Rebuilding for Resilience :How Science and Engineering can Inform Haiti s Reconstruction

Transcription

1 1 Rebuilding for Resilience :How Science and Engineering can Inform Haiti s Reconstruction Strategies for Achieving Disaster Reduction : Hyogo Framework for Action: Risk Reduction in Recovery and Reconstruction Margareta Wahlstrom, Special Representative of the U.N. Secretary General for Disaster Reduction, ASG, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

2 2 Science of Seismology predicted high intensity damages for an Earthquake 50 year return period in 1999 (USAID funded

3 World Bank : Natural disaster Global hotspots HotSpots Study Risk levels: Top 30%:Red; Middle 30%:yellow; Lowest 40%: Blue: This Seismic Knowledge has been widely internalized by leading providers of International Development assistance to Haiti like the World Bank

4 Hyogo Framework for Action : 4 Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters : Nearly 148 countries including Haiti and UN and World Bank, signed up to HFA strategic Goals: Objectives, expected outcome and strategic goals - The integration of disaster risk reduction into sustainable development policies and planning. - The development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities to build resilience to hazards. - The systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the implementation of emergency preparedness, response and recovery programmes.

5 5 Why Does the Haiti PDNA still Report enormous Preventable Disaster Damages?

6 schools destroyed in Haiti

7 , Haiti received 500 to 700 million USD annually as ODA, (11% GDP, 60% on National Governments' annual budget). Bilateral and Multilateral ODA has supported the development of Haiti s economic infrastructure, roads, hospitals and schools. Schools and Educational Institutions, and 50 Hospitals and health Centres and 70 KM of main roads destroyed or unusable, when most of these were funded through international development assistance?

8 What ISDR has learnt from recent post Disaster Reconstruction experiences (Gujarat, Indonesia, Pakistan, Gonaviev) 1. Internationally driven Needs assessment not always demand driven, stake holder consultative processes weak, leads to infrastructure intensive plans, beyond the capacity of Governments to manage and maintain; 2. Opportunities for Transformative Recovery are lost (as called for by the PDNA in Haiti ) as this require local level planning, piloting of small innovative initiatives led by communities and local Governments, in the larger reconstruction plans, but large internationally funded reconstruction plans are some times contractor driven 3. Reconstruction ends rebuilding risk in absence of micro level technical capacity, public awareness and local government support; 8

9 1.PDNA and Absorptive 9 Capacity of Haiti While entire National Budget of Haiti in 800milion USD, the PDNA proposes reconstruction Plan of 11.5 billion USD, nearly 11 times greater than national budget. Challenge before international community to enhance National capacity to absorb these resources productively : engineers, seismic code enforcers in Municipalities, budgetary procedures, building material, transportation, local contractors Prioritise Support, strengthening, empowerment of Local and sectoral Governance: the need to assess Government s institutional capacity, based on assessed major institutional gaps and prioritization of institutional support efforts.

10 2.Enabling Transformative Bottoms Up planning 10 Long elaborate, externally driven, infrastructure centered reconstruction impose multiple transactions burden on weak Government : before implementable plan

11 Step by steps local government/community driven process for drawing up sector and geographically identified micro plans, is essential to convert the PDNA 11 Reconstruction Plan into actionable and monitorable programmes and activities for Government agencies Department : Kabupate n (District) (Sub- District) Airp ort Cl ini c Port Hospital School High way Sector visions and strategies developed Location of major Department-level infrastructure (e.g.,pap ports, Highways decided in consultation with Mayor, local government and community Sub-district projects aggregated Hard assets like hospitals and schools distributed across district EarthquakeReconstruction Agency Delegue approves Village projects aggregated Hard assets like clinics and schools distributed across sub-districts Desa (Village) Market Escape hill Village works with facilitator (, or NGO) to do rough plan and basic land rights in 2-4 weeks with local council and village vote Source: BRR, team analysis

12 4.Reconstruction Agency TO BUILD CAPACITY 12 IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ERRA Sector Deputies Line ministries/ Departmentsl Communes government Small expert group within ERRA (internal hires + UNDP, external advisors) Monitors projects Issues NOL Min. of Finance releases funds ERRA Fund Project Management Services No Objection Letter (NOL) Requests NOL to allow fund disbursement Project Management Units (PMUs) Project Implementation Units (PIUs) Pre-approved list of qualified consultants/engineers Extra salary paid for by ERRA Contracted to local government to build capacity Money flow Requests fund disbursement External consultants Contractors

13 : 3.Integrating Risk mitigation in Pakistan, Gujarat : we learn Seismically faulty structures not necessarily due to absence of wealth reconstruction 13

14 14 Speed:cash based reconstruction/rehabilitation without creating local technical capacity = Rebuilding Risk

15 Supply of trained masons, engineers, public awareness, monitoring mechanism =seismic resilience local level Shortage of trained masons Improper knowledge by the house owners and community leaders on seismically correct designs Local government officials also do not enforce seismic safe standards Micro Intervention : by training and increasing supply of masons, providing building centers meet the supply shortages, and creating general public awareness

16 Micro level training of masons, junior engineers to exactly correcting the flaws in the earlier concrete structures Training in seismic safety Certified Masons 16

17 Main Challenges facing Haiti : ensuring International Accountability 17 An independent standard setting, monitoring, and reporting back to international community on progress in reducing risk Restoring Governance : takes time, first things first Prepositioning Disaster Reconstruction Planning and Assessment capacities in vulnerable countries between Disasters