SOL MARK 5 HAND PUMP INSTALLATION MANUAL

Transcription

1 SOL MARK 5 HAND PUMP INSTALLATION MANUAL By Peter Wopereis, RWASH Engineering Advisor, June

2 Principles of Operation The Sol Mark hand pump is classified as a Direct Acting Force Pump which means there are no levers included in the pump and the cylinder and piston are located beneath the water level, therefore water is forced to the surface as the pump shaft is pushed upwards and downwards. When the pump shaft is pushed down, a 40mm foot valve at the bottom of the PVC downpipe is forced shut, while the 32mm foot valve at the bottom of the pump shaft opens, forcing water up the through the 32mm foot valve. When the pump handle is pulled upwards, the top foot valve shuts and the bottom valve opens and water is sucked in through the 40mm foot valve and the upward motion of the 32mm foot valve forces water out of the 25mm outlet in the GI pump stand. The key features of the Sol Mark 5 pump include: The pump stand is made with galvanized pipe and fittings and the PVC downpipe assembly is made with PVC pipe and fittings The bottom of the GI pump stand screws into a 50mm GI flange. This allows the pump to be firmly secured to bolts caste into the concrete apron The pump handle is made from tropical hardwood, which is fitted into the socket end of the 25mm PVC pump shaft The 25mm PVC pump shaft includes a seal which make the pump shaft buoyant. This reduces the forces required to operate the pump and improves the flowrate The pump can be assembled using parts that are available in hardware stores in Honiara The pump is easy to remove, disassemble and repair History of the Sol Mark pump The first versions of Sol Mark hand pump were based on the Blair Pump and developed in the 1980s by Joe Husband from WHO and Robinson Fugui (Principal Health Inspector) of the Ministry of Health and Medical Services, for use on the shallow wells on the Guadalcanal Plains and island atolls (Kirby, 1990). The Blair Pump was developed at the Blair Institute in Kenya, as a simple, easily constructed hand pump that follows the principles of Village Level Operation and Maintenance (VLOM). The Sol Mark 1 model (see Appendix 1) incorporated an 80mm GI pump stand, 80mm PVC downpipe and a 15mm GI pump shaft with the pumped water flowing out of delivery spout on one end of the pump handle. The main disadvantages of this pump was that it could not be removed from the base slab for maintenance and users found it difficult to control the flow of water into a bucket. The Sol Mark 2 model (see Appendix 4) incorporated a 50mm GI pump stand, 50mm PVC downpipe, and maintained the 15mm GI pump shaft and delivery spout on the pump handle. The main improvement was that the bottom of the GI pump stand incorporated a 50mm GI flange which allowed the pump to be bolted to the concrete apron, allowing removal for maintenance. 2

3 In 1990, Richard Kirby carried out an MSc research project on the Use of the Sol Mark2 Hand Pump on the Guadalcanal Plains, Solomon Islands. This report provides detailed information on the Sol Mk1 and Mk2 pumps which informed the design of the Sol Mark5 version. Subsequent versions of the Sol Mark Pump used PVC pipe and fittings for the pump stand, most likely because this was easier to assemble and install. The RWSS Technical Manual (SIG, 2000) provides construction details of a version of the Sol Mark pump (see Appendix 3) which uses a 50mm PVC pump stand, but still maintaining the delivery outlet on the handle. The next version (see Appendix 4) uses an 80mm PVC pump stand reducing to 50mm PVC and incorporating a 50 to 25mm reducing tee providing the pump outlet, with the PVC pump stand screwed into an 80mm GI socket caste into the concrete slab. Although this version is easier to assemble and install, it has the major disadvantage that the glued joints are easily broken, particularly the PVC handle. The Sol Mark 5 pump (see Appendix 5) was designed in 2016 with the following design objectives: Design an updated version of the Sol Mark pump with improved durability, performance and ease of maintenance Strong enough to be suitable for up to 20 households Easy to assemble using parts that can be purchased from hardware stores in Honiara The first version of the Sol Mark 5 pump was trialed by Village Technology Trust in a Hand Pump Pilot Project at Burns Creek (Assembly of God Church area). The pump was installed on a buried well lined with concrete culverts and has been successfully providing drinking water to as many as 50 households since October Four more Sol Mark 5 pumps were installed in New Kolina community (Upper Lunga area) in 2017 by the Village Technology Trust in collaboration with WaterAid. The Rural Development Program has also included Sol Mark 5 Pumps in several community water supply projects. Suitability The Sol Mark 5 pump is ideally suited to shallow hand dug wells or boreholes. The recommended maximum pumping lift for Direct Acting Pumps is 15metres (Baumann, 2005). The pump has been tested at a depth of 12m (Dunde Hand Pump Project, Munda area) and the pumps worked effectively. The recommended maximum population for similar direct acting pumps is 300 people for the Nira and Malda pumps and 100 persons for the Tara pump (Baumann, 2005). For the Sol Mark 5, the recommended maximum is 20 households or 100 people. 3

