SYSTbMfC fmmolsbmbnt lc lsboaii SbfSMfC obsmlnsb

Transcription

1 Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) 2012 DWE, Wrocław, Poland, ISSN , ISBN SYSTbMfC fmmolsbmbnt lc lsboaii SbfSMfC obsmlnsb sintzileou bk N I salluzzi jk ok O I jazzon kk P I mosipšil pk Q I jiccoli ik R ABSToACT pubasseãbliesandbuildingãçdelsatreducedscalearetestedçnshakingtablefacilitieskqhis experiãentalprçgraãispartçftheprçjectkfhboandcçnstitutesthetçrkmackagetetmtfw pysteãiciãprçveãentçfçverallseisãicrespçnse Kqhepurpçseçfthistmistçdefineglçbal interventiçnstrategiesthrçughshakingtabletestsçnbçthsubstructuresandentirestructuresbefçre andafterinterventiçninçrdertçchecktheperfçrãanceçfsingleeleãentsandtçcharacterizethe seisãicbehaviçurçfwhçlebuildingskqheçbtainedresultswillalsçallçwdatafçrcbandanalytical ãçdellingtçbeçbtainedfçrbçthsingleeleãentsandwhçlestructureskqhedesignandthetesting prçtçcçlçfbçthsubasseãbliesandbuildingãçdelswerebasedçntheresultsçbtainedfrçãthe experiãentalcaãpaignscarriedçutçnindividualverticalãeãbersequasijstatictestsfiçnhçrizçntal eleãentseekgkflççrsandrççfsfandçncçnnectiçnsbetweenbearingeleãentsialltheseperfçrãed withinthesaãeprçjectkqheexperiãentssuããarizedinthispaperprçvedtheefficiencyçfthe investigatedinterventiçntechniquesandprçvidedfundaãentaldatatçcalibrateanalyticalãçdelsi develçpedwithinthesaãeprçjectiinçrdertçdescribetheseisãicbehaviçurçfhistçricstructures bçthinunstrengthenedandstrengthenedcçnditiçnskqhispaperprçvidesabriefçverviewçfthewhçle dynaãicexperiãentalcaãpaignandintrçducessçãekeyexperiãentalresultsk heywords: eistoric structuresi phaking table testsi pubassembliesi pcaled models NK fntolarctfln qheseisãicbehaviçurçfãasçnrystructureshasbeeninvestigatedinthepastthrçugheinjçrçutjçfj planeftestingçnindividualãasçnrywallsxekgknjrziçnplanarsubasseãbliesxsitziaswellasçn scaledãçdelsçfentirebuildingsxujnrzkqheavailableexperiãentalresultsfrçãthestatejçfjart prçvidevaluableinfçrãatiçnçnseveralaspectsçftheseisãicbehaviçurçfãasçnrystructuresisuch asçntheshearcapacityanddefçrãabilityçfãasçnrywallsiçnthebehaviçurçfpanelssubjectedtç çutjçfjplanebendingiçntheperfçrãanceçfcçlçnnadessuppçrtingãasçnryarchesiçnthefailure ãçdeçfsubasseãbliesãadeçfçnelçngitudinalwallcçnnectedtçtwçtransverseçnesietckiaswell asçntheefficiencyçfvariçusinterventiçntechniqueskkeverthelessitheavailableexperiãentaldata dçnçtalwayscçverthebehaviçurçfthetestedspeciãensbefçreandafteraninterventiçnçrthe interventiçnsappliedtçthespeciãensdçnçtnecessarilycçãplywiththerequireãentssetfçrthe preservatiçnçfculturalheritageassetskcurtherãçreidataavailablefrçãthestatejçfjartcçuldnçt servetheneedsçftheprçjectkfhboisincetheyrefertçavarietyçfãaterialsandtçãasçnry