Plan of the lecture: Development of building construction History of new building construction Requirements on buildings

Transcription

1 Plan of the lecture: Development of building construction History of new building construction Requirements on buildings

2 DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Based on level of: engineering knowledge and society Development Development of materials of materials Development of Structural design Architecture Development of technology

3 History of new building construction first bridge from cast iron cast iron in building industry iron stair from segmetns - coal gas for lightening and heating - wooden roof frame Crystal Palace London RC patented by J.Monier Edison s bulb mutistorey building from steel Chicago Eiffel Tower (300 m) Paris Petrin Tower Prague multistorey building from RC - Hennebique RC precast panels patented - used Lucerna Palace (RC column and frame system) plastic - industrial manufacturing Empire State Building (381m + antenna) NY 1950 polystyrene production 1966 World Trade Center (412m) steel structure NY 1973 solar single house in Deleware 80%energy 1999 Agenda 21 - sustainable construction Rio de J TchaiPei m/101 floors

4 Industrial production of buildings Main idea: - saving of labor -increasof productivity - savings of time on building side -improvementof quality (industrial production) Precast elements and systems: - lintels, windows, doors, opening s elements, century iron cast buildings precast panels Liverpool W.Gropius family houses in Dessau cross panel system Le Corbusier block of flats from panels Geneva After 2. world war: - cross/wall systems from panels - precast column systems -space precastsystems

5 Trends in development of building construction decreasing of building material s consumption decreasing of total energy demands environmental protection recycling of building materials use of recyclable materials design of buildings with optimum lifetime higher level of building s industrialization multi-funcionality of buildings possible modernization, change of use

6 REQUIREMENTS ON BUILDINS AND STRUCTURES Basic goal of building design and construction: Result: High quality environment for specific use, while the quality should be ensured throughout the whole life of the building. Funcional and aesthetic achitectural form of the building, which will fulfill all requirements on safety, durability, indoor environment and hygiene, urban composition, technological and economic possibilities. Harmonic and well/balanced high quality design requirements of building

7 Legislation: law, directives, codes National Building Law European Directives Technical Codes: national ČSN Czech Technical Code eurepean EN international ISO

8 A. Basic requirements mechanical resistance and stability fire safety protection against noise environmental protection safety in use energy savings and thermal protection of buildings

9 B. Other requirements Architectural requirements town planning requirements interior layout requirements aesthetic requirements Resistance against climatic effects Technology requirements Economy

10 A1. Mechanical resistance and stability Main goal: satisfaction of structural reliabiliy Method of assessment: ultimate limit states (statically non-admissible) I.ULS load bearing capacity - loss of equilibrium - loss of stability - failure by rupture of structural members - defection of bearing capacity of subsoil reliability condition: Any condition (fracturing, buckling, plastic deformation) that renders a structural element or joint Incapable of sustaining the load-carrying function for which it was designed E d R d R d = R k / g R E d design value of load action R d design value of structur resistance R k characteristic value of resistance g R resistance factor

11 II. ULS - serviceability: - excessive deformation - cracking -vibration - damage of structure influencing visual appearance E d C d E d C d design value of load action nominal value of material properties related to load action

12 III. ULS durability of construction Design durability: temporary structures 1 5 years replaceable parts of structures 25 buildings 50 monumental buildings, bridges 100 maintenance, repairs - life span, economic consequences

13 load internal forces stress + deformation design: material + dimensions Loads acting on structures: E d g d. R d design load, partial safety factor 1,0 1,5, characteristic value of the load

14 Loads and deformations

15 Classification of loads: Permanent actions (dead loads) - self-weight of structure and fixed equipment - soil and water pressure - prestressing load Variable actions (short-time + long time) - imposed load (people, furniture, vehicles, ) - climatic load: snow load wind load ice accretion load - load provoked by deformation: thermal changes rheology changes (shrinkage, creep) settlement -construction load -seismicload - load provoked by shock wave - accident load

16 Loads

17 Dead load Imposed load

18 Wind load Settlement Dynamic load Construction load

19 A2. Fire safety Fire prevention, limitation of expansion: - fire detectors, combustion gas detectors - self-extinguish system (Sprinklers) - self-acting ventilation system - others (gas detectors, self-closing systems, Protection of life, health, property: in case of fire, building structures have to satisfy: - bearing capacity and stability during the evacuation (fire resistance of materials, fire zones, fire breaks) - safe evacuation of people, animals and goods (+ ventilation, dimensions of fire escape) - restriction of fire and smoke distribution between different parts of building and to exterior - arrangements for simple access of fire brigades

20 Nature, sources A3. Environmental protection A 3.1Construction impact on outdoor environment exploitation construction function, use demolition Sustainable construction waste

21 impact human needs, emission, waste natural resources on population environment sources

22 Main tasks in building industry increase of energy efficiency in building industry energy savings during life cycle, use of renewable and natural energy sources decrease of material consumption more effective materials, durability of structural components, demountable structures, recycling reduction of negative influence of construction on environment decrease of CO 2, SO 2, NO x, HCFC emissions, reduction of amount of non-recyclable materials reduction of potable water consumption use of grey water for materials production, building construction and services contribution to sustainable development of built environment effective exploitation of land, flexibility and adaptability of structures enabling long life, reconstructions, rehabilitations

23 Low energy solutions < 50 kwh/m 2 a Material efficiency Recycled materials

24 A 3.2 Indoor hygiene and comfort - healthy materials (zero emission) - quality of air (ventilation, air-conditioning) - hygiene equipment - direct access of sun-shine - lighting daylight - direct sky component - externally reflected component - internally reflected component artificial lighting compound lighting

25 A4. Protection against noise and vibrations Acoustic comfort external x internal sources of noise Protection against external noise parameter level of noise noise diffusion: through air through material Protection against internal noise Absorption, transmission, reflection by boundry and air resonance

26 Space acoustic

27 A5. Safety in use Safety in buildings during service life - prevention of falls, gliding, burns,. - requirements on non-barrier design (disabled people) access dimensions of public communications barrier-free interiors surfaces special amenities

28 A6. Thermal performance and energy savings - heat flow U (W/K.m 2 ) U = 1/R, R = Σ d/l required recommended external massive walls 0,30 0,20 external light walls 0,38 0,25 massive roof structure 0,30 0,20 light roof structure 0,24 0,16 windows - new 1,80 1,2 - reconstructions 2,0 1,35 - moisture flow (condensation) - air permeability - thermal stability - energy consumption for heating < 50 kwh/m2a

29 B1. Architecture requirements town planning requirements development of towns and villages land use intensity building plots situation of buildings interior layout requirements dimensions of rooms link-up of spaces, communication links aesthetic requirements forms colors geometry and structure of surfaces

30

31 B2. Resistance against climatic effects - rain water - air humidity - air flow - sun radiation - aggression of environment

32 B4. Economic requirements cost: investment, service, demolition Life: physical, functional optimum

33