Tornado Safe Rooms for Schools Making Your Schools More Secure

Transcription

1 MIDWEST FACILITIES MASTERS 2014 Bob Chilson Chris Gibbs Tornado Safe Rooms for Schools Making Your Schools More Secure

2 STORM SHELTERS FOR SCHOOLS

3 AGENDA Tornado Basics and Impact on Buildings Levels of Protection Storm Shelter Requirements Building a Storm Shelter Examples Cost References

4 TORNADO STATISTICS On average 1,275 tornados are reported nationwide each year. From ,506 deaths and 93,287 injuries have occurred due to tornados. April 2011 was the nation s most active tornado month with 753 tornados resulting in 364 deaths. In May 2011 more than 50 tornados touched down in an 8-state area including Joplin, MO where a single tornado cause 161 fatalities. The 2013 Moore, OK tornado had estimated wind speeds of 210 MPH

5 FUJITA SCALE Based on Damage and Engineering Studies, not measured wind speeds. F mph 29% F mph 40% F mph 24% (code is the low end) F mph 6 % F mph 2 % F mph <1 % (Storm Shelter 250)

6 TORNADO FREQUENCY The frequency of F3-F5 tornados over a given area was used to develop the wind speed map.

7 IMPACT ON BUILDINGS Two main considerations 1. High winds 2. Debris impact Standard building codes do not consider debris protection or complexity of tornado winds. Most failures are a progressive collapse caused by failure of the building enclosure. Internal pressure blows the roof off, then the walls collapse.

8 LEVELS OF PROTECTION Tornado refuge area: Any location where people go to seek cover during a tornado. These areas may comply with basic building code requirements but do not consider tornado hazards. It is important for people to know that they may still be injured or killed in these areas during a tornado event. Best available refuge area: Area in an existing building that has been deemed by a qualified architect or engineer to likely offer the greatest safety for building occupants during a tornado. Because these areas were not specifically designed for a tornado occupants may still be injured or killed during a tornado however are less likely than people in other parts of the building. (Source: FEMA 361)

9 LEVELS OF PROTECTION Storm Shelter or safe room: A building or portion thereof, constructed in accordance with ICC 500 or FEMA 361, designated for use during a severe wind storm event. These areas will provide occupants with Near absolute protection. Near Absolute Protection: Occupants will have a very high probability of being protected from injury or death based on current knowledge of tornadoes. Source: FEMA

10 STORM SHELTER REQUIREMENTS: BUILDING CODES FEMA 361 was the first published standard for storm shelters. In 2008 ICC-500 was created to become a legal building code that could be adopted by any jurisdiction and 2012 IBC have incorporated ICC-500 as a requirement for storm shelters. Any storm shelter under this code must now be designed to this standard IBC will require a storm shelter in all new schools with more than 50 occupants.

11 BASIC STORM SHELTER REQUIREMENTS 5 SF per person / 10 SF per wheel chair 250 MPH wind speed (195 psf) Standard is about 20 psf Debris protection Continuity Ventilation Toilets Emergency lighting Generator

12 Likelihood of an extreme wind event Risk tolerance including safety of occupants and consequences of injury or death Vulnerability of existing facilities Cost of construction Federal Grant availability (usually occurs after an event) Community expectations and perception BUILDING A STORM SHELTER: FACTORS INFLUENCING YOUR DECISION

13 Determine Best Available Refuge Area Study existing drawings Tour the facility in person Score the building using FEMA s Wind Refuge Area Evaluation Checklist Perform a vulnerability assessment BUILDING A STORM SHELTER: APPROACH FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS Assess the site to identify fall down and debris hazards Develop a drawing and narrative that identifies the best available refuge area Recommend upgrades to the refuge area to mitigate vulnerabilities Some existing buildings can be upgraded to meet full storm shelter requirements, however it is usually cost prohibitive relative to building new.

14 If you choose to build a storm shelter, design it to meet the requirements of ICC-500. It is required by code. BUILDING A STORM SHELTER: APPROACH FOR NEW BUILDINGS Something between standard code and full compliance will cost almost as much and provide significantly less protection.

15 BUILDING A STORM SHELTER: CLASSROOM Standard Classroom Exterior walls: 8 CMU grouted 4-0 Interior Walls: 8 CMU grouted 4-0 oc Open web steel joist with steel deck Classroom as a Storm Shelter Exterior walls: 8 CMU solid. Interior walls: 8 CMU grouted 1-4 oc Roof: Precast plank with 4 concrete topping Debris protection of windows (up to 400 lb/sf of opening) $220 / Sq ft Advantages / Trade Offs: Classrooms are high-use spaces Lots of openings to protect Low ratio of usable space

16 Standard Roof: Joist and deck Walls: 8 CMU 4-0 oc Storm Shelter Roof: Wide flange beam sections - 6 reinforced concrete topping over steel deck Walls: 12 CMU grouted solid $180 / Sq Ft Advantages / Trade Offs : High ratio of usable area Few openings to protect BUILDING A STORM SHELTER: WRESTLING ROOM Taller walls result in more substantial upgrade. No interior walls result in few components to upgrade.