4 In the Solomon Islands, communities often have several water sources, including open hand dug wells, rain water tanks and nearby streams or rivers. In this situation, communities may decide to reserve the hand pump for drinking water only, to help safeguard the water quality and extend lifespan of the pump. Hand Pump Assembly & Installation Process STEP 1: Procurement of materials Carry out procurement of the hardware materials as per the attached list (see Appendix 6) STEP 2: Threading of GI pipe pieces The galvanized pump stand includes three pipe pieces as follows: 25mm GI pipe x 150mm length 50mm GI pipe x 150mm length 50mm GI pipe x 400mm length The ends of the pipes need to have their ends threaded. The threaded length should be about 20mm, to suit the depth of thread in the fittings. For the 400mm long 50mm GI pipe piece, the thread on the bottom end should be 50mm in length, to allow for both the 50mm GI flange and 50mm PVC faucet socket to be attached. Figure 1: 50mm GI pipe with flange & PVC faucet socket Make sure that the GI pipe can screw through the 50mm GI flange. If the pipe does not screw through the flange, you may need to deepen the thread on the pipe or retap the thread in the flange at a mechanical workshop with a lathe, until the pipe end can screw through the flange easily. STEP 3: Prepare tools The following tools are required to assemble & install the pump: 4

5 Figure 2: Tools required - Shifting spanner - Round file - Flat file - Rasp file - Phillips screw driver - Hacksaw frame - 18inch pipe wrench (2 pcs) - Priming fluid - Solvent cement - Rags - 10m measuring tape - Thread tape - Electric Drill - Drill bits (6mm and 2mm) - Scissors STEP 4: Filing the 32mm PVC foot valve 5 The outside edge of the 32mm foot valve needs to be filed back so that it can fit inside the 50mm PVC pressure pipe with about 1.3mm clearance either side. 50mm PVC Class 12 pressure pipe has an internal diameter of 53.7mm (Iplex, 2010) so the external diameter of the 32mm foot valve will end up being about 51.0mm. Use the rasp file initially to file back the diameter of the foot valve until it almost passes though the 50mm PVC pipe, then use the flat file to smooth the surface until the foot valve fits neatly inside the 50mm PVC pipe. Keep an off-cut of 50mm PVC pipe at hand so that you can check if the foot valve fits into the 50m PVC pipe Figure 3: Filing the 32mm PVC foot valve piece. Be careful not to over-file the foot valve as it is important to achieve a close fit inside the 50mm PVC downpipe. The finished diameter will be about 51.0mm (for 50mm Class 12 PVC pipe). NOTE: if the foot valve has too much of gap between the PVC downpipe, the pump will not work efficiently.

6 STEP 5: Filing the 40mm PVC foot valve The outside diameter of the 40mm PVC foot valve needs to be reduced so that it can pass through the inside 80mm PVC pressure pipe. Use the rasp file to file back the diameter of the foot valve until is passes though the 80mm PVC pipe, then use the flat file for final smoothing of the surface. 80mm PVC, Class 12 pressure pipe has an internal diameter of 79.0mm (Iplex, 2010) so the finished external diameter of the foot valve should about 75mm. Figure 4: Filing the 32mm PVC Foot Valve STEP 6: Filing a PVC disc to seal off the inside of the 25mm PVC pump shaft The PVC disc is required to fit inside the 25mm PVC plain coupling to seal of the upper part of the 25mm PVC pump shaft. This makes the pump shaft buoyant (floats) and improves the pump flow rate. The disc can be made from a 25mm PVC threaded plug using a file and a hacksaw. Screw the threaded plug into a 25mm GI socket so that you can hold onto the GI socket while you do the filling of the PVC plug. Use the flat file to file back the hexagon shaped end of the PVC plug until it becomes circular in shape. Continue filing until the end of the plug nearly fits into the 25mm PVC coupling. Then use the hacksaw to cut off the end of the PVC plug to create the disc. File both sides of the disc until the disc is perfectly flat. Continue filing the outer edge of the disc until it fits neatly into the PVC coupling. Be careful not to over file the disc as it is important to achieve a close fit so that an effective seal is created when the disc is glued into the coupling. Figure 5: 25mm PVC threaded plug Figure 6: Filing the PVC threaded plug 6

