MaTrID. WP4.3 T4.3.A4 Evaluation of national and local certification methods and elaboration of indicators for assessing the design procedure

Transcription

1 MaTrID Market Transformation Towards Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Through Widespread Use of Integrated Energy Design - IEE/11/989/SI WP4.3 T4.3.A4 Evaluation of national and local certification methods and elaboration of indicators for assessing the design procedure # Revision Date Description Main developer REV 0 03/09/2013 First draft eerg- Polimi REV 1 30/7/2014 Final eerg- Polimi REV 2 Page 1 of 15

2 Contact eerg- PoliMi end- use Efficiency Research Group of Politecnico di Milano Via Lambruschini , Milano Italy Lorenzo.pagliano@polimi.it; Tel.: (+39) Disclaimer The MaTrID project is supported by the European Commission in the Intelligent Energy for Europe Programme. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EACI nor the European Commission is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Page 2 of 15

3 Table of contents INTRODUCTION... 4 METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS... 4 CERTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES IN ITALY... 4 ITACA Protocol... 5 BREAM... 6 LEED... 7 DISCUSSION ASSESSMENT SCHEME OF THE ID DESIGN PROCEDURE Definition of design goals Work team composition Communication among team members Tools used to manage the ID process Control strategies Quantitative data about design planning REFERENCES Page 3 of 15

4 Introduction Over the last decade, mandatory or voluntary methods of certification of buildings are spreading at both national and local level in Italy. In order to evaluate their effectiveness in driving towards an integrated design process, they are analyzed, and a number of direct and indirect features pointing to foster the adoption of an integrated design approach are compared. Due to the federal mandate of Italian Regions to define their own regulatory instruments, a large number of certification schemes have already been or are going to be developed in Italy. The most known national and local methods of certification of buildings are described in the following section. Methodology for assessing environmental impact of buildings In 1996, the international process Green Building Challenge (later named Sustainable Building Challenge) has set the goal to establish energy and environmental performance standards, suitable both in the international and local contexts. It was therefore necessary to identify the assessment tools that, through different methodological bases, were able to objectively assess the requirement of the environmental, economic and social structures of a building during its whole life cycle. Two approaches are commonly used to assess the environmental performance of a building: a qualitative or point- based approach and a quantitative approach. The former method, known as SBMethod, assesses the sustainability level of a building by summing the points got by a building in a number of performance categories according to a weighted scheme. Developed by representatives from 20 countries, the SBMethod is a framework for rating the performance of buildings and projects that takes into account region- and site- specific contextual factors. The latter method is based on the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), which assesses and quantifies the embodied energy in a facility evaluated on its whole life cycle. It is a detailed environmental balance extended on the whole life cycle and hence includes the construction of the building and of its components, its operational life and its disposal. Certification and assessment procedures in Italy Due to the federal mandate of Italian Regions to define their own regulatory instruments, a large number of certification schemes have already been or are going to be developed in Italy, although their adoption in not mandatory on the whole national territory. Basically, there are energy performance certification schemes and environmental performance assessment schemes. An energy performance certification scheme of buildings, with the completion of specific performance classes, certifies a standardized yearly energy consumption of a building normalized with respect to the dimension of the building. Its production is mandatory, for public and private buildings, to satisfy building regulatory requirements in case of (i) the construction of a new building, (ii) major renovation of an existing building, (iii) the selling a building unit or (iv) the renting of a building unit. According to the recast of the European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD), it is a tool that has to help orienting the building market towards higher energy efficiency in buildings, and shall allow citizens to identify easily the energy performance of a building unit and to compare it with the values technically achievable. Energy performance certification schemes are basically developed on the base of the European standards EN 13790:2008 that has been receipted in the Italian standard framework with the set of four standards UNI TS 1130 Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4. An environmental performance assessment scheme is the result of a process that allows evaluating the performance of a building not only considering its energy consumption and energy efficiency, but also taking into Page 4 of 15

