Architectural Style Guide

Transcription

1 E: Appendix Architectural Style Guide Appendix Page A1

2 1. Definitions ADA Compliance: To be up to code with the design, standards, and guidelines associated with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Articulation: The revealing of how parts of the building fit into the whole by emphasizing each individual part. Commonly this effect can be accomplished through the use of physical offsets, material changes, architectural details, among many other techniques. Balusters: Short pillars or columns in a series supporting a railing. Balustrade: A railing composed of a series of upright members, often in a vase shape, with a top rail and often a bottom rail. Bay Window: An exterior wall projection filled with windows; if curves, called a bow window; if on an upper floor it is called an oriel window. Bracket: A decorative element supporting a wall projection, cornice, or other exterior feature. Cement board veneer: A type of wall covering that mimics the appearance of clap board utilizing the much more durable materials of cement and fiberglass. Clap board veneer: A series of long, thin, flat pieces of wood with edges horizontally overlapping, used to cover the outer walls of buildings. Cornice: A horizontal molded projection that is located at the very top of a building or wall. Cross Gables: Front and rear gables, perpendicular to a buildings side gables. Dormer window: A window and window structure that project from the slope of a roof. Double hung window: Window with two sashes (Note: Definition of window sashes is found on page A3), one above the other, each of which slides vertically. Eave: Lower edge of a rood extending beyond the exterior wall. Façade: The plane of the building that faces a public right-of-way, very important for determining the character of the urban space around it. Fenestration: The layout of windows, doors, and other opening along the exterior of a building. Finial: A decorative ornament placed at the peak of a roof. Gable: The triangular upper most part of a wall between the sloping ends of a pitched roof Appendix Page A2 Balusters Bracket Clapboard veneer Cornice Eave Finial Oriel window C BY 2.0 ell brown CC BY S.A 2.0 douaireg CC BY S.A 2.0 REVIVALthedigest CC BY 2.0 La Citta Vita CC BY 2.0 PinkMoose CC BY ND 2.0 Glyn Lowe Photoworks CC BY 2.0 takomabibelot

3 1. Definitions Gable roof: A two sided, sloping peaked roof with gables on each end. Ogee shaped gutter: The ogee shape is often reffered to being a curvalinear, S-shape. Today, gutters will often have an ogee form to the outter most side of the gutter. Oriel window: A projection from an upper floor of an exterior wall surface that contains one of more windows. Parapet wall: An extension of an exterior wall projecting above the roof plane, commonly used to hide the plan of a low-sloped roof. Porte cochere: A covered entrance for coaches or vehicles, usually attached to the side elevation of a building. Ogee shaped gutter Parapet Wall deep_flow_ogee_guttering.jpg Chris Dufresne and Mike Freeman 2009 Sidelight: Narrow window located immediately adjacent to an entrance door. Single hung window: Window with two sashes, one above the other, the lower of which slide vertically. String course: A continuous horizontal band of building material, usually along a wall. Transom: A small window located immediately above a door. Triple hung window: Window with three sashes, one above the other, the two lower sashes are able to slide vertically. Trellis: A framework of light wooden or metal bars, used primarily as a support for climbing plants. Window Sash: The frame holding a window pane. Windows will typically have two sashes, this is also referred to as double hung sash windows. String course Transom CC BY 2.0 La Citta Vita CC 2.0 iagoarchangel Appendix Page A3

4 Appendix Page A4

5 E.01 Architectural basics This section offers guidance on the suggested residential styles for the Salem overlay District. Architectural Basics: This appendix offers anyone, whether they may be architects, developers, or current homeowners, a description and analysis of architectural styles that are suggested as being appropriate for the Salem Overlay District. The four identified architectural styles that are appropriate for the Salem Community include: farmhouse (See Figure A1), craftsman (See Figure A2), queen anne (See Figure A3), and main street commercial (See Figure A4). It is suggested that any one who wish to develop or redevelop within the Salem Overlay District, stylize residential structures according to the first three above mentioned styles while complying with the typical materials, colors, detailing, and construction methods used for each style. The main street commercial style is appropriate for mixed use and commercial developments. Figure A1: The farm house style is noted for its minimal details and solid appearance. CC BY-SA 2.0 Dougtone Figure A2: The identifying features of a craftsman style home, such as low-pitched roof, wide uneclosed eave overhangs, porches, and columns can be seen in this photo. CC BY-SA 2.0 Roarofthefour Figure A3: Steeply pitched roofs, patterned shingles, decorative shingles and spindle work are popular characteristics of the queen anne style. Figure A4: While the buildings along a mainstreet are consistent amongst each other in size, proportions, and setbacks, these buildings often will make distinctions between each other through the use of certain popular elements of a particular style Peter Laird Ken Badgley 2011 Appendix Page A5

