Cyclone Resistant Glazing. Jennifer Schneider, Global Manager Structural Glazing, Kuraray America Inc.

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1 Cyclone Resistant Glazing Jennifer Schneider, Global Manager Structural Glazing, Kuraray America Inc.

2 Typhoons, Hurricanes and Cyclones Same Storm different name depending on region

3 Different Scales Depending on Region Wind Speed Defines Category for All Scales Western Pacific Atlantic, Eastern and Central Pacific Australia and Fiji

4 Different Scales Depending on Region Wind Speed Defines Category for All Scales North Indian Ocean South-Western India Ocean

5 Some of the Most Damaging Recent Storms Hurricane Andrew South Florida, Louisiana, and Bahamas Category 5 (Saffir Simpson Scale) $26.5 billion 1992 USD Hurricane Katrina 2005 Louisiana and Mississippi Category 3 (Saffir-Simpson Scale) $108 billion 2005 USD Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 also know as Typhoon Yolanda- Philippines, Vietnam and South China Typhoon(JMA Scale)/Category 5 (Saffir-Simpson Scale) 11,801 killed and $2.86 billion USD damage Cyclone Yasi 2012 struck Queensland Australia Catergory 5 Australia Scale/ Catergory 4 (Saffir-Simpson Scale) $3.56 billion USD

6 Some Indications That Storm Frequency is Increasing

7 What Causes the Damage Strong Winds Tornados Flooding Storm Surge Dangerous Rip Currents Strong winds cause the majority of damage during a storm by creating wind borne debris

8 How does Wind Borne Debris cause Damage Wind Borne debris from building components can fly up to several 100 feet and impact buildings Wind Borne Debris can come from roofing materials being dislodged Glass is particular vulnerable to breakage from wind borne debris Wind can cause pressure that can pull the window frame off the building Once window is broken the building can be over-pressurized resulting in damage to the building If you can prevent the building envelope from opening you can greatly reduce damage

9 Broken Glass that is not retained Costly board up until glazing can be replaced Interior damage Potential mold problem Interruption of business

10 Wind borne debris damage to glazing system Roof failure from over pressurization due to window failure on the windward face window system Inadequate pressure rating of window. Frame remained but glass was blown out

11 Hurricane Andrew- The Storm that Changed Building Codes Miami 1992 Hurricane Andrew Hits Homestead as a Category 5 Hurricane with winds gust of 270 KPH $26 billion in damage

12 Post Hurricane Andrew Assessment Most of the damage was caused by the very high winds Improvements to Glazing System Design Could Have Prevented Much of the Damage Seen

13 Evolution of Building Codes in Florida Three Components to Developing an Effective Building Code Requirments Engineers and construction experts determine what is needed in the particular region Adoption Codes need to be adopted by local government Enforcement Need a process to ensure compliance Prior to Hurricane Andrew Florida had outdating building codes and a lack of enforcement of what codes were in place Prescriptive requirements were in place in Miami-Dade but not enforced

14 Evolution of Building Codes 1994 Miami Dade developed first codes with Palm Beach county following Large missile impact resistance first 9 meters of finished grade Small missile impact resistance above 9 meters to 20 meters Pressure cycling to simulate the effect of an approaching hurricane and leaving 1996 the Florida Building Commission recognized a need for a state wide code 2002 the Florida building codes were established along with a product approval process for building envelope components including special requirements for High Velocity Hurricane Zone (HVHZ) Wind Zone 4. All Windows, Doors, Shutters, were to be tested and approved

15 Evolution of Building Codes ASTM developed 2 test standards ASTM E1996 Standard Specification of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Wind-borne Debris in Hurricanes ASTM 1886 Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile (s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials ISO Standard ISO Destructive Windstorm Resistant Security Glazing Test and Classification

16 ASTM E1996 Specifies testing requirements for vertical glazing and skylights based on Wind Zone as determined in ASCE7 Specifies number of specimens required for testing 3 each for large missile and small missile Determines the location & number of missile impacts For large missile impact resistance impact locations are typically center and corner of glass panel For test specimens with fixed and operable panels, impact operable panel For operable panels, corner impact should be near locking device For specimens with bracing, the impact should not be near the bracing Determines pass/fail criteria for all impacts and cyclical testing

17 ASTM E1996 Missile Types Level of Protection Wind Rating Enhanced Protection (Essential Facilities) Basic Protection Assembly Elevation <9.1 m (30ft) >9.1 m (30ft) < 9.1 (30 ft) >9.1 ft (30 ft) Wind Zone 1 > 130 mph (209 kph) D D C A Wind Zone 2 >140 mph (225 kph) D D C A Wind Zone 3 >140 mph (225 kph) (<1.6 Kilometers inland) > 150 mph(241 kph) E D D A Wind Zone 4 (HVHZ) > 160 mph (258 kph) E D D A Missile Level Missile Missile Speed A 2 g (31 grains), steel ball m/s (130 f/s) C 2050 g (4.5 lb) 2 x 4 in 1.2 m (4ft) lumber m/s (40 f/s) D 4100 g (9 lb) 2 x 4 in 2.4 m (8ft) lumber m/s (50 f/s) E 4101 g (9 lb) 2 x 4 in 2.4 m (8ft) lumber m/s (80 f/s) Testing needs to be conducted on the whole system Missile Level is determined by the wind zone of the building location Cycling pressure used is determined by design pressure of the building