typçlçgiesthatarençtnecessarilytypicalfçrhistçricstructureskbasedçnthesereasçnsithedecisiçn wastakentçdesignandtçcarryçutwithinkfhboatestingprçgraãcçnsistentwiththeexperiãental wçrkcarriedçutwithinthepreviçustmsçftheprçjectkftshçuldbeãentiçnedthatpreviçustms cçãprisetestingebefçreandafterrepairlstrengtheningusingvariçustechniquesfçnverticaleleãents EtmQFIçnflççrsIrççfsandvaultsEtmRFIaswellasçncçnnectiçnsbetweenstructuralãeãbers N mrçfessçrikatiçnalqechnicalrniversityçfathensekqrafielvintz]centralkntuakgr O AssistantmrçfessçrIaBC rniversityçfmadçvaiftalyivalluzzi]diceakunipdkit P mhkakiafcba rniversityçfmadçvaiftalyiãazzçn]diceakunipdkit Q mhkakiassçciatemrçfessçrifnstituteçfqheçreticalandappliedjechanicsefqajficzechoepublici pçspisil]itaãkcaskcz R mhaibajcederalfnstitutefçrjaterialoesearchandqestingilçrenzçkãiccçli]baãkde OUVT

2 EtmSFKqhusIthetestingprçgraãcarriedçutwithintmTcçnstitutesthefinalstepçftheentire experiãentalwçrkk qheprçgraãisdividedintçtwçpartsweaftestsçnsubstructuresandebftestsçnbuildingãçdelsat reducedscalekqheassessãentçftheseisãicrespçnseçfstructuresthrçughexperiãentsçn subasseãbliesçfferstheadvantagetçtestspeciãensatrealscalekpcalingdçwnrealstructurestç investigatetheseisãicbehaviçurçfwhçlebuildingspçsesseveralprçbleãsçfsiãilitudethatcannçt besiãultaneçuslysçlvedxnmzkcçrthisreasçnitisdesirabletçpassfrçãrealscaleindividual eleãentsetestedwithinpreviçustmsftçreducedscaleentirebuildingithrçughaninterãediatestep çfpracticallyrealscalesubasseãblieskqestingsubasseãbliesisveryusefulfçrseveralreasçnssince EaFitallçwsfçrtheinteractiçnbetweenstructuraleleãentstçbereprçducedIEbFitãakespçssibletç quantifyrelativelevelsçfvulnerabilityandidentifycçllapseãechanisãinrelatiçntçvariçus cçnstraintcçnditiçnsanddifferentcçnditiçnsçfcçnnectiçnsbetweenstructuraleleãentskqherefçrei thistaskallçwscçãbiningtheinfçrãatiçnçbtainedinpreviçusexperiãentaltasksandthçrçughly investigatingthewaystheinteractiçnsçccuriwhereaseatthesaãetiãeftheçbtainedresultscanbe interpretedãçreeasilythanthçseçbtainedçnentirestructuresk lntheçtherhanditestingbuildingãçdelsallçwstçgetiããediateandreliableinfçrãatiçnçnthe interactiçnçfseveralfactçrsecçnditiçnsçfverticaleleãentsiqualityçfcçnnectiçnsistiffnessçf flççrsibuildinggeçãetryfaffectingtheseisãicrespçnseçfbuildingskauetçsãallergeçãetrical diãensiçnsçftheãçdelsibuildingstypicalçfurbannucleicanbeãçreeasilyscaledtçãçdelsfçr shakingtabletestingpurpçsesiandyieldãeaningfulresultskqherefçreishakingtabletestsçnãçdel buildingsaiãtçcçveralsçthiscategçryçfcçnstructiçnsk pubasseãbliesaswellasscaledãçdelsçfentirebuildingsareingeneraltestedinitiallyintheirasj builtstateuntiltheysuffersignificantbutrepairabledaãageskpubsequentlyitheyarerepairedandrej testeduptçfailureçrtçanadvancedstateçfdaãagekfnsçãecasesbçthsubasseãbliesandbuilding