5 account the impact of its construction on the environment and human health. Environmental performance certification is basically voluntary, however, in some Italian regions, is required to satisfy building regulatory requirements and apply to subsidy schemes, such as incentives and volumetric and economic bonuses, which are provided to promote sustainability in the construction sector. In Italy, a number of environmental performance assessment schemes have already been or are used, but two trends are appearing: ITACA Protocol is the reference at public and regional level and LEED Italy is the most used scheme in private interventions aiming at international recognition. ITACA Protocol The ITACA Protocol aims at fostering the spread of sustainable buildings towards the adoption of measures in the fields of sustainability and energy- efficiency. It is addressed to both public and private stakeholders and covers all phases of the design of a sustainable building, by supporting the choice of construction materials, the adoption of eco- innovative and energy- efficient technologies, the reuse of materials, the waste disposal, the certification. It has been designed to be suitable with the design and construction of new buildings as well as the refurbishment of existing buildings. The ITACA Protocol has been developed by the Institute for the Innovation and the Transparency of Procurements and the Environmental Compatibility (ITACA) with the support of the Institute for Construction Technology- National Research Council (ITC- CNR) and iisbe Italy since Its objective consists in setting regulatory procedures and methodologies and defining thresholds and requirements in order to plan environmentally sustainable buildings. It is a weighted point scheme that uses a multi- criteria evaluation methodology managed by the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iisbe) aiming at fostering the assessment of the sustainability performance achieved by a building and its process. The currently available ITACA Protocol has been customized with respect to several structure typologies: residential buildings, offices, commercial buildings, industrial buildings and School buildings. For all other building typologies not included in the abovementioned list, the certification can be obtained applying the whole SBTool procedure. It can be applied both in new and existing buildings during their entire life cycle: design, production, construction and refurbishment. The latest released version is the National ITACA Protocol 2011 consisting of 5 performance Issues, 18 performance categories, 36 performance criteria and a few performance sub- criteria (Moro et al., 2005). The performance issues are: Outdoor environmental quality; Resources consumption; Loadings; Indoor environmental quality; Quality service. The performances are rated on a scale from - 1 to +5, where 0 refers to a standard building, without any further design efforts. A national version was developed and, since the Italian regional territories are characterized by considerable different climatic, social, environmental and urban conditions, a number or regional adaptations have been developed and are now available. Such regional adaptations customize the weights of the items of the ranking system on the specificities of a given territory. To date, 13 regions and the autonomous province of Trento have adopted the National ITACA Protocol 2011, after a local adaptation, as the local environmental assessment scheme and it is also used in these regions and province to complain building regulatory requirements and apply to subsidy Page 5 of 15

6 schemes. Open- source software has been realized to support users in filling in the ITACA Protocol. It has been developed by the software house Proitaca Srl. Thanks to the agreement between Proitaca Srl and ITACA, it can be freely downloaded and allow evaluating performance indices related to: energy saving, drinking water consumption, CO 2 emissions, natural lighting and eco- friendly material use. BREAM Conceived in 1988 in the United Kingdom (UK) by the Building Research Establishment (BRE), the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) was launched in 1990 to evaluate the environmental performance of a building. To date, more than building has got the BREEAM certification. It is available in an international version and in Country- customized versions. The Country- customized versions are available for UK, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Austria. The international version, namely BREEAM International, is divided into New Construction, Refurbishment, In- Use, and Communities Bespoke that can be applied in single projects anywhere in the world. It can be noticed that, whenever a Country has its specific local scheme fitting the building type, this must be applied rather than BREEAM International. The protocol is suitable for any type of building, both new and existing, and extends upon any stage of its life cycle such as production, construction, use, maintenance and disposal. Several evaluation criteria can be considered, each one being characterized by a suitable weight percentage. Based on the weights, an overall amount of 122 available credits is assigned proportionally to each category, as listed in table 1. Table 1: BREEAM s categories, weights and points. Categories Percentage Credits Management 12% 22 Health and Wellbeing 15% 10 Energy 19% 30 Transport 8% 9 Water 6% 9 Materials 12.5% 12 Waste 7.5% 7 Land Use and Ecology 10% 10 Pollution 10% 13 Innovation 10% 10 However there are some constraints on the credits assignment: indeed, a minimum achievement is required for Page 6 of 15