18 Wind Zones

19 Florida Product Approval Process Today Florida Building Code Requires wind-borne protection of glazed openings for buildings that fall within Wind borne debris protection required within 1 mile of the mean high water line where wind speed is 130 mph (209 kph) or any location where wind speed is 140 mph (225 kph) Glazing in the HVHZ region must be tested by the FBC protocols Product approval program by FBC Testing must be completed by an independent lab Includes impact testing followed by 4500 cycles of positive pressure and 4500 cycles negative pressure Pressure is determined by design pressure of building based on location IBC 2015 also has a requirement around wind borne debris in hurricane prone regions

20 Hurricane Wilma Assessment Hurricane Wilma Hit Florida in 2005 as a Category 3 Hurricane-Putting the New Building Codes to the Test! Portofino tower built 1997 Greenburg building downtown Miami built before hurricane codes

21 Wind-borne Debris requirements: Codes beyond Florida Texas Department of Insurance Seaward of the Intracoastal Canal All unprotected exterior openings are required to be impact resistant and subject to 130 mph 3-second gust design Inland I (inland of the Intracoastal Canal) 120 mph 3- second wind gust design and all glazed exterior opens shall be protected or impact resistant Inland II (inland of the 120 mph contour) No impact requirements

22 16 States in US have adopted wind borne debris codes

23 Florida Approval Process-3 Options for Protecting the Glass Plywood Shutters Impact Glazing System Lowest Cost People and time to install Can t see out window/no light Not a good option on a tall building ugly Not allowed in HVHZ Low cost Can be automated for fast installation Still need someone to activate Can t see out window/no light Not a good option on a tall building No installation or activation required Can see out window and light can come in Aesthetically pleasing More costly option

24 What is Impact Glazing Laminated Glass Two or more lites of glass and one or more interlayers Glass retention if breakage occurs Types of laminated glass Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) Ionoplast Laminated Glass Glass Interlayer Glass Typical Constructions 6 mm HS Glass/ 2.28 mm interlayer/ 6 mm HS Glass for Large Missile impact 6 mm HS Glass/1.52 mm or 0.89 mm interlayer/ 6 mm HS Glass for Small Missile Impact

25 Designing an impact Glazing system Need to understand the wind load for building location to determine the impact missile Wind load on building needs to be calculated based on the wind zone and size and shape of building and its location to other buildings Determine type of interlayer, glass, and framing system needed to meet desired level of performance

26 Types of Interlayer Polyvinyl butyral Typically used for relatively small glass panel sizes & low pressures in large missile impact resistance applications in 90 mil thickness Small missile impact resistance uses 60-mil thickness Available in clear or colors UV-filtering Ionoplast Typically used for high design pressures, large windows, large missile impact Can be used in dry glaze systems- lower cost and easier installation High modulus interlayer used to bond two lites of glass together 100x stiffer than PVB, 5x more tear resistant Thicknesses include 35-mil, 60-mil, & 90-mil, and greater thicknesses UV-filtering UV-transparency available Available in clear or translucent white Less sensitive to moisture intrusion at the laminate edge than PVB based interlayers

27 Porsche Design Tower Location: Sunny Isles Beach Florida Architect: Studio F-A Porsche and Sieger Suarez Architects 60 Floors High- One of the Tallest in Sunny Isles All glass is impact glazing using ionoplast interlayer to meet the high design pressure requirements 2.28 mm caliper ionoplast used in first 9 meters for large missile impact.89 mmm caliper ionoplast used above 9 meters to the top for small missile

28 Brickell City Center s g in d l i u B ll a T at n t i o b l i a c H n u an o C rb du Location: Miami, FL an Used ionoplast for the large missile impact (lower floors) PVB for small missile impact (higher floors) Ionoplast was used for the balustrades

29 1000 Museum Location: Miami, Florida Zaha Hadid Architects Under Construction Uses a combination of PVB and Ionoplast Ionoplast for first 30 feet (9 meters) for large missile impact PVB for upper floors for small missile impact Balustrades use ionoplast interlayer

30 Revel Casino Atlantic City, NJ Location: Atlantic City New Jersey Built: 2012 Tallest structure in Atlantic City at 710 feet Uses Ionoplast interlayer for impact glazing

31 Projects in Mexico Secrets The Vine-Cancun Location: Cancun Mexico Developer: Frel Ingeneiros y Arquitectos Wanted a high quality modern look with maximum protection from hurricanes Ionoplast was used in all the glazing

32 February 10, 2017 Trosifol Business 33

33 CTBUH Research Project The research will investigate current, state-of-the-art cyclone-resistant façade technologies in the Asia-Pacific region. In this area of the world, megacities are developing to address the demand for additional residential and office space, which calls for the construction of high-rise buildings. The study will analyze how existing codes and standards could address cyclone-induced risks through façade technologies. To support this research, a steering committee will drive the research and evaluate the results February 10, 2017 Trosifol Business 34

34 Conclusion Hurricanes/Cyclones/Typhoons are capable of causing great damage and loss of life Frequency of these events is increasing globally Urban development in Hurricane/Cyclone/Typhoon regions are vulnerable to the impact of these storms The use of impact glazing systems has proven to greatly reducing the losses during these weather events

35 Thank You