ãçdelsarestrengthenedbefçretestingwiththeaiãtçevaluatetheeffectsçfthecçnsidered interventiçntechniquesifappliedtçanundaãagedstructureithatrepresentsthebestachievableresultk OK tm T obsbaoce moldoam qenpartnerswereinvçlvedinthistçrkmackageinaãelywkatiçnalqechnicalrniversityçfathens EkqrAIdreeceFIrniversityçfmadçvaErkfmaIftalyFIfnstituteçfqheçreticalandApplied jechanicsefqajiczechoepublicfirniversityçfbatherbaqeirnitedhingdçãfidazirniversity EdrkfIqurkeyFImçlitecnicçdijilançEmlifjfIftalyFIbcçlekatiçnaled ArchitectureEbkAI jçrçccçfibçzzaiegnaãisrleblwwaiftalyfifnterprçjektdkçkçkefmjibçsniajeerzegçvinafand cederalfnstitutefçrjaterialoesearchandqestingebajiderãanyfk qhecçntributiçnçfeachparticipatingpartnerisscheãaticallyshçwninqablesnandokftshçuldbe nçtedthatsçãeçftheparticipatingpartnersdçnçtappearintheqablesisincetheydidnçtcçntribute tçtheexperiãentalwçrkkqheydidcçntributeihçweveriintheanalyticalwçrkthatfçllçwsthe experiãentalcaãpaignk PK TbSTfNd lc SrBSTorCTrobS qheexperiãentalwçrkperfçrãedçnsubstructureseqablenfcçversthecaseslistedinthe fçllçwingifçrwhichtheavailableliteratureisscarcekenfqestingçnshakingtablewallsunderçutj çfjplaneexcitatiçnskftiswellknçwnthathistçricstructuresareveryvulnerabletççutjçfjplane actiçnskqhisisbecauseçfthedefectivecçnnectiçnbetweenhçrizçntalandverticaleleãentsiçfthe flexiblediaphragãsatthelevelçfflççrsandrççfsiaswellasduetçtheeffectçfcurvedeleãents EeKgKarchesIdçãesandvaultsFsuppçrtedbytheverticaleleãentsEwallsandpiersFKqwçcçããçnly usedtypesçfãasçnryarecçnsideredwthreejleafstçneãasçnryandadçbekqheexperiãentalresults areusedfçrtheinterpretatiçnçftheçverallbehaviçurçbtainedfrçãtestingthreejleafstçne ãasçnrybuildingsandadçbebuildingseqableofkqheyalsçprçvidedatafçrtheãçdellingçf structuresifçrtheanalyticalinterpretatiçnçftheexperiãentalresultsiaswellasfçrthedesignçf interventiçnsappliedtçthespeciãenskeofqestingçnuniaxialshakingtableçfadçbebrickwalls andcçluãnsiwitheitherplainçrreinfçrcedwithpçlyethylenenetsãçrtarjçintskqhisisaneasytç applyandlçwcçstinterventiçnthatdçesnçtincreasesignificantlytheãassçfthebearing eleãentsklutjçfjplanelçadingwasiãpçsedkepfqestingçnshakingtableçfabrickcrçssvaulti suppçrtedbytwçthreejleafstçneãasçnrywallsk OUVU

3 qypeçf ppeciãen N bleãent O bleãent P pubasseãbly Q pubasseãbly ppeciãen Table N bxperiãentalwçrkçnsubstructures jaterials aescriptiçn martner çfthestructure qypeçftests qhreejleafstçne ãasçnry Adçbe qhreejleafstçne ãasçnrypiershbrick archesandcrçssvault qhreejleafstçne ãasçnrypiershtiãber flççr rkfma phakingtable testsklutjçfj planeinput ãçtiçn fqaj phakingtable testsjuniaxial kqra phakingtable testskjçtiçn alçngtwç axes kqra phakingtable testskjçtiçn alçngtwç axes qesting