7 Figure 7: Cutting off the end the PVC plug Figure 8: finished PVC disc This part could alternatively be fabricated with a 3D printer, if your organisation has access to one. STEP 7: Filing of 50mm PVC faucet sockets Using a flat file, file back the hexagon shaped end of the two faucet sockets until they are circular shaped. This is necessary so that these parts of the assembled pump can pass through the inside of an 80mm PVC pressure pipe (Class 12). Figure 9: Filing the 50mm PVC faucet sockets STEP 8: Assembling the bottom part of 25mm pump shaft assembly Screw the 32mm to 25mm PE reducing nipple into the 32mm PVC foot valve. Then screw the 25mm PVC faucet socket onto the PE nipple. Clean the inside ends of the 25mm PVC plain coupling, the PVC disc and the spigot end of the 25mm PVC pipe piece with priming fluid. Glue the PVC disc into the PVC plain coupling. 7

8 Cut a 220mm long section off the 25mm PVC pressure pipe. Use solvent cement to glue the 220mm PVC pipe piece into the 25mm PVC coupling. Use an electric drill with a 6mm drill bit to drill 20 equally spaced holes through the pipe piece. Use a round file to remove any of the cuttings & burrs from the PVC pipe. NOTE: This number of holes ensures that the flow of water up through the pump is unimpeded (not slowed). Figure 10: Drilling 6mm holes in the bottom assembly Glue the other end of the 25mm PVC pipe piece into the 25mm PVC faucet socket. Use the flat file to round off the corners of the 25mm PVC plain coupling. This helps to reduce the turbulence of pumped water flowing around the coupling which will increase the efficiency of pumping. The bottom part of the 25mm pump shaft assembly is now complete. Figure 11: Completed bottom assembly for pump shaft STEP 9: Assembling the bottom part of the 50mm PVC downpipe Screw the 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple into the 40mm PVC foot valve. Then screw the 50mm PVC faucet socket onto the reduce nipple. Make sure you have filed off the corners on the 50mm PVC faucet socket. 8

9 Figure 12: completed bottom assembly for 50mm PVC downpipe STEP 10: Preparation of the 200mm diameter rubber gasket Rubber flaps can be obtained from the tire repair shops and are normally thrown away. Place the 50mm GI flange on top of the rubber flap and trace around the edge of the flange with a ball point pen and also mark the location of the bolt holes. Use a sharp pair of scissors to cut out the rubber gasket. The holes in the gasket can be formed with an electric drill with a 12mm drill bit. Figure 13: Tracing the shape of the gasket Figure 14: Cutting rubber gasket Figure 15: Completed rubber gasket 9

10 STEP 11: Assembly of galvanized pump stand Use the round file to remove any of the burs from the inside of the 50mm GI pipe pieces before assembling the GI pump stand. NOTE: it is necessary to remove the burrs to ensure that the 25mm PVC pump shaft assembly can pass through the inside of the 50mm GI pump stand. Screw the 50mm flange onto the end of the 400mm long 50mm GI pipe piece, followed by the 50mm GI equal tee, the 150mm long 50mm GI pipe piece and the 50mm GI socket, then insert the 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple. Tighten with the 18inch pipe wrenches. Then insert the 50 to 25mm GI reduce bush into the side of the 50mm GI equal tee, followed by the 25mm GI pipe piece and the 25mm GI elbow before inserting the 25 to 20mm GI reduce nipple. Screw the remaining 50mm PVC faucet socket onto the bottom of the GI pump stand. When assembling the pump stand, apply thread tape on the threaded ends of the GI pipe pieces to prevent water leakage. Figure 16: completed 50mm GI pump stand STEP 12: Casting of the concrete apron The standard design for the Sol Mark 5 pump includes a pump mounting bracket which is caste into the concrete apron for boreholes or over buried wells. For wells lined with concrete culverts all the way to the surface, the mounting bracket should be caste into the concrete cover slab. For details on how to construct the standard concrete apron, refer to the Buried Well Construction Manual (to be drafted). 10

