Financing Energy Efficiency in Malta and Italy

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Financing Energy Efficiency in Malta and Italy Westin Dragonara Resort, St Julians, Malta 22 November 2018 Overview of Energy Performance of the Maltese Housing Stock Prof.

1 Financing Energy Efficiency in Malta and Italy Westin Dragonara Resort, St Julians, Malta 22 November 2018 Overview of Energy Performance of the Maltese Housing Stock Prof. Vincent Buhagiar Department of Environmental Design, Faculty for the Built Environment, University of Malta This event is organised by the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) in partnership with the UN Environment Finance Initiative in the frame of the Sustainable Energy Investment Forums contract, funded under the EU Horizon 2020 programme

2 International Protocols, EU Directives, Maltese Legislation

3 Brundtland Report 1987 Agenda Kyoto Protocol 1997 Johannesburg Earth Summit 2002 Boiler directive SAVE directive Construction Product Directive Energy Performance in Buildings Directorate EPBD Recast 92/42/EEC 93/76/EEC 89/106/EEC 2002/91/EC 2010/31/EU Code of Police Laws 1936 MEPA Policy and Design Guidance 2005 Technical Guidance F 2006 LN LN International Protocols, EU Directives, Maltese Legislation

4 Temperatures in the Maltese Islands Monthly mean Mean monthly maximum Mean monthly minimum Ground at a depth of 1m Design high and low 12.4 o C o C >30 o C between June and September <5 o C in January and February 14 o C (March) to 23 o C (September) 36 o C/5 o C The Maltese Climate

5 The Maltese Climate

6 A study on Energy Performance in Maltese Homes (Social Housing Building Stock) Courtesy of Justin Zarb, BE&A Dissertation, 2013 Aim To aim towards near zero energy housing, without compromising thermal comfort.

7 Objectives To assess occupants current lifestyles and attitudes, To monitor the indoor environment, To set up an energy simulation model, To ultimately identify the potential for retrofitting, With minimal costs and maximum environmental gains.

8 Site Location: Ta Giorni Housing Estate, Block C, Malta.

9 The Pilot study: Ta Giorni Housing Estate, Block C, Malta Sample social housing block: built c

10 Block C, Ta Giorni

11 Results Qualitative Survey (summer)

14 Heat Transfer in Buildings: Controlling The Building Envelope

15 Opaque Elements: Thermal Mass & Insulation Building Envelope Wall orientation South East West Time lag properties Not critical in Summer; thermal storage in winter is a priority Very long (14 hours) for release in the evening or very short 8 hour time lag Roof Receives the highest incident radiation but heavy roofs are not financially viable. Diurnal temperature distribution and heat transfer mechanism of a building element

16 Transparent Elements: Effects of Glazing type

17 Opaque Elements: Effects of roof colour on internal temperatures

18 RETROFITTING: Recommended Interventions

19 1 A MICROCLIMATE REPLACE CONCRETE IN PARKING AREAS WITH CELLULAR PAVING BLOCKS OR GRIDS, ALLOWING GRASS TO GROW B PRE-COOL INGRESS AIR WIND CATCHER ABOVE SHAFT FEEDING AIR INTO EAST-ORIENTED FLATS. POTENTIAL COMBINATION WITH DESICCANT OR RADIANT COOLER AT INGRESS POINT. C INSULATION DOUBLE GLAZING IN WINDOWS D BALCONIES CREATE A SUN SPACE WITH OPENABLE GLAZING 2 REMOVE SIDE-WALKS AND PLANT TREES ALONG ACCESS ROADS GROUND PIPES INSTALLED DURING RE-PAVING OF PARKING AREAS, TO BE USED ONLY WITH A CLOSED- WINDOW STRATEGY INSULATION OF EXTERNALLY- BOUNDING SINGLE-LEAF WALLS (SHAFTS, BALCONY AND KITCHEN) FULL-LENGTH HEMP ROLL- DOWN CURTAIN WHICH MAY BE LEFT DRY OR MOISTENED IN SUMMER FOR EVAPORATIVE COOLING 3 EXTERNAL INSULATED SHUTTERS WHICH CAN ALSO SERVE AS SHADES AND/OR WING WALLS IN SUMMER 4 LIGHT AND INSULATING CARPETS

20 1 E WINDOWS ENCOURAGE NIGHT VENTILATION F ROOF PAINT WITH WHITE SELECTIVE ABSORPTION COATING G INTERNAL WALLS INSULATE INTERNALLY; CORNER BEDROOMS SHOULD BE GIVEN PRIORITY H EXTERNAL WALLS SOLAR REFLECTIVE COATING ON WEST FAÇADE I SHAFTS STACK 2 3 ADD A SOLAR REFLECTIVE COATING (WEST, SOUTH AND EAST FACADES) EXTERNAL MICROBLINDS (COMBINE WITH INTERNALLY OPENING WINDOWS) FIXED INSULATION IN COMBINATION WITH THE ABOVE RAISED THIN SHEET RADIATOR WITH A VENTILATED AIR GAP EXPLOIT ISOLATED INTERNAL THERMAL MASS BY DIRECTLY HEATING AND COOLING. INSULATE WITH WEATHERBOARD ENSURING THAT THE LIMESTONE REMAINS DRY. WIND CATCHERS DOWNDRAU-GHT COOLING 4 PROJECTING CANOPIES ON SOUTH FACADE SHADE WITH PV PANELS THE ABOVE COMBINED WITH BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS WIND CATCHERS (WING WALLS) COMBINED TO PROVIDE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE AT TWO INTERNALLY CONNECTED APERTURES INSTALL LOW-E DOUBLE GLAZING WITH NON-BRIDGING FRAMES, REPLACING THE WINDOW SILL WITH A MICRO-MVHR UNIT. ADD LOW-LEVEL OR THIN-SLIT VENTS WHICH MAY BE SEALED AND INSULATED IN WINTER. MOVABLE INSULATION (FURTHER R&D NECESSARY) GLAZED STACK ON THE NORTH AND SOUTH WALLS BOUNDING THE MASTER BEDROOM OF EACH FLAT 8 INSULATED EXTERNAL SHUTTERS.

21 1 A MICROCLIMATE REPLACE CONCRETE IN PARKING AREAS WITH CELLULAR PAVING BLOCKS OR GRIDS, ALLOWING GRASS TO GROW B PRE-COOL INGRESS AIR WIND CATCHER ABOVE SHAFT FEEDING AIR INTO EAST-ORIENTED FLATS. POTENTIAL COMBINATION WITH DESICCANT OR RADIANT COOLER AT INGRESS POINT. C INSULATION DOUBLE GLAZING IN WINDOWS D BALCONIES CREATE A SUN SPACE WITH OPENABLE GLAZING 2 REMOVE SIDE-WALKS AND PLANT TREES ALONG ACCESS ROADS GROUND PIPES INSTALLED DURING RE-PAVING OF PARKING AREAS, TO BE USED ONLY WITH A CLOSED- WINDOW STRATEGY INSULATION OF EXTERNALLY- BOUNDING SINGLE-LEAF WALLS (SHAFTS, BALCONY AND KITCHEN) FULL-LENGTH HEMP ROLL- DOWN CURTAIN WHICH MAY BE LEFT DRY OR MOISTENED IN SUMMER FOR EVAPORATIVE COOLING 3 EXTERNAL INSULATED SHUTTERS WHICH CAN ALSO SERVE AS SHADES AND/OR WING WALLS IN SUMMER 4 LIGHT AND INSULATING CARPETS

22 Roof Retrofitted Removal of concrete screed + Torba to lay new insulation and membrane: Thermal Control & Waterproofing