ptrengthening EaFAsbuilt EbFqransversesteelties EcFdrçuting EdFCçãbinedEbFandEcF mlainlreinfçrced wallsmlainlreinfçrced cçluãns EaFxAsbuiltz EbFdrçutingItiãber strutsisteeltiesi externalvertical prestressing EaFAsbuilt EbFdrçutingIenhanceJ ãentçfdiaphragã actiçnçfflççr qhistypeçfstructureisveryvulnerableevenundernçrãalactiçnsiespeciallyinitsweakdirectiçn EiKeKperpendiculartçthewallsFKActuallyItheverticallçadsareappliedeccentricallytçthewallsIdue tçthesãallerthicknessçfthevaultiandçutjçfjplanebendingãçãentsareiãpçsedtçthewallsidue tçthehçrizçntalcçãpçnentçfthethrustlineiwhereasthelçwlevelçfverticallçadsyieldtçaliãited çutjçfjplanebendingãçãentcapacityçfthewallkqhesituatiçnãaybecçãecriticaliwhenseisãic actiçnsareactingkqheasjbuiltbehaviçurisstudiediwhereastheefficiencyçfvariçusinterventiçn techniquesesuchasgrçutingiexternalverticalprestressingitiãberstrutslsteeltiesfisinvestigatedkqhe analyticalwçrkthatisbeingcarriedçutissuppçrtedbythedataçbtainedexperiãentallyunderenfeqfk qwçparallelthreejleafstçneãasçnrywallseçneçfrectangularcrçssjsectiçnitheçtherwithqjshaped crçssjsectiçnficçnnectedbyatiãberflççrwqhistestprçvidesinfçrãatiçnçntheeffectçfinjplan irregularitiesçnthebehaviçurçfãasçnrystructures;italsçexaãinestheefficiencyçfinterventiçn techniquesegrçutingçfwallsandenhanceãentçfthediaphragãactiçnçftheflççrfinalleviatingthe detriãentaltçrsiçnaleffectskftalsçprçvidesdataregardingtheçutjçfjplanebehaviçurçfãasçnry wallsecçãparewithtestsdescribedinenffiaswellasçnthecçnnectiçnbetweenlçngitudinaland transversewallsecçãparewithwçrkcarriedçutintmsfk 4K TbSTfNd lc SCAiba MlabiS lc bntfob BrfiafNdS qhispartçftheexperiãentalwçrkeseeqableofexaãinestheseisãicrespçnseçfentirebuildings bçthattheirasjbuiltstateandafterinterventiçnskftisçbviçusthatiduetçspaceliãitatiçnsidetails abçutthedesignçftheãçdelsandthedesignçfthetestingprçcedurecannçtbegiveninthispaperkft shçuldbençtedhçweverithatduecçnsideratiçnçfsiãilitudelawswastakeniwhereaspreliãinary analysescarriedçutbefçretestingiprçvidedinfçrãatiçnabçuttheexpectedbehaviçurithusassisting alsçtheselectiçnçfadequateinstruãentatiçnk qhispartcçãpriseswenflnetwçjstçreybuildingescalenwofãadeçfthreejleafstçneãasçnryand havingflexibleintheirjplanetiãberflççrskafterdaãageitheãçdelwasstrengthenedegrçutingçfall wallsandenhanceãentçfthediaphragãactiçnçftheflççrsthrçughtheadditiçnçfasecçnd plankinghcçnnectiçnçftheflççrstçthewallsfandretestedtçadvanceddaãageieoflnetwçjstçrey buildingiidenticaltçthepreviçusçnewithçneexceptiçnwqiãberlacesecçnsistingçftwçparallel tiãbereleãentsrunningalçngtheperiãeterçfthewallsitransverselycçnnectedusingtiãber eleãentseverymirãapprçxkfarearrangedatvariçuslçcatiçnsalçngtheheightçfthebuildingkqhis systeãistypicalfçrhistçricstructuresinãçstçftheearthquakeprçneareasarçundtheglçbeanditis thefirsttiãethatitisexperiãentallyinvestigatedçnabuildingãçdelkqhisãçdeltççistestedbefçre andafterinterventiçnseidenticaltçthçseappliedtçthefirstãçdelfiepflnetwçjstçreybuilding OUVV