6 Appendix Page A6

7 F: Farmhouse Style Farmhouse Style Page A7

8 Roof is dominantly side gabled with one, small decorative front gable. Wood clapboard is a common wall veneer for this style. Simple one story partial porch. Figure A5: An illustration of the farmhouse style highlighting common characteristics of this style Farmhouse Style Page A8

9 F.01 Farmhouse Style Massing: The farmhouse style is usually rectangular or is laid out asymmetrically (See Figure A6). A common asymmetrical lay out for the farmhouse style is the L-shape. It is also very typical to find front, wrap-around porches on these structures. Figure A6: Farmhouse style homes are simple in mass and vary little from the use and combination of the square and rectangular forms. Figure A7: A brick or stone foundation with a basement is common for the farmhouse style. Figure A8: Farmhouse style is known for its abundant use of wood in the use of wall veneering. CC BY-SA 2.0 Christine Matthews Base: It is common to find farmhouse styled houses with or without a basement. If the house does not have a basement, it will more than likely have a crawl space. The foundation of these houses has historically been made of brick but is now more commonly made of cement. As seen in Figure A7, foundations are typically underground and not very tall. Primary Walls: Historically, farmhouse style houses were made primarily of wood with a wood, balloon-framed structural system and wood clapboard veneer (See Figure A5 & Figure A8). Today it is common to see farmhouse styles with mixed veneer materials of brick or stone and wood or a more durable cement board. Farmhouse Style Page A9

10 F.02 Farmhouse Style Figure A9: Rainwater drainage systems are rarely seen on the older farm house style structures. CC BY-SA 2.0 Christine Matthews Rainwater Drainage: The use of gutters and downspouts depends primarily upon the amount of gabling and the pitch of the roof. Historically, farmhouses have moderately pitched side gabled roofs that would swiftly carry water down and away from the home. The cost of the extra details and features of a house, including gutters and downspouts, was historically not of importance to the people who would build this housing style (See Figure A9). Thus, these houses are typically much simpler than the queen anne or craftsman style home. Roof-Wall Connections: The roof-wall connection on a farmhouse style house is minimal at most. Eaves are simple and rarely have a cornice line or decorative brackets (See Figure A10). Figure A10: Shallow, minimalistic eaves are utilized with this style. CC BY 2.0 Greg Balzer Roof: The popular roofing method for this style is shingling or metal. Asphalt shingles today are the most common material used for shingling (See Figure A5 & Figure A11). Side and front gabled roofs are the most popular roof design. Figure A11: The two primary roof covering materials associated with this style are asphalt, slate, or wood shingles and/or metal planking. Farmhouse Style Page A10

11 F.03 Farmhouse Style Attached Elements: The most common attachment to this housing style are porches (See Figure A5). Porches are typically wraparound and use wood planked flooring, simple wood balustrades, railings, and columns. Depending on the age and height of the porch, a foundation of brick and/or cement, with a brick and/or cement flooring may be used (See Figure A12). Figure A12: Porches, garages, and decks are the modern attachments are common modern additions to this style. Figure A13: Uncomplicated windows and doors are used with this style. Sidelights, transoms, and other decorative fenestrations are rarely seen to accompany this style. Figure A14: It is routine for this housing style to be situated on a larger lot and utilize picket fencing to distinguish property lines. CC BY 2.0 Greg Balzer CC BY-ND 2.0 ntm 1909 CC BY-SA 2.0 Dougtone Openings: Simple, double hung 6 pane over 6 pane or 8 pane over 8 paned windows are the most popular form for this style. Wood doors with or without simple, decorative windows are common. Sidelights and transoms are not typical to this style (See Figure A13). Site Definition and Landscape: This housing type was abundant in rural, agricultural towns. Today the style can be found in rural, suburban, and even urban areas. Wood picket fencing is typically used along the perimeter of the property, especially in suburban and urban areas (See Figure A14). Farmhouse Style Page A11

