BUILDING MATERIALS. stone, concrete, ceramics, glass gypsum iron, steel, cast iron, aluminum, copper, titan, metal alloys

Transcription

1 BUILDING MATERIALS silicates: metals: natural organic materials: plastics: stone, concrete, ceramics, glass gypsum iron, steel, cast iron, aluminum, copper, titan, metal alloys wood, bamboo, cork, cane, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PE (polyethylene), PS (polystyrene expanded EPS, extruded XPS) PP (polypropylene) Technical properties of building materials physical properties: mechanical, thermal, acoustic, electric, water absorption chemical properties cost availability workability recycleability ecological parameters

2 Mechanical properties Physical properties specific weight g [kg/m 3 ] strength f [MPa] capability of material to resist the imposed load elasticity (modulus of elasticity) E [MPa] capability to be deformed and to recover its original size and shape upon removal of force Hooke s law

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5 Chemical properties: resistance to the corrosion (metals, concrete, RC) Ecological criteria: embodied values of energy consumption and emission recycleability usability of recycled materials

6 usability of recycled materials

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8 MAIN PARTICIPANTS OF CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Investor Designer Contractor - formulation of user s requirements - financial guaranty - technical supervision - authorized architect/engineer - documentation for building permission proceedings - supervision - realization CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Pre-design stage Design Service - analysis of investigations, building site, - specifications - brief - documentation for development/building permit - documentation for realization - building approval

9 DESIGN PROCESS

10 SYSTEM MODEL OF BUILDING

11 Dimension s coordination Proportional and modular coordination, unification, standardisation Modular coordination - basic module 100 mm - derived nodules 3M = 300 mm increased 6M = 600 mm 12M = 1200 mm reduced 0,5M = 50 mm 0,1M = 10 mm Modular size x production size x basic size tolerances Position of the element in the (space) modular grid:

12 Modular coordination

13 Modular coordination - range within production programme Lego, Barbie, gypsum-board sheets within region, state bottles, bricks, columns, roof covering,. within continent power points, rail gauge within world floppy disks, camera films, thread of bulbs, of screws

14 Building = set of elements -on the measure -system-closed -open (combination of -materials and technologies]

15 elements units

16 elements units

17 VERTICAL LOAD-BEARING STRUCTURES Structural classification: walls t << b t << h columns pillars a << h b << h

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20 Technological and material alternatives masonry structures - stone masonry - brick masonry - masonry from concrete blocks - masonry from lightweight concrete blocks - dry masonry - reinforced and prestressed masonry monolithic structures - concrete/reinforced concrete elements precast structures - concrete, RC, ceramic, steel, timber, plastic combined structures

21 Main functions static function (load bearing and bracing) Transfer of vertical load by effective area into foundations / horizontal loads by flexural and shearing rigidity other functions (walls only) division of spaces thermal insulation acoustic insulation fire safety function

22 Thermal insulation

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24 Technological variants, design principles

25 Masonry structures masonry elements + mortar mark: compressive strength after 28 days /MPa/ masonry elements compressive strength 15 compressive strength of mortar 10 2,5 0, ,5 3,2 2,2 1,4 1,4 bricks 15 2,4 2,2 1,5 1,3 0, ,8 1,3 1 0,6 lightweight blocks 3 2 0,7 0,5 0,6 0,4 0,4 0,3 bonding 110 6,3 6 5,1 4,8 3,2 stone 80 5,1 4,8 4,2 3, ,2 2,8 2,4 2,2 1,7

26 Stone walls, columns walls rubble walling polygonal walling ashlar walling squared rubble coursed squared rubble uncoursed

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28 squared rubble uncoursed

29 rubble walling

30 corner

31 mixte (stone + brick ) masonry brick stone

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33 stone columns

34 Brick walls, columns Standard bricks basic parameter: compressive strength /MPa/

35 Bonding principles

36 Standard and special shapes

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39 LÍCOVÉ ZDIVO

40 Traditional Czech bricks

41 Brick columns and pillars - improvements of bearing capacity: reinforcement x steel sleeves

42 Masonry from brick blocs - Satisfaction of thermal resistance: - quantity and configuration of hollows - lightening of ceramic mass - vertical joints: dry, interlocking joints - horizontal joints: - light mortars - thin layer mortar (glue) - exact shape calibrated blocks - special corner blocks - special thermo -plaster

43 Blocks

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48 Liapor expanded-clay concrete blocks

49 Dry masonry special blocks

50 Lightweight concrete blocks (cellular c. blocks, autoclaved aerated blocks) limited bearing capacity good thermal insulation (L=1,12-1,27 W/m2.K) easy cutting moisture-absorbent

51 Reinforced masonry Reinforcements in joints

52 Reinforced masonry reinforcement in hollows

53 Prestressed masonry

54 Thank you for your attention