7 Energy, Water and Waste. The environmental performance of a building is expressed with a percentage value. BRE also provides a rating scale for an easy assessment of the building. It is reported in table 2. Table 2: Rating scale of BREEAM. Performance Percentage range Outstanding x > 85% Excellent 70% < x < 85% Very good 55% < x < 70% Pass 30% < x < 55% Unclassified x < 30% The BREEAM protocol provides a Badge of Recognition for software, this being a symbol that demonstrates formal approval by BRE Global that software is compatible with BREEAM s Quality Assurance systems. A version of BREEAM for new homes, called EcoHomes, was launched in This scheme has been later used as basis for The Code of Sustainable Homes (DCLG, 2007), which was developed in 2007 by BRE for the UK Government and replaced EcoHomes in England and Wales. In the following year, the International version of BREEAM was launched on the market and it is now used in more than 60 countries; among these, the European ones are: Netherlands, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Luxembourg. A further update has been BREEAM New Construction released in 2011 and BREEAM UK New Construction delivered in May In support of BREEAM assessment scheme, but also for EcoHomes and The Code for Sustainable Homes, the BRE provides the Green Guide to Specification as guidance to designers on the environmental impact of buildings and their construction materials (Andreson et al., 2005). It is an extensive, but not complete, catalogue of most common building materials, containing more than specification used in various types of buildings. LEED In 1993, the US Green Building Council developed an environmental performance assessment scheme called Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED). This assessment scheme is composed by a number of protocols dealing with several typologies of buildings: new construction, core and shell, schools, healthcare, hospitality, retail, commercial interiors, data centers, warehouse & distribution centers, existing school and homes (single family homes, low- rise multi- family - one to three stories-, and mid- rise multi- family - four to six stories- ). Lastly also a protocol dealing with neighborhood development has been added. The several protocols are organized in five rating systems addressed to multiple project types (Table 3). Table 3: Types of buildings or project per rating system. Type of building Rating system Page 7 of 15

8 Building design and construction Interior design and construction Building operation and maintenance Homes Neighborhood development New constructions Core and shell Schools Healthcare Hospitality Retail Commercial interiors Data centers Warehouse & distribution Existing buildings Single family homes Low- rise multi- family Mid- rise multi- family Plan Build project This environmental performance assessment scheme is also based on the SBMethod and according to the number of point that each project gains there are four typical levels of certification (table 4). Table 4: Typical levels of certification according to LEED. Page 8 of 15

9 Level of certification Point range Platinum x > 80 Gold 60 < x < 79 Silver 50 < x < 59 Certified 40 < x < 49 Each rating systems is made of a number of credit categories. Building design and construction, Interior design and construction, Building operation and maintenance, and Homes are made of nine macro credit categories: integrative process, location and transportation, material and resources, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, sustainable sites, indoor environmental quality, innovation, regional priority credits. The neighborhood development rating system includes other three additional credit categories: smart location& linkage, neighborhood patterns & design and green infrastructure & buildings. Some pre- requisites must be satisfied in order to proceed with the certification of the building. Other requirements are optional and can be pursued to earn point useful to achieve the silver, gold or platinum class. Table 5: Pre- requisites and optional requirements and additional points. Credit category Pre- requisite Optional requirements Additional points (up to) Integrative process Location and transportation Material and resources Water efficiency Energy and atmosphere Sustainable sites Indoor environmental quality Innovation Regional priority credits Neighborhood location development Page 9 of 15

