Architectural Design for Tropical Regions

Transcription

1 l?<f/ - ijr ' Architectural Design for Tropical Regions Cleveland Salmon JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto

2 Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments Introduction xv xiii PART ONE Regional Profiles CHAPTER 1 The Caribbean 3 Introduction 3 Architecture and Culture 4 Tainos 4 The Spaniards 8 The British 10 Caribbean Timber House of Freed African Slaves 13 Public Buildings 14 The Estate House 16 Developments of the 20th Century 19 Climatic Data 24 Temperature 25 Humidity 25 Wind 26 Rainfall 26 Hurricanes 26 Earthquakes 29

3 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 Hawaii 31 Introduction 31 Architecture and Culture 31 Native Polynesian Hawaiians 33 Missionaries and Their Congregationist Architecture 38 The Monarchy Period 41 The Territorial Period 42 Plantation Architecture 44 Chinese influence 45 Spanish/Portuguese Influence 45 Japanese Influence 46 The Statehood Period (American Influence) 48 Contemporary Architecture 50 Climatic Data 51 Temperature 52 Humidity 53 Wind 53 Rainfall 55 Landscape 55 Hurricanes 56 Earthquakes 56 CHAPTER 3 Australia 59 Introduction 59 Architecture and Culture 60 The Aborigines 60 The British 62 Public Buildings Georgian Style 64 Public Buildings Classical Style 65 Dwellings 66 From Imitation to Independence 69 Modern Architecture 69 Contemporary Architecture 70 Climatic Data 72 Temperature 73 Sunlight and Solar Heat Gain 74 Rainfall 74 Landscape 74 Hurricanes 74 CHAPTER 4 Southern California 77 Introduction 77 Architecture and Culture 78 Native American Architecture 78 The Spanish and Mexican Period 79

4 CONTENTS vil California Mission Architecture 80 Pueblo Architecture 81 Queen Anne Style 82 The California Bungalow 84 The Spanish Revival 85 The Transitional Period 86 Modern Architecture 87 Climatic Data 89 Temperature 90 Rainfall 91 El Nino 91 Hurricanes 92 Earthquakes 93 PART TWO Climate and Design CHAPTER 5 Climate and Associated Phenomena 97 Tropical Climate: General Considerations 97 y Climate Summary 100 Temperature 100 Humidity 100 Rainfall 101 Sunlight and Solar Heat Gain 101 Sky Condition 102 Ground Condition 103 Wind 103 Hurricanes 105 Earthquakes 105 Associated Phenomena 105 Landscape 105 Vegetation 106 CHAPTER 6 Effect of Climate on Building Design 107 Effect of Temperature on Design and Construction 107 Effect of Humidity on Design and Construction 107 Effect of Earthquakes on Design and Construction 108 Effect of Hurricanes on Design and Construction 108 Foundation 108 Floor Slab 110 Walls 111 Opening 112 Roof 114

5 vill CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 Conceptual Design Approaches 115 Urban Design and Climate 115 Climatic Factors in Design 116 Strategies of Climate Control 117 Ventilation Strategies 118 Aids for Cooling 119 Evaporative Cooling 123 Thermal Transmission 124 Passive Solar Application 125 PART THREE Design Guidelines CHAPTER 8 Application of Design Concepts 129 Site Selection and Analysis 129 The Design Process 130 Developing the Plan 132 Passive Solar Design: Basic Considerations 133 Passive Solar System 134 Clearstories 135 Skylights 135 Storage 135 Attached Sunspace 136 Shading 136 Lighting 137 Energy Conservation and Comfort 138 Building Codes: Minimum Safety Requirements 138 CHAPTER 9 Design and Construction Techniques 141 Site Planning 141 Ventilation 142 Locating Openings 143 Solar Chimneys 143 Courtyards 143 Building Form and Orientation 144 Shade and Shading Devices 145 Vegetation 147 Ground Planting 147 Roof Planting 147 Glare 148 Day Lighting 149 Horizontal Screens 149 Vertical Screens 150

6 CONTENTS IX Hurricanes 151 Effects of Wind 153 Site Selection in Hurricane Areas 154 Site Selection Along a Coastline 155 Design of Buildings in Hurricane Areas 156 Foundation 156 Wood Structures 159 Bracing 159 Rafter Construction 160 Design of Buildings in Earthquake Areas 160 Base Isolation 164 Recommendations for Tropical Climate Zones 167 Warm-Wet to Hot-Wet Zones 167 Hot-Dry Zones 168 Cool-Cold Dry (Subtropical) Zones 170 Composite Zones 171 APPENDIX A Case Studies 173 APPENDIX B A Regional Photographic Tour 185 APPENDIX C Tables 207 Bibliography 213 Index 217