4 EscaleOWPFãadeçfthreeJleafstçneãasçnryhavingstiffintheirplanediaphragãsIthusliãitingthe vulnerabilityçfwallstççutjçfjplanebendingkqheãçdelistestedasjbuiltandrejtestedafterdaãage andstrengtheningthrçughgrçutingkeqfanidenticalãçdelistestedaftergrçutingibefçrethe çccurrenceçfanydaãageithusprçvidingdataabçuttheefficiencyçfgrçutinginançndaãaged buildingsasçppçsedtçitsapplicatiçntçadaãagedçneiertçtfqhreeãçdelsçfscaledadçbe buildingsescalenwrfdifferinginthestiffnessandtheweightçftherççfkqhispartaiãstçprçvidedata abçuttheseisãicbehaviçurçfadçbebuildingseincludingcçnsideratiçnçftheearthblçckjãçrtar bçndprçpertiesfthatarequitevulnerabletçseisãicactiçnsibçthbecauseçftheirpççrãechanical prçpertiesandbecauseçftheheavyrççfsprçvidedtçtheãinãanycasesefçrinsulatiçnpurpçsesi underadversecliãaticcçnditiçnsfkpaãplespreparedbybajweretestedatthelabçratçryçffqajk RK SlMb bumbofmbntai obsrits ftisçbviçusthatevenabriefpresentatiçnçftheexperiãentalsetupsiçftheinstruãentatiçniaswell asçftheçbtainedexperiãentalresultsisbeyçndthescçpeçfthispaperkqhusiçnlyfewrepresentative experiãentalresultsarepresentedinthefçllçwingsectiçnskftshçuldalsçbençtedthatitçcçãplete thepresentatiçnçfthewçrkcarriedçutwithintmtçfthekfhboprçjectiçneshçuldalsçrefertçthe analyticalwçrkeinterpretatiçnçftheçbservedbehaviçurandparaãeteranalysesfthatisbeingcarried çutkqhatanalyticalpartiaswellasthedetailedexperiãentalresultsandtheirassessãentwillbethe subjectçffurtherpublicatiçnsbythepartnersçftheprçjectk Table O bxperiãentalwçrkçnscaledãçdelsçfentirebuildings qypeçf speciãen ppeciãen jaterials aescriptiçn çfthestructure martner qypeçftests qesting ptrengthening N jçdel building qhreejleafstçne ãasçnryhtiãberflççrs kqra phakingtable testskjçtiçn alçngtwçaxes EaF Asbuilt EbF drçutingçfãasçnry andenhanceãent çfdiaphragãactiçn çfflççrs O jçdel building qhreejleafstçne ãasçnryhtiãberflççrs Htiãberlaces kqra phakingtable testskjçtiçn alçngtwçaxes EaF Asbuilt EbF drçuting EcF bnhanceãentçf diaphragãactiçn P jçdel building qhreejleafstçne ãasçnryhtiãberflççrs Edçubleplankingand steeltiesf rkfma phakingtable testskjçtiçn alçngtwçaxes EaF AsJbuilt EbF drçuting Q jçdel building qhreejleafstçne ãasçnryhtiãberflççrs Edçubleplankingand steeltiesf rkfma phakingtable testskjçtiçn alçngtwçaxes drçuting R jçdel building AdçbeHlighttiãber flççr BAj rnidirectiçnal slidingtable tests AsJbuilt S jçdel building AdçbeHheavytiãber flççr BAj rnidirectiçnal slidingtable tests AsJbuilt T jçdel building AdçbeHlightrççfwith stiffdiaphragã BAjI fqaj rnidirectiçnal slidingtable tests AsJbuilt OVMM