11 Figure 17: Pump mounting bracket STEP 13: On site assembly of the hand pump 1. Measure the depth from the top of the concrete (where the mounting bolts are) to the bottom of the well (or borehole) = Distance to bottom of well 2. Decide on the preferred clearance between the bottom of the well and the bottom of the pump = Clearance For wells, the clearance should be a minimum of 400mm to minimize the risk of the pump sucking sediment or fine sand into the pump. For boreholes, the clearance can be larger depending on the depth of water in the borehole, but should always be set below the lowest level expected in drought periods. 3. Calculate the length of the pump between the bottom of the flange and the bottom of the external 40mm foot valve LB = Length of PVC downpipe assembly = Distance to bottom of well Clearance 4. Place the Galvanized pump stand and bottom part of the 50mm PVC down pipe assembly on the ground in line with each other. Adjust the position of these two assemblies until the total length between the bottom of the flange and the bottom of the foot valve = LB Use the 10m measuring tape to measure the distance between the inside of the two 50mm PVC faucet sockets = Length of 50mm PVC pipe required 11

12 Figure 18: Measurement of 50mm PVC downpipe Length of 50mm PVC pipe required 5. Cut the 50mm PVC pipe to the length required and glue to the adjacent assemblies. The PVC downpipe assembly is now complete. 6. Remove the 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple from the pump stand then slide it over the spigot end of the 25mm PVC pump shaft. Then push the spigot end of the 25mm PVC pipe into the lower 25mm PVC pump shaft assembly until it is firmly inserted. Slide the 25mm PVC pump shaft assembly into the 50mm pump stand until it hits the end then screw the 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple firmly into the 50mm GI socket. 7. Measure this distance from the bottom of the socket end of the 25mm PVC pump shaft, to the top of the 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple = X The preferred clearance between the bottom of the 32mm foot valve and the inside of the pump is 40mm. To achieve this clearance, we need to cut X+40mm from the spigot end of the 25mm PVC pipe. 8. Unscrew the 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple from the pump stand and remove the pump shaft. Using the measuring tape, measure X+40mm from the spigot end of the 25mm PVC pipe and place a mark using a permanent marking pen. Use a hacksaw to cut off this section of pipe and use the flat file to square up and round off the edges. 9. Slide the 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple over the spigot end of the 25mm PVC pipe. Then glue the 25mm PVC pipe to the bottom part of the pump shaft assembly, slide the pump shaft assembly into 50mm pump stand, then screw the PE reduce nipple into the 50mm GI socket. 10. Find the wooden tee handle and check if it can fit into the socket end of the 25mm PVC pipe. It should be manufactured to be slightly larger in diameter than the socket so that it can be hand sanded to achieve a tight fit. When sanded back sufficiently, apply glue and insert the wooden handle into the pump shaft. Use the electric drill with a 2mm drill bit and drill two pilot holes through the socket end of the pipe into the wooden handle, then insert the screws. 6 gauge x 12mm sheet metal screws are recommended. Congratulations, the pump is now fully assembled ready for installation. 12

13 STEP 14: Insert the rubber gasket over the hold down bolts Slide the gasket over the bolts until it is flush with the concrete upstand STEP 15: Installing the pump At least four people are required to safely lift the pump into position. Place the bottom of the pump against the 80mm PVC hole in the concrete apron then lift up other end of the pump until it is vertical, then slowly lower the pump into the well/borehole until the 50mm flange rests on the bolts. Position the flange so that the bolts slide into the holes. If the holes do not exactly line up you may need to file the bolt holes in the flange with a round file until it fits. Then place the galvanized washers over the bolts and screw on the 12mm GI nuts and tighten with a shifting spanner. STEP 16: Testing the pump flow rate Push the pump handle up and down until water comes out of the pump outlet. Using a 10 litre bucket, time how many seconds it takes to fill the bucket using a steady pumping action. Calculate the flowrate in litres/sec by dividing the bucket volume by the number of seconds to fill. Flowrate = volume / time If the pump is correctly assembled you should achieve a flowrate of around 0.55 litres/second. For a 20 litre bucket, this would take 35 seconds to fill up. STEP 17: Installing a tether The pump shaft will normally float upwards when it is not in use. To stop the pump shaft floating upwards too far, install a tether around the tee on the pump stand, which can be looped around the pump shaft when not in use. Use a piece of rope for the tether. Maintenance Activities 1. Cleaning the area around the concrete aprons The area around the concrete apron should be kept clean from rubbish and weeds. 2. Scrubbing the concrete apron and pump stand The concrete apron and pump stand should be scrubbed on a monthly basis to prevent the accumulation of algae. 3. Inspecting the pump shaft and 32mm foot valve To inspect the pump shaft and 32mm foot valve, use an 18inch pipe wrench to unscrew the 50 to 40mm PE reduce tee from the 50mm GI socket at the top of the pump stand, then lift out the pump shaft. The foot valve can be unscrewed using an 18inch pipe wrench to inspect the rubber seal, plunger and spring. Remove any sand or silt inside the 13