10 With respect to Italy, in 2009 the Green Building Council Italy (GBCI) developed the protocol called LEED Italy, adapting to the Italian context the international LEED environmental rating system. LEED Italy consists of 7 categories, with 8 prerequisites and 49 criteria. Discussion Energy performance certification schemes of buildings are developed starting from the European standards EN 13790:2008 are basically steady- state energy balances and do not include any item relating to integrated design. Environmental performance assessment schemes instead could deal in a general way with integrated design, since they force the design team to deal, from the early design phase, with a number of design aspects, which could require a multidisciplinary team and set assessment procedure. Also the professional in charge of the environmental assessment have a number of features that are similar to the integrated design facilitator. A part these common features with an integrated design process, only the LEED Environmental performance assessment scheme include a specific criterion dealing with integrated design (it is called integrative design); but the dedicated points are limited just 1 out of 126. Assessment scheme of the ID design procedure Since the MaTrID project specifically focuses on integrated design (ID), there is the needed to overcome what the environmental performance assessment schemes directly and indirectly propose and to describe comprehensively what an ID process implies. To this aim it was decided to use a SBMethod, so a multi criteria weighting based approach to assess the ID performance of a given project and this ID- focused assessment scheme has been then integrated into an assessment software tool, the GreenBuilding Program Application Tool (GBP AT) and it has been the base for the quantitative assessment of the projects submitted to the first GB ID Award carried out in April The GBP AT is a VBA macro- based excel sheet. It has been expanded to comprise a new section composed od two sheets and focusing on ID. Regarding the sole ID- related section of the GBP AT, it is composed of six ID- related categories: Communication among team members, Presence of an ID facilitator, Work team composition, Disciplines included in the design team, Definition of design goals, Control strategies, Tools used to manage the ID process, Use of BIM, Quantitative data about design planning. Definition of design goals This category aims at listing all objective explicit design objectives that have addressed the building design process. The options included are: Aesthetical Accessibility Cost- effectiveness Functional/Operational Historic preservation Page 10 of 15

11 Productivity Secure/Safety Sustainability Other / Please specify Work team composition This category is composed by three sub- categories: team construction, disciplines involved and presence of an ID facilitator. Regarding the first sub- category the available options are: Architect Constructor Engineer Future building manager Interior designer Landscape architect Occupant Operating staff Owner Regarding the second option the available alternatives are: Acoustical Engineering Archaeology Architecture Architectural programming Building physics Civil/Structural/Seismic engineering Commissioning Cost estimation Electrical engineering Environmental engineering Fire safety engineering HVAC engineering Information technologies engineering Interior design Historic Preservation Landscape architecture Lighting design Mechanical engineering Productivity Seismic engineering Site engineering Soils engineering Space Planner Surveying Urban planning Waste management Finally, it is asked whether an ID facilitator is appointed to manage the whole ID process. In case he/she has been appointed, other information has been request: family and first name, address, EU Country, telephone number and Page 11 of 15

12 address. Communication among team members One of the features of a successful design team is a good communication. Often it is useful to adopt some strategies to manage the fluxes of information, documentation, resources throughout all the design phases. Therefore, the communication strategy adopted by design team has been asked. The options are: file sharing system, collaborative software and document management system. Reference and common definitions of the three suggested strategy are reported: File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digitally stored information, such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video), documents, or electronic books. It may be implemented through a variety of ways. Common methods of storage, transmission and dispersion include manual sharing utilizing removable media, centralized servers on computer networks, World Wide Web- based hyperlinked documents, and the use of distributed peer- to- peer networking (Wikipedia). Collaborative software or groupware is application software designed to help people involved in a common task achieve goals. One of the earliest definitions of collaborative software is 'intentional group processes plus software to support them.' The design intent of collaborative software is to transform the way documents and rich media are shared to enable more effective team collaboration (Wikipedia). A document management system (DMS) is a computer system (or set of computer programs) used to track and store electronic documents. It is usually also capable of keeping track of the different versions modified by different users (history tracking) (Wikipedia). Tools used to manage the ID process A number of tools could be useful to manage effectively an ID process. They have been collected in two sub categories: Planning and scheduling tools and building information models (BIM). Regarding the former family of software the available alternatives are: Gantt chart Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) Business process management (BPM) tools Building information model (BIM) tool. Regarding BIM tool, information required is: the activity of the design process in which a BIM could have been used, the dimension of the BIM tool and the name of the specific software adopted. The activities of the design process in which a BIM could have been used are Architecture composition Structural sizing Building systems sizing (Mechanical, electrical and plumbing) Sustainability/Energy Analysis Costing estimation Construct management Facility management. The dimension of the BIM tool allow to understand the activity performed and for which the tools have been used. Page 12 of 15

