TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

Transcription

1 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES DIFINITIONS i ii iii iv v vi ix xii xiii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Back ground of the study Problem statement Aim and Objectives of the study Scope of the study 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Construction and Demolition Waste Environmental impact of concrete elements Cement Energy use in cement production Air Emission from Cement produc tion 13

2 vii Aggregate Concrete production Environmental Impact of Transport Distance Calculating the Concrete Waste Recycling and land filling Current Situation of Construction and Demolition Waste in Asia Practice on C & D waste management in Malaysia Construction sector s waste profile Policies and laws Practices Waste Management Stakeholders Waste Management Technologies METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Inventory result System boundary Data Collection Questionnaire survey Questionnaire structure Data analysis Stages of the study ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Concrete waste Concrete Slabs, Walls, Beams, and Columns Assumptions Concrete production Cement Energy Demand Aggregate Energy Demand Energy for Wasted Cement and Aggregate CO2 Emission Admixture 49

3 viii 4.9 Transportation Transportation concrete to the site from concrete plant Disposal Options Recycling Land filling CONCLUSION 5.1 Introduction Conclusion Recommendation for future research Concrete reabsorbs CO2 80 REFRENCES 82 APPENDICES A-B 88

4 ix LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Typical Constitutes of Concrete Main ingredients for the production of 1 kg cement Energy demand in production of 1 Kg cement Emissions to air by cement production Energy demand and emissions generated in the production 15 of 1 kg gravel 2.6 Energy demand and emissions to air for the production 17 of 1 m3 of concrete 2.7 Process energy emissions calculations for recycled aggrega te Transportation energy emissions calculations for recycled aggregate Aggregate Recycling Emission Factor (MTCE/ TON) Amount of reused and recycled construction waste materials on site 29

5 x 3.1 Vehicle Option Cumulative quantity of orderin g in construction no 1 (m3) Different construction mixing design Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for One Cubic Meter of 56 Concrete Production(project 1) 4.4 Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for Total Cubic Meter of 57 Concrete Production(project 1) 4.5 Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for One Cubic Meter of 57 Concrete Production(project 2) 4.6 Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for Total Cubic Meter of 58 Concrete Production (project 2) 4.7 Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for One Cubic Meter of 58 Concrete Production (project 3) 4.8 Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for Total Cubic Meter of 59 Concrete Production (project 3) 4.9 Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for Total Cubic Meter of 61 Waste Concrete Production (project 1) 4.10 Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for Total Cubic Meter of 61 Waste Concrete Production (project 2) 4.11 Embodied Energy & CO2 Emission for Total Cubic Meter of 62 Waste Concrete Production (project 3)

6 xi 4.12 Process Energy Data for the Production of One Ton of Virgin Aggregate Transportation Energy Consumption, million Btu/ton- mile Process energy emission calculation for Virgin aggregate (EIA, 2001) Transportation Energy Emission Calculat ion for Virgin Aggregate Process Energy Emissions Calculations for Recycled Aggregate (EIA2001) Transportation Energy Emissions Calculations for Rec ycled 72 Aggregate (EIA2001) 4.18 Comparing recycling and virgin aggregate (84m 3 ) Comparing recycling and virgin aggregate (20m 3 ) Comparing recycling and virgin aggregate (20m 3 ) 76

7 xii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Cement life cycle Difference in environmental impact from cement production between year 1995and Different distance in EP impact C&D Waste Generation in Million Tons Trend of National Account of Construction in Asia Composition of total waste generation General Flowchart for the concrete life cycle Energy comparison between Virgin and Recycled Aggregate CO2 emission between Virgin and Recycled aggregat e 77