-i'equisites to design Constructability Sourcing pre-cast elements Reinforcement options Design process and optimisation Staged design process Structure and concrete optimisation Codes of practice and standards Programme of maritime concrete works Health and safety and other construction risks Health and safety risks Weather and sea state risks 33 CIRIA C674 x

3 2.8.3 Other risks associated with maritime concrete Cost considerations Life cycle cost of maritime concrete structures Drivers of capital costs Environmental considerations and sustainability Environmental considerations Sustainability Architectural considerations 42 3 Maritime concrete structures and elements Summary Introduction Maritime concrete structures and elements Vertical and battered walls Crown walls and wave walls Shoreline structures Concrete armour units Concrete revetment systems for sloping structures Caissons and floating caissons Port structures and dolphins Towers Smaller maritime concrete structures or elements 71 4 Environmental agents and deterioration processes 4.1 Summary Introduction Hydraulic actions Marine water level Waves Currents Probability of occurrence of hydraulic actions Weather conditions and climate Ground conditions and scour Ground conditions and ground attack Scour Effects of operational use Wear induced by abrasion and impact Chemical attack Chemical attack by seawater Internal chemical attack on concrete Thermal effects on concrete Biological attack Rational approach to deterioration Concrete for maritime structures Summary 103 The use of concrete in maritime engineering 2010 xi

4 5.2 Introduction to concrete for maritime structures Use ofconcrete for maritime applications Functions and properties of concrete for maritime applications Concrete types for maritime applications Durability of maritime concrete Factors influencing sourcing of concrete and pre-cast elements Planning and programming Materials for concrete Cement and additions Aggregates Water Admixtures Fibres Mix design process Introduction to the mix design process Key mix design parameters for maritime concrete Concrete mix trials and approval Concrete production and transport Storage of constituents Dosage of constituents Concrete production Layout of in situ batching plants and casting yards Transportation 146 Designing maritime concrete Summary Introduction Overview of design standards and codes Design for durability Overview of the design process for durability Prescriptive durability design under standard exposure conditions Performance based durability design Measures to enhance durability Detailing for durability Design for structural and hydraulic loads Introduction to structural and hydraulic design Introduction to specific maritime environment loads Structure specific design situations 198 Testing and quality control Summary Introduction to testing and quality control Concrete testing 207 CIRIA C674 xii

5 7.3.1 Introduction Routine concrete testing Durability testing Additional testing of concrete properties of concrete 208 for the maritime environment Testing of concrete elements Quality Full-scale destructive testing of concrete units Non-destructive testing of concrete elements 222 control Introduction Specific quality control requirements of maritime concrete Actions in the event of non-compliance to concrete tests Appendix Construction Summary Introduction Position of the works relative to tide level Preparation and construction programme Other considerations Fabrication of concrete armour units Pre-cast unit casting and storage areas Mould fabrication Production of units and reuse of moulds Handling of pre-cast elements and concrete units Works in the tidal/splash zones Available construction window Constructability and tolerance Dynamic physical environment Criticality of appearance Underwater construction, General methods Available construction window Constructability and tolerance Achieving quality Dynamic physical environment Criticality of appearance Construction over water General methods Available construction window Constructability and tolerance Achieving quality Dynamic physical environment Criticality of appearance Caissons and floating structures 275 The use of concrete in maritime engineering 2010 xiii

6 8.8 Constructing a blockwork quay wall Inspection and monitoring Summary Introduction Visits, inspection and monitoring Introduction Condition grade Surveys of concrete Diver surveys Surveys of concrete structures Maintenance and repair Summary Introduction Maintenance and repair options Removal of degraded/deteriorated concrete Repair and restoration works Selection of the appropriate restoration method Standards and codes for repair Protection Introduction Rehabilitation and upgrading Structure upgrading and rehabilitation 315 References 325 List of statutes 351 Acts 351 Standards 352 UK 352 France 353 European 354 International Standards 360 Australia 360 Norway 360 USA 360 Useful websites 363 xiv