12 Farmhouse Style Page A12

13 G: Craftsman Style Craftsman Style Page A13

14 Low-pitched cross gable roofs are tradition for this housing style. Decorative (false) beams or brackets appear to brace the eaves. Porches, are either full- or partial-width, with roof supported by square columns. Columns or column bases frequently continue to ground level (without stopping at the level of the porch floor). Figure A15: An illustration of the craftsman style home highlighting common characteristics of this style. Craftsman Style Page A14

15 G.01 Craftsman Style Massing: Craftsman structures are usually a simple rectangular mass, typically one to two stories in height. The form of the building is articulated by attached porches, balconies, bay windows. It is not uncommon for craftsman houses to have inhabited attics, these reduce the apparent volume of the building and break up their roof form through the location and rhythm of dormers (See Figure A16). Figure A16: The craftsman style home is identified as exhibiting stability through box-like form, utilzation of heavy materials such as brick and stone, low lying roof, and use of enlarged columns or pilars. Base: Craftsman bases are articulated as separate from the main wall through a change of plane, or a change in material. The base may be expressed as a separate foundation, or rise up further to the first floor (See Figure A17). The ground floor walls are often stucco, brick, or stone. When stone is used as a base material stones are often stacked with larger stones towards the base of the wall and smaller ones towards the top. Figure A17: Raised, stone or brick foundations are common with this housing style. Primary Walls: Changes in plane or materials are used to articulate Ccaftsman walls (See Figure A18). Craftsman homes usually only have a material palette of no more than two materials such as wood and stone. Heavy materials such as brick, stone or stucco are usually on the ground floor with lighter materials such as clapboard siding, shakes, or shingles above. Figure A18: Differentiation between stories will often utilize string course and/or material change. Craftsman Style Page A15

16 G.02 Craftsman Style Rainwater Drainage: Craftsman houses can use traditional gutters and downspouts. The gutters and downspouts are often painted galvanized metal or copper and typically use half round, round, square, or ogee shapes (See Figure A19). Frequently craftsman homes have no gutters at all. Figure A19: The use of a rainwater drainage system with the craftsman style is rare, Roof-Wall Connections: As seen in Figure A20, the use of wide eaves with exposed rafters and projecting rafter tails are common. In addition the use of wooden braces, brackets, and extended beams are often used to support larger roof projections. Attic vents with decorative grill vents are placed at the gable ends of the roof. Figure A20: Wide eaves with exposed rafters is a common trait with this housing style. Roof: Roof forms tend to be simple but often include gables that face the street or the side yard (See Figure A15 & Figure A21). Principal gables have a shallow pitch between 3:12 and 5:12. Dormers are often used to provide light to inhabited attic rooms. Heavy timbers are used in roof construction for braces, brackets, and principal structural supports. Roofs are constructed to appear thin by the use of 2x4 lumber and asphalt sheets or shingle. Figure A21: Multiple, low-pitched gable roofs are typical. Craftsman Style Page A16

17 G.03 Craftsman Style Figure A22: Doors used with this style will typically utilize windows. Most windows will be divided into lights of equal parts. Symmetry of openings is common. Openings: Windows tend to be taller than wide and are often aligned or grouped to form a horizontal grouping. Windows are not typically deeply recessed. Windows may be divided into lights of equal increments or be divided on the upper portion only. Front doors are typically wider than the average entry door, and often incorporate a decorative light above or to the sides. Openings are typically framed in wide trim boards to hide the material transition from wall to opening (See Figure A22). Attached Elements: Porches, balconies, chimneys, and trellises are often added to the main mass of the building, they are usually articulated as separate elements. Columns are a focus and are often tapered and square, articulated as columns or piers, and constructed of stone, brick, plaster, wood, or a combination of these materials (See Figure A15 & Figure A23). Figure A23: The most frequently used attachments with this style are porches. Square stones are used here to support the porch. Site Definition and Landscape: Entries are typically higher than the ground plane and are defined by porches and terraces. Wooden fences and garden gates are typical. Driveways through porte cocheres are common. Terrace or patio walls are of river stone, brick, or concrete. Floors are finished in concrete. The use of attached or detached vine-covered trellises is common (See Figure A24). Figure A24: Yard sizes for craftsman style homes is usually modest but enhanced through gardens and patios. Craftsman Style Page A17

