B R I D G E O F F I C E

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1 LRFD Bridge Design Manual BRIDGE OFFICE

2

3 MANUAL MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Bridge Office LRFD Bridge Design Manual

4 MnDOT BRIDGE OFFICE LRFD Bridge Design Manual Minnesota Department of Transportation 3485 Hadley Avenue North Mail Stop 610 Oakdale, MN Phone: 651/ Fax: 651/ JULY 2003 OCTOBER 2003 JANUARY 2004 APRIL 2004 OCTOBER 2004 DECEMBER 2004 FEBRUARY 2005 MARCH 2005 NOVEMBER 2005 MARCH 2006 APRIL 2006 MAY 2006 AUGUST 2006 OCTOBER 2006 FEBRUARY 2007 JUNE 2007 JULY 2007 OCTOBER 2007 APRIL 2008 MAY 2008 JUNE 2008 AUGUST 2008 SEPTEMBER 2008 OCTOBER 2008 APRIL 2009 MAY 2009 OCTOBER 2009 MARCH 2010 JUNE 2010 DECEMBER 2010 JUNE 2011 SEPTEMBER 2011 OCTOBER 2011 DECEMBER 2011 APRIL 2012 NOVEMBER 2012 APRIL 2013 SEPTEMBER 2013 FEBRUARY 2014 JULY 2014 AUGUST 2014 DECEMBER 2014 MAY 2015 JUNE 2015 AUGUST 2015 MAY 2016 JULY 2016 AUGUST 2016 DECEMBER 2016 MARCH 2017 OCTOBER 2017 NOVEMBER 2017 DECEMBER 2017 SEPTEMBER 2018 OCTOBER 2018 DECEMBER 2018

5 OCTOBER 2018 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Overview Of Manual Material Contained in Manual Updates to Manual Format of Manual References General Bridge Information Bridge Office Highway Systems Bridge Numbers Limit States to Consider in Design Procedures Checking of Mn/DOT Prepared Bridge Plans Checking of Consultant Prepared Bridge Plans Peer Review for Major or Specialty Bridges Schedule for Processing Construction Lettings Bridge Project Tracking System Approval Process for Standards GENERAL DESIGN AND LOCATION FEATURES Geometrics Bridge Geometrics Bridge Deck Requirements Bridge Undercrossing Geometrics Bridge Barriers and Railings Bridge Aesthetics Preliminary Bridge Plans General Bridge Type Selection

6 OCTOBER 2018 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN ii 2.4 Final Bridge Plans and Special Provisions Final Design Instructions Superstructure Framing Plan Bridge Decks and Slabs Diaphragms and Cross Frames Pedestrian Bridges Temporary Bridges and Widening Bridge Approaches Survey Utilities Suspended Utilities & Utilities Embedded in Bridges Buried Utilities Precedence of Construction Documents Design Calculation Requirements Final Plans Drafting Standards Drafting Guidelines General Plan and Elevation Bridge Layout and Staking Plan Standard Abbreviations Inclusion of Standard Bridge Details and Bridge Standard Plans in Plan Sets Standard Plan Notes Quantity Notes and Pay Items Revised Sheets Reconstruction Guidelines and Details Superstructure Barriers Wearing Course Expansion/Fixed Joints Substructure Abutments

7 OCTOBER 2018 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN iii Piers Construction Requirements APPENDIX 2-A: BRIDGE TYPE NUMBERS APPENDIX 2-B: STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS APPENDIX 2-C: STANDARD PLAN NOTES APPENDIX 2-D: STANDARD SUMMARY OF QUANTITIES NOTES APPENDIX 2-E: CONVERSION FROM INCHES TO DECIMALS OF A FOOT LOAD AND LOAD FACTORS Load Factors and Combinations Load Modifiers Permanent Loads (Dead and Earth) Live Loads HL-93 Live Load, LL Multiple Presence Factor, MPF Dynamic Load Allowance, IM Pedestrian Live Load, PL Braking Force, BR Centrifugal Force, CE Live Load Application to Buried Structures Live Load Surcharge, LS Water Loads, WA Wind Loads Wind Load on Structure, WS Wind on Live Load, WL Earthquake Effects, EQ Ice Load, IC Earth Pressure, EV, EH, or ES Temperature, Shrinkage, Creep, Settlement, TU, SH, CR, SE Temperature Effects Shrinkage Effects Pile Downdrag, DD Friction Forces, FR