17 BUILDING A STORM SHELTER: AUXILIARY GYM Standard 12 insulated precast walls Joist and metal deck roof Storm Shelter 15 insulated precast wall Precast double tee roof Larger footings $206 / Sq Ft Advantages / Trade Offs High usable space ratio Long span results in more substantial roof system Wall system is a minimal upgrade Few openings to protect Not practical for a full-size gymnasium

18 CONSTRUCTION COST DATA / REFERENCES Average cost (Source: FEMA-361): between $150-$240 per SF 15%-20% increase to resist 250 mph wind 5%-27% increase to resist debris impact 25%-32% increase to resist both 250 mph wind and debris Cost increase is only over the area being hardened. As part of a new school building project it could be as little as 1%-2% increase overall. References: Fema 361 Design and Construction Guidance for Community Safe Rooms Fema 431 Selecting Refuge Areas in Buildings Fema 424 Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods and High Winds Fema Tornado Recover Advisories

19 AGENDA Architecture for Education Today Architecture of Crime Prevention Surveillance Access Control Territorial Reinforcement The Human Factor Discussion

20 Learning is NOT what it used to be thankfully!

21 THAT WAS THEN

22 THIS IS NOW

23 21 ST CENTURY CHANGES Learning environments to support the needs of ALL students Project-based Learning/Critical Thinking Community Involved Flexibility Personalized Technology Rich Collaborative

24 TRADITIONAL SCHOOL CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM

25 STUDENT-CENTERED SCHOOL STUDIO INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIO STUDIO THINK TANK SMALL WORKSHOP THINK TANK OPEN BOX THINK TANK LARGE WORKSHOP THINK TANK LARGE WORKSHOP ADMIN

26 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Design principles that deter crime by influencing offender decisions preceding bad behavior or criminal acts. Areas of Focus: Surveillance Access Control Territorial Reinforcement

27 WHAT IS CPTED? Surveillance

28 See and be seen! Landscape density and height Good sight lines Lighting exterior and interior Windows Building configuration Adult-occupied areas throughout building Doorless restrooms

29 OUTWARD VISIBILITY Principal s Office Reception

30 PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

31 Visibility & Transparency

32 SURVEILLANCE & SUPERVISION Clear View / Wide Alcoves

33 Visibility & Transparency Hiding Places

34 Passive Sur veillance Goal: View maximum area with minimum staff.

35 A supervision nightmare!

36 WHAT IS CPTED? Access Control

37 LIMIT ENTRY POINTS

38 ACCESS CONTROL Visitor Entry

39 ACCESS CONTROL

40 ADMINISTRATION PANIC BUTTON

41 BUILDING LOCKDOWN

42 CLASSROOM LAYOUT

43 WHAT IS CPTED Territorial Reinforcement

44 TERRITORIAL REINFORCEMENT Create or extend a sphere of influence using paving treatments, landscaping, and signage to clearly identify campus boundaries.

45 Monuments convey a sense of importance and respect TERRITORIAL REINFORCEMENT

46 TERRITORIAL REINFORCEMENT Broken Window Theory : A well maintained campus may stop further vandalism and avoid escalation into more serious crime. Schools with better building conditions have lower rate of behavioral problems. Rapid maintenance response conveys pride and ownership.

47 THE HUMAN FACTOR

48 Technology Considerations Intrusion Detection Video Surveillance Access Control

49 INSTRUSION DETECTION Door Position Switches Motion Detectors Glass Break Sensors Sound Detectors Advantages Detects Intrusion Notifies Authorities Minimizes Property Damage Disadvantages Difficult to Manage False Alarms Doesn t stop the initial act

50 VIDEO SURVEILLANCE Records Events May identify perpetrators Advantages Excellent Deterrent Incident on Record Disadvantages Cost May convey false sense of safety

51 Electronic Access / Proximity Cards Biometric iris or thumb scanners ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS Advantages Easy to manage No lost key/rekeying Disadvantages Difficult to add to existing facilities Higher cost Tracks access to facilities

52 CPTED / SCHOOL DESIGN Resources International CPTED Association CPTED Training Dept. of Homeland Security School Safety Dept. of Homeland Security Run! Hide! Fight! Video

53 FUNDING Grant Funding School security grants: FEMA s Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP) can be used for planning, purchasing equipment, training, and other efforts to support school security.

54 MIDWEST FACILITIES MASTERS 2014 QUESTIONS? Bob Chilson Chris Gibbs Bob Chilson, PE, SE, LEED AP / Chris Gibbs, AIA /