18 Craftsman Style Page A18

19 H: Queen Anne Style Queen Anne Style Page A19

20 Decorative finials are used at the apex of the roof. Decorative brackets appear to support eaves. Dominant, steeply pitched front facing gable roof adds variation to the roof line. Partial or fullwidth porch, usually one story high, extended along one or both side walls. Figure A25: An illustration of the queen anne style highlighting common characteristics of this style Queen Anne Style Page A20

21 H.01 Queen Anne Style Massing: Form is typically two or three stories with a box-like plan, usually two rooms deep. The mass of a queen anne style structure is noted as picturesque, usually having multiple variations articulated by several distinguished architectural components such as: attached porches, bay windows, dominant front-facing gables, corner towers, and monumental chimneys (See Figure A26 & Figure A25). Figure A26: Queen Anne style homes are notorious for having a combination of varying forms that make up the entire mass. Base: It is typical that this style will have brick foundations with basements or crawl spaces. It is rare to see this style without a raised foundation (See Figure A27). Figure A27: Raised foundations are typical of this style and result in dramatic straicases to the primary entrance. Primary Walls: Walls are asymmetrical; often use fine brickwork, stylized wood shingles, wood clapboard, or a combination of those materials to cover the wood framing that makes up the skeleton of the structure (Figure A28). Figure A28: The combination of various forms and planes results in asymmetrical facades that are articulated furthur through the use of various materials. Queen Anne Style Page A21

22 H.02 Queen Anne Style Rainwater Drainage: As exhibited in Figure A29, it is common for these structures to have an intricate gutter system. The older, historic queen anne structures will usually be found to have gutters made of copper. Figure A29: Intricate gutter systems are popular for this housing style, CC BY 2.0 Ctd 2005 Roof-Wall Connections: Deep eaves with decorative cornices, support brackets, and spindle work are common to this style (See Figure A30 & Figure A25). Figure A30: Elaborate spindle work as well as brackets and cornice lines are particular to this style. CC BY 2.0 Wonderlane Roof: Steeply pitched roofs of irregular shape, usually with a dominant front-facing gable are common. Other common roof shapes that are usual to this style include hipped with lower cross gables, multiple cross gables, and singular front gable. Roofing material is always shingle, either wood or slate (See Figure A31 & Figure A25). Figure A31: In efforts to deter rainwater from pooling and causing damage to the structure, steeply pitched roofs in conjunction with intricate gutter systems are common for these houses. Queen Anne Style Page A22

23 H.03 Queen Anne Style Openings: An abundance of window types can be found on a queen anne structure. The most common window types are bay windows, oriel/stacked windows, stained glass windows, picture windows, as well as single, double, or even triple hung windows (Figure A32). Figure A32: Keeping with the elaborate nature of this style, multiple window types, sizes, and styles can be found on these houses. CC BY-SA 2.0 roarofthefour Attached Elements: Wrap-around front porches with simple balustrades and columns are common on queen anne structures (See Figure A33). Figure A33: The multi-plane tendancies of queen anne styled homes are further established with the common use of wrap-around porches. CC BY-SA 2.0 Montgomery County Planning Commission Site Definition and Landscape: Historically, queen anne houses usually had a half acre or larger lot with multiple flower gardens on the property. Today, smaller lots are acceptable but the landscaping should project the image of ample space. A wooden or cast iron fence typically encloses the yard (See Figure A34). Figure A34: Cast iron fencing is a popular choice for yard enclosure with the queen anne style. Queen Anne Style Page A23