5 RKNK Tests on substructures RKNKNK qests on multijleaf stone masonry panels strengthened through grout injection and steel ties qheexperiãentalcaãpaignperfçrãedbyrkfmaaiãedatdeepeningthestudyabçuttheinfluenceçf twçdifferentstrengtheningtechniqueswidelyadçptedwheninterveningçnhistçricalstructuresw injectiçnçfhydraulicliãebasedgrçutandinsertiçnçftransversalsteeltieskqhespeciãensareu ãultijleafstçneãasçnrypanelswoinunstrengthenedcçnditiçnsenjofiostrengthenedthrçughsteel tiesepjqfiostrengthenedthrçughinjectiçnerjsfandostrengthenedcçãbiningbçthtechniquesetjufk qhespeciãensweretestedwithadynaãicexcitatiçnçntheçutjçfjplanedirectiçnithisbeingtheãçst vulnerablecçnditiçnkqhesignalçfthejçntenegrçearthquakeenrlqlnvtvijstim;mdazmioogf wasselectedasseisãicinputfçrthetestskqheexperiãentswerecarriedçutwithanincreasingçf mdaequaltçmimrgateachsucceedingstepuptçthefailureçfspeciãensecigknfk qhepanelstestedinunreinfçrcedcçnditiçnsãanifestedafailureãechanisãsiãilartçthatçbserved çnrealcasesinaãelyseparatiçnçflayersduetçtheçutjçfjplaneactiçnkqheinsertiçnçftransversal steeltiesallçwedtheareainvçlvedbyfailuretçbeliãitedandresultedinanincreasedultiãatemdai eveniftheãechanisãwassiãilartçthepreviçusçnekaifferentlyitestsçninjectedpanelsshçwed bçthanyseparatiçnbetweenexternallayersandahigherultiãateseisãiclçadkcinallytheuseçf acçãbinedinterventiçnclearlyãanifestedthebestbehaviçurbeingavçidedbçththecçllapseuptç MISTgandtheseparatiçnbetweentheexternallayersKqhemdAlevelssufferedbyeachpanelare suããarizedincigknek qheuseçfeachtechniquehasalsçadifferentinfluenceçnthedynaãiccharacteristicsçfspeciãensi naãelyçnfrequencyiãçdeshapeanddaãpingtrendskcurtherãçreialsçthewayandthequalityçf executiçnçfinterventiçnsepçsitiçnçftiesiunifçrãityçfinjectiçnfhavealargeinfluenceçnthe failureãçdesandçntheçverallbehaviçurçfpanelsk af bf cf df ef cigk NbxaãpleçffailuresWEaFunreinfçrcedIEbFsteeltiesIEcFgrçutinjectiçnIEdFsteeltiesandgrçutinjectiçn; EeFãaxiãuãmdAsufferedbyeachpanel RKNK2K qests on walls and columns made of earthjblocks and strengthened using polyethylene nets in the joints fnçrdertçinvestigatetheperfçrãanceçfthedevelçpedstrengtheningtechniqueinterãsçfultiãate capacityienergyabsçrptiçnanddefçrãabilityitwçwallsandtwçcçluãnspeciãenswerecçnstructedk bachspeciãenwastestedecigkofunderaseriesçfsiãulatedearthquakegrçundãçtiçnigeneratedby randçãsignalswithfrequenciesfrçãmineztçqmezk cigk OtallspeciãensEpAtsandpAtoF cigk Psariatiçnçfnaturalfrequencyçfwall çnshaketable speciãensçbtainedfrçãshaketabletests cigurepshçwsiincaseçfwallsithevariatiçnçfnaturalfrequencyfçreachlevelçfshakingkqhe histçgraãsshçwthatthereisageneraltrendçfdecreaseinthenaturalfrequencyastheaãplitudeçf shakingincreasedkftisnçtedthatthecrackingiwhichappearedduringhighershakinglevel prçpagatedandhascauseddislçcatiçnçfablçckçfbricksinthefinalshakinglevelkqhishaschanged OVMN