14 foot valve. Check that the spring and rubber seal are in good order then reassemble the foot valve and reinstall the pump shaft. If any of these parts are faulty you may need to replace the foot valve. 4. Inspecting the PVC down pipe assembly and 40mm foot valve To inspect the PVC downpipe assembly, unscrew the 12mm galvanized nuts that hold down the pump then carefully lift the pump out. At least four people are required to safely lift out the pump. The foot valve can be unscrewed using a pipe wrench to inspect the rubber seal, plunger and spring. Remove any sand or silt inside the foot valve. Check that the spring and rubber seal are in good order then reassemble the foot valve and reinstall the pump shaft. If any of these parts are faulty you may need to replace the foot valve. 5. Unjamming the pump shaft If the pump shaft becomes difficult to move the pump up or down, it may be jammed inside the 50mm PVC pipe. This will most likely be caused by sand being sucked into the pump and jamming between the 32mm foot valve and the inside of the 50mm PVC pipe. In this case you will have to remove the entire pump unit, unscrew the 40mm foot valve and PE reduce nipple, then use a solid stick to ram the bottom of the pump shaft to free it up, then flush out the pump with clean water. If possible use water from a clean source such as rain water, to avoid contaminating the well. Then reinstall the pump. If jamming of the pump shaft occurs frequently this may indicate that there is a problem with the construction of the well or borehole. For a hand dug well, make sure that you placed a gravel pack at the base of the well and positioned the bottom of the 40mm foot valve at least 40mm above the gravel pack to prevent sand being sucked into the pump. If these actions fail, a last step remedial action is to file back the 32mm foot valve a little bit to increase the clearance and prevent sand particles jamming between the foot valve and the 50mm PVC pipe. Be careful not to overdo the filling as this can decrease the pump performance. 6. Replacing the pump handle If the pump handle splits or breaks you may need to replace it. A new handle can be fabricated by a furniture maker (or carved from a piece of hardwood timber) then refitted in the pump shaft. Make sure you drill a pilot hole in the stub of the pump handle before inserting the screw to prevent splitting the wood. 14

15 APPENDICIES 1. Sol Mark 1 pump drawing 2. Sol Mark 2 pump drawing 3. Sol Mark 3 pump drawing 4. Sol Mark 4 pump drawing 5. Sol Mark 5 pump drawings 6. BOQ for Sol Mark 5 pump REFERENCES 1. Baumann, Eric (2005), Rural Water Supply Technology Options, Handpumps, Mechanised Pumps and Surface Water. SKAT Foundation, Resource Centre for Development. 2. Kirby, Richard (1990), The Use of the Solomon Mk2 Hand Pump on the Guadalcanal Plains, Solomon Islands. 3. SIG (2000), Solomon Islands Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TECHNICAL MANUAL. 15

16 Appendix 1 Sol Mark 1 Handpump

17 Appendix 2 Sol Mark 2 Handpump

18 Appendix 3 Sol Mark 3 Handpump

19 25mm PVC End Cap 25mm PVC Equal Tee 25mm PVC Pipe (Pump Shaft) 50/25mm PVC Reduce Socket 50/25mm PVC Reduce Tee 25mm PVC Elbow 80/50mm PVC Reduce Socket 80mm PVC Pipe (Pump Body) Wooden Support 4" x 4" 80mm PVC Valve Socket 80mm GI Socket 10mm Steel Rod welded to Socket Slope 1:20 Concrete apron (NTS) 50mm Ferrocement culvert 50mm PVC Pipe (Pump Casing) 25mm PVC Pipe (Pump Shaft) 25mm PVC Valve Socket 25mm PVC Socket (Modified with PVC disc inserted to seal off upper pump shaft to create buoyancy) 25mm Foot Valve 50mm PVC Valve Socket 50mm Foot Valve Gravel pack 4 Appendix 4