8 OCTOBER 2018 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN iv Sliding Bearings Soil/Backwall Interface and Soil/Footing Interface Extreme Event Vehicle Collision, CT Vessel Collision, CV Uplift Construction Loads Deflections STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION Design QC/QA Process Load Distribution Dead Load Distribution Live Load Distribution Steel and Prestressed Concrete Beams Slab Spans and Timber Decks Sidewalk Pedestrian Live Load Load Rating Substructure Fixity Structural Models Design Methodology & Governing Specifications Pedestrian Bridges Rehabilitation Projects Railroad Bridges and Bridges or Structures near Railroads CONCRETE STRUCTURES

9 JULY 2014 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN v 5.1 Materials Concrete Reinforcing Steel Reinforcement Bar Couplers Prestressing Steel Post-tensioning Hardware Reinforcement Details Minimum Clear Cover and Clear Spacing Reinforcing Bar Lists General Reinforcement Practices Reinforcement Bar Couplers Adhesive Anchors Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Concrete Slabs Geometry Design/Analysis Exterior Strip Reinforcement Layout Camber and Deflections Pretensioned Concrete Geometry Stress Limits Design/Analysis Detailing/Reinforcement Camber and Deflection Standard I-Beams Rectangular Beams Double-Tee Beams Post-Tensioned Concrete PT Slab Bridges PT I-Girders PT Precast or Cast-In-Place Box Girders Concrete Finishes and Coatings

10 AUGUST 2016 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN vi 5.7 Design Examples Three-Span Haunched Reinforced Concrete Slab Prestressed I-Beam Design Example Three-Span Haunched Post-Tensioned Concrete Slab Design Example APPENDIX 5-A STEEL STRUCTURES Materials General Dimensions And Details General Design Philosophy Shear Connectors Fatigue Deflections Camber Rolled Beams Plate Girders High Performance Steel Girders Horizontally Curved Steel Girders Box Or Tub Girders Bolted Connections And Splices Two-Span Plate Girder Design Example APPENDIX 6-A RESERVED 8. WOOD STRUCTURES Materials Wood Products Fasteners And Hardware Wood Preservatives Timber Bridge Decks General Design and Detailing

11 SEPTEMBER 2018 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN vii Loads Longitudinal Wood Decks Design/Analysis Detailing Timber Bridge Superstructures Camber/Deflections Timber Pile Caps/Substructures Substructure Details Geometry Design/Analysis Camber/Deflections Railings Additional References Design Examples Longitudinally Spike Laminated Timber Deck Design Example Timber Pile Cap Design Example Glulam Beam Superstructure Design Example Transverse Deck Design Examples Load Rating Examples Longitudinal Spike Laminated Timber Deck Rating Example Glulam Beam Superstructure Rating Example Transverse Deck Rating Examples DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS General Deck Drainage Concrete Deck on Beams Deck Design and Detailing Reinforced Concrete Deck Design Example FOUNDATIONS Determination of Foundation Type and Capacity Foundation Report

12 AUGUST 2016 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN viii Foundation Recommendations Piles Drilled Shafts Footings General Footings Supported on Piling or Drilled Shafts Spread Footings Pile Bent Piers and Integral Abutments Evaluation of Existing Pile Foundations when Exposed by Scour Structure Excavation and Backfill Appendix 10-A: Sample Bridge Construction Unit Recommendations ABUTMENTS, PIERS, AND WALLS Abutments Integral Abutments Semi-Integral Abutments Parapet Abutments Low Abutments High Abutments Parapet Abutments Behind MSE Walls Wingwalls Wingwall Geometry Wingwall Design Bridge Approach Panels Bridge Approach Treatment Piers Geometrics Pier Design and Reinforcement Pile Bent Piers Cap and Column Type Piers Pier Protection Protection From Vessel Collision Protection From Vehicle & Train Collision