13 Instead the available BIM tools that could be select are: Figure 1: Dimensions of BIM. 4M BIM Suite - IDEA Architecture Archimen Groupe - Active 3d Autodesk Inc - Autodesk ADT Autodesk Inc - AutoCAD Architecture 2008 Autodesk Inc - Autodesk BIM 360 Autodesk Inc - NavisWorks Autodesk Inc - Revit Suite Bentley Systems Inc - Microstation Bentley Systems Inc - Bentley Suite BFRL - NIST CIS/2 to IFC Translator Bocad Software GmbH - Bocad CADSoft - Envisioneer Cadwork informatik AG - Cadwork Computers & Structures Inc - ETABS Computers & Structures Inc - SAP2000 Data Design System ASA - Data Design System (DDS) Gehry Technologies Inc - Digital Projects Graitec Group - Advance Steel Granlund Oy - Riuska Granlund Oy - RYHTI FM Graphisoft - ArchiCAD IAI - IfcStoreyView InfoGraph GmbH - InfoCAD Ing.- Software Dlubal GmbH - RSTAB Inter- CAD - AxisVM Jidea Oy - ScaleCAD Kymdata Oy - Kymdata CADS HEPAC and Electric Nemetschek - ALLPLAN Nemetschek - Scia ESA PT Page 13 of 15

14 Nemetschek - Vectorworks Norconsult Informasjonssystemer AS - Calcus Nosyko AS - drofus Octaga AS - Octaga Onuma Inc - Onuma Planning System (OPS) Progman Oy - MagiCAD Roland Messerli AG Informatik - EliteCAD Secom IS Lab - IFC2SKP Google SketchUp Selvaag Group - Bluethink House Designer Softtech - SPIRIT Solibri Inc - Solibri Model Checker StruSoft AB - StruSoft Tekla Corporation - Tekla Structures TNO - IFC Engine Viewer Vico Software Inc - Vico Suite Virtual Build Technologies RhinoBIM Control strategies Quality assurance plan during design Identification of phases and critical points (passing a critical point allows access to a subsequent phase) Identification of a responsible for every specific activity or task ( - > to help the IDF in managing the whole process) Explicit request for approval of milestones by the client ( - > useful for remuneration of design phase and passage to next phase) Identification of explicit outputs for every phase. On track Evaluation / follow up of the project goals at milestones and at least by the end of each design phase Quantitative data about design planning The objective of this sub- section was to construct an estimation of the design effort required to a design team to design an advanced building adopting an integrated design approach. Therefore, requested information is: Number of hours spent by the whole team for every phase o Initial planning phase o Competition phase (if applicable) o Concept design o Detailed design o Construction phase Time length in days of each design phase o Initial planning phase o Competition phase (if applicable) o Concept design o Detailed design o Construction phase. An expected output is a bi- dimensional graph with Time length in months per phase on the x- axis and Design effort in hours on the y- axis. In this way, it would be possible to compare several design processes characterized by different energy performances and different levels of integrated design. Page 14 of 15

15 References DCLG (2007). Code for Sustainable Homes A step- change in sustainable home building practice. D.f.C.a.L. Government. London, UK. Moro A., S. Catalino, G. Rizzuto, T. Tirelli (2005). Itaca: a GBC based environmental performance assessment tool for the public administration in Italy. Andreson J., D. Shiers, K. Steele (2009) Green Guide to Specification, fourth edition. Page 15 of 15