20 Hardwood handle Note: 6 gauge self tapping screw 20mm length x 2pcs 40 Internal Ø of 33.4mm Wooden handle fit into socket end of PVC pipe 25mm PVC pipe 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple 50mm GI socked 50mm GI equal tee PVC disc can be made by cutting the end of 25 mm threaded end cap and filling carefully to correct size to 25mm GI reduce bush 25mm PVC pressure pipe 25mm GI nipple at 250mm 25mm GI elbow to 20mm GI nipple PVC disc filed to fit neatly inside socket to seal off upper pump shaft Diameter mm Thickness - approx. 4mm mm GI pipe piece threaded at both ends 12mm galvanized nut & washer 50mm GI flange Rubber gasket D01 Casing made from 150 PVCwaste pipe 50mm PVC faucet socket mm PVC coupling mm bolt holes 4mm drilled holes on four sides 25mm PVC pressure pipe 25mm PVC faucet socked 25 to 32mm PE reduce nipple 220 F62 mesh wire 150mm anular disc with 4pcs M12x180mm bolts welded on to act as pump mount M12x180mm bolts 50mm PVC pressure pipe class 15 Internal lip on plain coupling 33.4mm diameter PVC disc 32mm PVC foot valve 80 PVC casing if pump is installed on borehole 50mm PVC faucet socket 25mm PVC plain socket Foot valve to be filed and sanded to fit inside 50mm PVC pressure pipe 50 to 40mm PE reduce nipple 40mm PVC foot valve filed to fit through 80mm PVC class 12 Detail 01 Appendix 5 SOLOMON ISLANDS RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND HYGIENE PROGRAM TYPE OF STRUCTURE SOL MARK 5 HAND PUMP DESIGNED BY: DRAWN BY: P.M.Wopereis A. Bale, W. Okae'e CHECKED BY: A. Maebiru REVISION DATE: 16/05/2018 SCALE: SHEET NO: SHEET SIZE: Not to scale 1 of 2 A4

21 Hand file stub end of wooden handle to fit strongly inside socket end of pipe Internal Ø of 33.4mm 6 gauge self tapping screw 20mm length x 2pcs Wooden handle fit into socket end of PVC pipe SOLOMON ISLANDS RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND HYGIENE PROGRAM TYPE OF STRUCTURE SOL MARK 5 HAND PUMP DESIGNED BY: DRAWN BY: P.M.Wopereis A. Bale, W. Okae'e CHECKED BY: A. Maebiru REVISION DATE: 16/05/2018 SCALE: SHEET NO: SHEET SIZE: Not to scale 2 of 2 A4

22 Item Unit Quantity Price Amount 50mm GI pipe piece, 400mm, threaded ends pcs 1 $145 $145 50mm GI pipe piece, 150mm, threaded ends pcs 1 $130 $130 25mm GI pipe piece, 150mm, threaded ends pcs 1 $75 $75 50mm galvanized flange pcs 1 $80 $80 50mm GI equal tee pcs 1 $68 $68 50 to 40mm GI reducing bush pcs 1 $49 $49 40 to 25mm GI reducing bush pcs 1 $39 $39 50mm GI socket pcs 1 $43 $43 25mm GI elbow pcs 1 $28 $28 25 to 20mm GI hexagon nipple pcs 1 $30 $30 50mm PVC pressure pipe length 1 $355 $355 25mm PVC pressure pipe length 1 $150 $150 50mm PVC faucet socket pcs 2 $45 $90 25mm PVC faucet socket pcs 1 $15 $15 25mm PVC plain socket pcs 1 $10 $10 25mm PVC threaded plug pcs 1 $25 $25 40mm PVC Foot Valve pcs 1 $345 $345 32mm PVC Foot Valve pcs 1 $240 $ to 40mm PE reduce nipple pcs 2 $45 $90 32 to 25mm PE reduce nipple pcs 1 $27 $27 25mm Hardwood Wooden Tee handle pcs 1 $150 $150 M12 x 180mm hex head galvanized bolts/nuts pcs 4 $25 $100 6mm mild steel plate with M12 x 180mm bolts pcs 1 $140 $140 12mm galvanized washers pcs 4 $3 $12 self tapping screws pcs 4 $1 $4 rubber gasket (made from rubber tube) pcs 1 $5 $5 solvent cement 250ml tins 1 $170 $170 priming fluid 250ml tins 1 $170 $170 thread tape rolls 2 $10 $20 threading of pipes sum 1 $100 $100 fabrication costs pcs 1 $150 $150 Total 3,055 Date: Sol Mark 5 Handpump Appendix 6