24 Queen Anne Style Page A24

25 I: Main Street Commercial Main Street Commercial Page A25

26 A parapet wall conceals a very low-pitched roof. Decorative string courses makes distinction between floors and/or wall veneer material. Large display windows allow stores to attract patrons. Figure A35: An illustration of the main street commercial style highlighting common characteristics of this style Main Street Commercial Page A26

27 I.01 Main Street Commercial Style Figure A36: The sharing of sidewalls and having the same setback distance from the roadway is common amongst buildings along a main street. Figure A37: It is common practice for main street buildings to have their entrances upon right along the street level to make it easier for patrons to access their store. CC BY-SA 2.0 Gerry Dincher Massing: Main street commercial buildings are typically laid out in a row style, with shared side, supporting walls. These buildings are typically either two or four stories. The most common type of main street commercial architecture is known as being two part commercial. One part commercial buildings are those commercial buildings which have, or appear to only have, one story (See Figure A36). Base: Depending on the geographic location, main street stores may or may not have a basement or crawl space. Both of which would have a brick, stone, and/or cement foundation. Typically the first story of these buildings will have the entrances on street level. It is rare to have a raised crawl space or basement that would result in a raised main entrance. Historically, if the main entrance was raised there would be a small, railed staircase to the entrance. Today, even if the commercial structure does have a raised entrance, it must be ADA compliant with a wheelchair accessible ramp (See Figure A37). Figure A38: To differentiate between stores, buildings will often utilize different architectural elements, materials, and color palettes. CC BY-SA 2.0 Kevin Lawver Primary Walls: Most main street commercial buildings have brick and/or stone as the wall veneer. Older main streets may have buildings with wood clapboard as the primary veneer. It is common to see older main street buildings that added a second or third story years after primary construction, where the addition may have utilized the more durable material of brick or stone that became increasingly more popular in construction. A string course is typically found on main street commercial buildings with more than one story (See Figure A35 & Figure A38). Main Street Commercial Page A27

28 I.02 Main Street Commercial Style Rainwater Drainage: The structures that line a main street will typically have a shallow sloping roof that forces water down one, hidden downspout (See Figure A39). Figure A39: The use of low sloping roofs results in little need for intricate gutter systems on main street buildings. If gutters are present they are often hidden from view of pedestrians. Roof-Wall Connections: Since the roofs on most main street buildings are flat or hidden by a parapet wall (See Figure A40), there is little need for any eaves or supporting eave brackets. However, decorative cornices are popular on main street buildings (See Figure A40). Figure A40: Rooflines are hidden or non-existant resulting in little need for roof wall connections. CC BY-SA 2.0 Kevin Lawver Roof: Younger main street buildings are more likely to have low pitched roofs and utilizes membrane or asphalt as the roof covering material (See Figure A41). Figure A41: Main street buildings often share joint portions of the structure such as side walls, resulting in the need for flat roofs to prevent water damages to surrounding structures. Main Street Commercial Page A28

29 I.03 Main Street Commercial Style Openings: Most windows and doors facing the street on the ground floor will have an abundance of windows (See Figure A42). It is not uncommon for main street buildings to not have second story windows if that floor is being used as storage. But this is not recommended for modern uses (Figure A35). Figure A42: Fenestration is of the utmost importance to main street buildings because retailers must display their merchandise and attract patrons. Figure A43: Limited lot space deters the use of attachments, other than that of awnings, on main street buildings. Figure A44: The sidewalk and surrounding streets determine the main street buildings site and landscape. CC BY 2.0 dave-mcmt CC BY-SA 2.0 Ken Lund CC BY-SA 2.0 S^S Attached Elements: The only additional attached elements that will be seen on a main street commercial building are either awnings or signage (See Figure A43). Site Definition and Landscape: Main street buildings are typically on a frequently traveled road, thus they are positioned close to the sidewalk and often share walls in order to maximize retail space for their given lot. Sidewalk landscaping is common but sidewalks are often property of the county and do not belong to the parcel of land on which a commercial building may sit. Where possible the public realm should be enhanced with landscaping, benches, lightposts, and other pederstrian oriented furniture (See Figure A44). Main Street Commercial Page A29