13 AUGUST 2016 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN ix Pier Protection for New Bridges Over Roadways Pier Protection for New Bridges Over Railways Pier Protection for Existing Bridges Over Roadways Crash Struts for Pier Protection From Vehicle Collision Barrier Protection of Piers Retaining Walls Cantilever Retaining Walls Counterfort Retaining Walls Anchored Walls Prefabricated Modular Block Walls Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls Noise Barriers Cantilevered Sheet Pile Walls Design Examples High Parapet Abutment Design Example Retaining Wall Design Example Three-Column Pier Design Example BURIED STRUCTURES Geotechnical Properties Box Culverts Precast Concrete Box Culverts Cast-In-Place Concrete Box Culverts Design Guidance for Box Culverts Arched & Three-Sided Structures Three-Sided Precast Concrete Structures Precast Concrete Arch Structures Scour Protection Guidelines Use of Long-Span Corrugated Steel Structures ' x 10' Precast Concrete Box Culvert Design Example ' x 12' Precast Concrete Box Culvert Live Load Distr. Example

14 NOVEMBER 2017 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN x 13. RAILINGS Materials Design Requirements Traffic Railing Pedestrian/Bicycle Railing Combination Railing Strength of Standard Concrete Barriers Protective Screening Architectural/Ornamental Railings Design Examples Type F Barrier Design Example Adhesive Anchor Design Example JOINTS AND BEARINGS Bridge Movements and Fixity Expansion Joints Thermal Movements Strip Seal Expansion Joints Modular Expansion Joints Expansion Joint Detailing Bearings Loads and Movements Bearing Details Elastomeric Bearings Design Size and Stability Fixed Bearings Expansion Bearings Minimum Compressive Load Disc Bearings Other Types of Bearings Curved Plate Design Bearing Plate Design

15 DECEMBER 2018 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN xi 14.6 Sole Plate Design (Steel Beams) Tables Design Examples Fixed Elastomeric Bearing Design Example Expansion Elastomeric Bearing Design Example BRIDGE LOAD RATING General Analysis Computer Programs Refined Analysis Loads Rating Equation Factors Rating New Bridges Re-rating Existing Bridges Substructures Non-Standard Bridge Types Timber Bridges Culverts Gusset Plates Load Testing Load Posting General Rating Factors for Posting Overweight Permits Physical Inspection Rating (PIR) Forms and Documentation Submittal / Filing APPENDIX 15-A: GLOSSARY APPENDIX 15-B: RATING FORMS APPENDIX 15-C: OVERWEIGHT PERMIT RESTRICTIONS FOR BRIDGES APPENDIX 15-D: MINNESOTA LEGAL (POSTING) LOADS APPENDIX 15-E: MINNESOTA STANDARD PERMIT TRUCKS G

16 DECEMBER 2018 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN xii APPENDIX 15-F: MINNESOTA STANDARD PERMIT TRUCKS G APPENDIX A. Memos to Designers # REMOVED # REMOVED # REMOVED # REMOVED # REMOVED # Adhesive Anchors Under Sustained Tensile Loads... (dated Oct. 3, 2007) # REMOVED # Prestressed Concrete Design Calculation of Prestress Losses and Beam Camber & Deflection...(dated Sept. 18, 2008) # Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Analysis... (dated Oct. 20, 2008) # REMOVED # REMOVED # Interim Guidance for Installation of Temporary Barriers on Bridges and Approach Panels... (dated December 23, 2011) # Discontinued Usage of Plain Elastomeric Bearing Pads and Substitution with Cotton-Duck Bearing Pads...(dated April 12, 2012) # Transition to New MnDOT Pile Formula 2012 (MPF12)...(dated November 21, 2012) # Conversion from Metric to U.S. Cust. Rebar Designations...(dated April 17, 2013) # AASHTO LRFD Article Concrete Crack Control Check (dated August 6, 2014) # Inclusion of Informational Quantities in Bridge Plans (dated December 23, 2014) # Concrete Mix Design Designations... (dated August 10, 2015) # Single Slope Barrier (Type S) Bridge Standards(dated December 09, 2016) # Edge-of-Deck Thickness on Bridges and Wall Coping Height (dated March 28, 2017) # Post-Installed Anchorages for Reinforcing Bars... (dated October 19, 2017) # New 30MH, 35MH, and 40MH Prestressed Concrete Beams (dated December 20, 2018)