6 theãçdeshapeandfundaãentalnaturalfrequencyiastheheightçfthewallwasreducedkfncaseçf cçluãnsithelinearincreaseçftheiãpçsedacceleratiçndidresulttçnçnjlinearincreaseçf displaceãentskqhisisattributedtçthefactthatthetensiçnedsideçfthecçluãnsisnçnjlinearly defçrãedecigkqfaftercrackingk cigk4sariatiçnçftensiledefçrãatiçnsfçrvariçuslevelsçfshaking cçluãns ptrengtheningthejçintsçfwallsandcçluãnswithpçlyethylenenetshasiãprçvedsignificantlytheir behaviçurkactuallyithedislçcatiçnçfbrickswaspreventediwhereasthespeciãensbehavedlinearlyi uptçcrackingkqhissuggeststhatthereinfçrcedãçrtarlayerbecçãesactiveandtakespartinthelçad transferafterthecrackingçfthebricksçrãçrtarjçintskqhereinfçrcedspeciãensunderwentsãaller deflectiçnatthetçpthantheunreinfçrcedçneskchangesinfrequencywererecçrdedashigher intensityãçtiçnswereiãpçsedkpuchchangesareãçresuddeninunreinfçrcedspeciãensthanin reinfçrcedçnesithusindicatingaãçregradualdevelçpãentçfdaãagesinthereinfçrcedspeciãensk RKNKPK qest on cross vault qhesubasseãblywassubjectedtçaseriesçfinputãçtiçnsalçngtwçaxeskcçrthatpurpçseithe CalitrirecçrdEfrpiniaearthquakeINVUMIjsZSKVFwasusedKqheãaxiãuãinputacceleratiçnçfthe adequatelyscaledãçtiçnswasgraduallyincreasingkaftertheçccurrenceçfseveredaãagesithe subasseãblywasstrengthenedwallcracksweregrçutedithethreejleafãasçnrypiersweregrçutedi tiãberstrutslsteeltieswereplacedatthebaseçfthetwçarchesiwhereasverticalprestressingwas appliedtçthepiersiusingccomplateskqheprestressfçrcehasincreasedthecçãpressivestressinthe piersbymiomjmakcigkrshçwsthestrengthenedsubasseãblyçntheshakingtableiaswellasthe daãagesçbservedafterthecçãpletiçnçfthetestkftisiãpçrtanttçnçtethatthedaãagesrecçrded afterstrengtheningwereçfthesaãenatureasthçseçbservedintheasjbuiltcaseinaãelywcracksin thevaultandinthearcheseduetçtheçutjçfjplaneãçveãentçfthesuppçrtingpiersfiaswellas hçrizçntalcracksinthepierseatthetçpandthebçttçãçftheçpeningsiagainduetçtheirçutjçfjplane cigk REaFqhestrengthenedcrçssvault;EbFaaãagesinthearch; EcFaaãagesinthevaultxinputãçtiçnWQRMBfrpiniaearthquakez bendingfkqhisisapçsitiveresultiinthesensethattheappliedtechniquesdçnçtalterthestructural behaviçurçfthestructureklntheçtherhandithestrengthenedsubasseãblywasabletçsustainthree tiãeshigherãaxiãuãacceleratiçnthantheunstrengthenedçneiandsignificantlylargerdefçrãatiçns EQMISããatthetçpçfthepiersvsKNNIQããfçrtheunstrengthenedspeciãenFfçrthesaãelevelçf daãagesk RKOK Tests on models of entire buildings RK2KNK qests on multijleaf stone masonry buildings strengthened through grout injection qheexperiãentalprçgraãçnãultijleafstçneãasçnrybuildingscanbecçnsideredthecçntinuatiçn andtheextensiçnçfthetestspresentedinsectiçnrknknkqheexperiãentspresentedinthefçllçwing OVMO

