Brooks/Cole Thomson LearningiM. Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering. Braja M. Das. California State University, Sacramento

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1 Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering Braja M. Das California State University, Sacramento Brooks/Cole Thomson LearningiM Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

2 CHAPTER 1 SOIL DEPOSITS AND GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS Introduction Natural Soil Deposits Soil-Particle Size Clay Minerals Specific Gravity (G s ) Mechanical Analysis of Soil Effective Size, Uniformity Coefficient, and Coefficient of Gradation 12 Problems 14 References 16 CHAPTER 2 WEIGHT-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS, PLASTICITY, AND SOIL CLASSIFICATION Weight-Volume Relationships 17 ' 2.2 Relationships Among Unit Weight, Void Ratio, Moisture Content, and Specific Gravity Relative Density Consistency of Soil Activity Liquidity Index Plasticity Chart 34 \ 2.8 Soil Classification 35 Problems 46 References 49 IX

3 CHAPTER 3 SOIL COMPACTION Compaction General Principles Standard Proctor Test Factors Affecting Compaction Modified Proctor Test Structure of Compacted Cohesive Soil Field Compaction Specifications for Field Compaction Determination of Field Unit Weight After Compaction 71 Problems 76 References 78 CHAPTER 4 MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND SEEPAGE 79 Hydraulic Conductivity Bernoulli's Equation Darcy's Law Hydraulic Conductivity Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity Empirical Relations for Hydraulic Conductivity Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells 94 Seepage Laplace's Equation of Continuity Flow Nets Capillary Rise in Soil 105 Problems 107 References 111 CHAPTERS STRESSES IN A SOIL MASS 113 Effective Stress Concept Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage Stresses in Saturated Soil with Seepage Effective Stress in Partially Saturated Soil 121 Vertical Stress Increase Due to Various Types of Loading Stress Caused by a Point Load Vertical Stress Caused by a Line Load Vertical Stress Caused by a Strip Load (Finite Width and Infinite Length) Vertical Stress Below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area 134

4 xi 5.9 Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure 141 Problems 143 ; References 149 CHAPTER 6 CONSOLIDATION Fundamentals of Consolidation One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test Void Ratio-Pressure Plots Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays Effect of Disturbance on Void Ratio-Pressure Relationship Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation Compression Index (C c ) Swell Index (C.) Settlement from Secondary Consolidation Time Rate of Consolidation Coefficient of Consolidation Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation Precompression General Considerations Sand Drains 194 Problems 200 References 206 CHAPTER 7 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria Inclination of the Plane of Failure Caused by Shear "Shear Failure Law in Saturated Soil 211 Laboratory Determination of Shear Strength Parameters Direct Shear Test Drained Direct Shear Test on Saturated Sand and Clay Triaxial Shear Test Consolidated-Drained Test Consolidated-Undrained Test Unconsolidated-Undrained Test Unconfined Compression Test on Saturated Clay Sensitivity and Thixotropy of Clay Vane Shear Test 238^ 7.13 Empirical Relationships Between Undrained Cohesion (c u ) and Effective Overburden Pressure (a-' o ) 242 Problems 243 References 246

5 xii ) CHAPTER 8 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION Subsurface Exploration Program Exploratory Borings in the Field Procedures for Sampling Soil Observation of Water Levels Vane Shear Test Cone Penetration Test Pressuremeter Test (PMT) Dilatometer Test Coring of Rocks Preparation of Boring Logs Soil Exploration Report 284 Problems 284 References 289 CHAPTER 9 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE Earth Pressure at Rest Rankine's Theory of Active and Passive Earth Pressures Diagrams for Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution Against Retaining Walls Retaining Walls with Friction Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory Approximate Analysis of Active Force on Retaining Walls 332 Problems 334 References 338 CHAPTER 10 SLOPE STABILITY Factor of Safety Stability of Infinite Slopes without Seepage Stability of Infinite Slopes with Seepage 344 : 10.4 Finite Slopes Analysis of Finite Slope with Circularly Cylindrical Failure Surface General Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis (Circularly Cylindrical Failure Surface) 353 / 10.7 Method of Slices Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady-State Seepage Bishop and Morgenstern's Solution for Stability of Simple Slopes with Seepage 375 Problems 380 References 386

6 xiii CHAPTER 11 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT 389 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations General Concepts Ultimate Bearing Capacity Theory Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table The Factor of Safety Eccentrically Loaded Foundations 401 Settlement of Shallow Foundations Types of Foundation Settlement Immediate Settlement Immediate Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay Range of Material Parameters for Computing Immediate Settlement Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand Based on Settlement Consideration Field Load Test Presumptive Bearing Capacity Tolerable Settlement of Buildings 422 Mat Foundations Combined Footing and Mat Foundation Common Types of Mat Foundations Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations Compensated Foundations 433 Problems 436 References 441 CHAPTER 12 RETAINING WALLS AND BRACED CUTS 445 Retaining Walls Retaining Walls General Proportioning Retaining Walls Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design Check for Overturning Check for Sliding Along the Base Check for Bearing Capacity Failure Comments Relating to Stability Drainage from the Backfill of the Retaining Wall Provision of Joints in Retaining-Wall Construction 465 Braced Cuts 467 \ Braced Cuts General Lateral Earth Pressure in Braced Cuts Soil Parameters for Cuts in Layered Soil Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut 475

7 xiv Heave of the Bottom of a Cut in Clay Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement 487 Problems 489 References 493 CHAPTER 13 DEEP FOUNDATIONS PILES AND DRILLED SHAFTS 495 Pile Foundations Need for Pile Foundations Types of Piles and Their Structural Characteristics Estimation of Pile Length Installation of Piles Load Transfer Mechanism Equations for Estimation of Pile Capacity Load-Carrying Capacity of Pile Point Resting on Rock Settlement of Piles Pile-Driving Formulas Stress on Piles During Pile Driving Pile Load Tests Negative Skin Friction Group Piles Efficiency Elastic Settlement of Group Piles Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles 549 Drilled Shafts Types of Drilled Shafts Construction Procedures Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load Reese and O'Neill's Method for Calculating Load-Bearing Capacity 564 Problems 573 References 579 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 581 INDEX 587