7 allçwaninjdepthstudyçntheinfluenceçfliãegrçutinjectiçnwheninterveningçnwhçlestructures andnçtçnlyçnsingleeleãentskqwçãçdelswererealizedwiththesaãegeçãetryandthesaãe detailswtwçstçreysidçubleplankingwççdenflççrsandinsertiçnçfsteeltiestçpreventçutjçfjplane ãechanisãsçnãasçnrypierseciguresaandsbfk qhefirstãçdelerojfwastestedinunstrengthenedcçnditiçnsandcçuldsufferaãaxiãuãmdaçf MIQRgKqhedaãagessurveyedçntheãçdelsreflectedthçsetypicallyçbservedçnrealcasesInaãely lçcalseparatiçnçfexternallayersandawidespreadcrackpatterkpincethisãçdelwasnçtledtçthe cçllapseiitcçuldberepairedthrçughinjectiçnçfliãegrçutandtestedagaineojfkfnthiscase aãaxiãuãmdaçfmismgcçuldbeattainedkqhedaãagescçuldbeliãitedievenifthereçpeningçf severalcracksçccurredkqhesecçndãçdelwasstrengthenedthrçughliãegrçutinjectiçnbefçrethe testepjfithusallçwingtheinfluenceçnanundaãagedstructuretçbeevaluatedkqhisspeciãen ãanifestedthehigheststrengthibeingattainedaãaxiãuãmdaçfmitmgkcurtherãçreany separatiçnbetweenexternallayerscçuldbeseenandçnlyliãitedandlçcalizeddaãagesçccurredtç theãçdelk fnterveningthrçughinjectiçnsalsçinfluencedthedynaãicbehaviçurçfãçdelsiallçwingaliãited decreasingçffrequenciesandarestrainedvariatiçnçfãçdeshapesiwhilethedaãpingfactçrs appearedtçbeincreasedkcigurescalsçhighlightstheabilityçfbçthinjectedãçdelstçsustainhigher seisãiclçadsandtçwidenthelinearbehaviçuruptçhighermdakqheanalysescçnfirãedthe iãprçveddynaãicbehaviçurçfbçthinjectedãçdelsievenifthebestçverallresultcçuldbeçbserved çnthestrengthenedãçdelepjfk af bf cf cigk SsiewçfabuildingãçdelEaFanddetailçftheãultiJleafwallEbFKbxaãpleçfbasesheartrendEcF cigk T EaFfnJthicknesslayçutçflçngitudinalandtransversetiãbereleãentsIEbFCçnnectiçnçftiãbereleãents inthecçrnersçfthebuildingiecfqiãbertiesandtiãberfraãesçfçpenings RK2K2K qest on timber laced building pçãecçnstructiçndetailsçfthesysteãçftiãberreinfçrcedãasçnryadçptedfçrçneçftheãçdels testedatkqraareshçwnincigktkqheaiãçfthistestwastççbtainquantitativedataabçutthe pçsitiveeffectçftiãberlacesçntheseisãicbehaviçurçfhistçricstructureskcçrthispurpçseithe ãçdelwassubjectedtçthreeseriesçfseisãictestsalçngtwçaxesinaãelyweaffntheasjbuiltstateiin çrdertçcçãpareitsbehaviçurwiththatçftheplainãasçnryãçdeliebfaftertheapplicatiçnçf grçutingiinçrdertçcheckwhethergrçutingalçneeinpresenceçftiãbertiesfisabletçiãprçvethe seisãicrespçnseçfthebuildingandecfaftertheenhanceãentçfthediaphragãactiçnçftherççf alçneeastestsçntheplainãasçnryãçdelhaveprçventhatthediaphragãactiçnçftherççfis decisivefçrtheseisãicrespçnsefk OVMP

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