Composite floor systems in highrise towers A very cost-effective construction using membrane action in fire design
|
|
- Cuthbert Quinn
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Composite floor systems in highrise towers A very cost-effective construction using membrane action in fire design Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Martin Stadler * Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl. Wirt.-Ing. (NDS) Martin Mensinger ** * Lehrstuhl für Metallbau, TU München, München, Germany stadler@bv.tum.de ** Lehrstuhl für Metallbau, TU München, München, Germany m.mensinger@bv.tum.de ABSTRACT: Many highrise towers around the world are constructed in steel. But steel constructions often require costly measures for fire protection. Real fires and fire tests have shown that not every beam is necessary for the load transfer of composite slabs in fire. Due to large deflections of the slabs the load bearing mechanism changes from bending at ambient temperature to membrane action in fire. Much larger spans can be bridged with this mechanism. Therefore most secondary beams are not needed in case of fire and can be left unprotected. In a tall building with many floors there is a large amount of beams that could be left unprotected. Hence, the costs of the whole structure can be reduced considerably only by using advanced design methods. This paper gives an overview of existing design methods. Advantages, disadvantages and remaining issues are discussed. 1 Load transfer of composite slabs in fire The design methods presented in the full paper all assume that the slab is divided into single bays with protected edge beams and columns and unprotected secondary beams inside the bay. The protected edge beams are necessary on one hand as vertical support on the other hand to assure that the slab does not collapse due to a folding mechanism. The slab keeps its global integrity and the membrane forces in each bay are in equilibrium. The principle of load transfer by membrane action is shown in Figure 1. In the middle of the slab tensile forces appear which are accommodated by the reinforcement that is embedded in the concrete and remains therefore cool and retains its strength. At the perimeter of the slab a compression ring develops in the concrete. The membrane forces within one slab-bay are in equilibrium. No horizontal forces must be transferred by the edge beams and each bay can be considered separately for design. The edge beams are only subjected to vertical loads and can be designed as simple composite beams under elevated temperatures.
2 Fig. 1: Membrane action of a slab panel [5] 2 Remaining issues The shown methods in the full paper are suitable approaches for using membrane action in fire design of composite slabs. But some details have to be clarified that could have negative effects on the load bearing capacity. E.g. the real load bearing mechanism is not conclusively investigated. Bailey [1] and Li [3] both use the yield line theory and extend it for membrane action. But tests have shown that mostly no yield lines occur but the slabs form directly into a smooth shape before collapsing. Cameron [2] and Abu [4] show first approaches to take this into account. A further question is whether the slab only bears by membrane action or also by bending. If both mechanisms occur what is very supposable the question is which one is the leading one. And finally the maximum possible vertical displacement and hence the failure criterion should be investigated more exactly. Another detail that should be clarified is whether the edge beams can be designed like composite beams. Due to large rotations large cracks occur above the beams. The question is how much shear forces can be transferred by the shear studs in this case. 3 Conclusions The use of membrane action for the design of composite slabs in fire can reduce the costs for the fire protection measures considerably. For most of the secondary beams no fire protection is required. The principle of the load bearing mechanism is explained and existing approaches are demonstrated with which the load bearing mechanism can be taken into account for design. Remaining issues are illustrated which need to be clarified to apply the design methods safely. Especially for highrise buildings with many floors the design methods hold the capability that the buildings can be realized much more economically. Acknowledgements A research programme (IGF N) in cooperation between the Technische Universität München and the Leibniz Universität Hannover recently started to clarify the remaining issues and enable the use of membrane action in Germany. The project is mainly sponsored by the German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie and many industry partners. We want to thank all of them very much for their support. references [1] Newman, G. M.; Robinson, J. T.; Bailey, C. G.: Fire Safe design: A New Approach to Multi-Storey Steel-Framed Buildings, The Steel Construction Institute: SCI Publication P288, 2000 [2] Cameron, N. J. K.; Usmani, A. S.: New design method to determine the membrane capacity of laterally restrained composite floor slabs in fire. Part 1: Theory and method, The Structural Engineer, V. 83, No. 19, Oct. 2005, pp
3 [3] Li, G.-Q.; Guo, S.-X.; Zhou, H.-S.: Modeling of membrane action in floor slabs subjected to fire, Engineering Structures, V. 29, No. 6, Jun. 2007, pp [4] Abu, A. K.: Behaviour of Composite Floor Systems in Fire, University of Sheffield, Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, Diss [5] Mensinger, M.; Schaumann, P.; Stadler, M.; Sothmann, J.: Membranwirkung von Verbunddecken bei Brand Stand der Technik, Stahlbau, forthcoming
4 Composite floor systems in highrise towers A very cost-effective construction using membrane action in fire design Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Martin Stadler * Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl. Wirt.-Ing. (NDS) Martin Mensinger ** * Lehrstuhl für Metallbau, TU München, München, Germany stadler@bv.tum.de ** Lehrstuhl für Metallbau, TU München, München, Germany m.mensinger@bv.tum.de ABSTRACT: Many highrise towers around the world are constructed in steel. But steel constructions often require costly measures for fire protection. Real fires and fire tests have shown that not every beam is necessary for the load transfer of composite slabs in fire. Due to large deflections of the slabs the load bearing mechanism changes from bending at ambient temperature to membrane action in fire. Much larger spans can be bridged with this mechanism. Therefore most secondary beams are not needed in case of fire and can be left unprotected. In a tall building with many floors there is a large amount of beams that could be left unprotected. Hence, the costs of the whole structure can be reduced considerably only by using advanced design methods. This paper gives an overview of existing design methods. Advantages, disadvantages and remaining issues are discussed. 1 INtroduction Steel-framed buildings with composite floors offer technical and economical advantages compared to other construction methods. They are characterised by very short construction periods, large possible spans, low emission at production, high robustness, good behaviour in earthquakes and a very sparing utilisation of the construction materials. Despite the many advantages, especially for tall buildings, other construction methods are often used. One reason is the fire protection that can be very intricate and expensive. According to most design codes every steel beam of a composite slab has to be protected in order to reach 30 minutes of fire resistance and above. Not the entire construction but every single component must be considered separately and designed for the fire case. Mostly no distinction is made between slabs, beams and columns. In most cases the demanded fire resistance can only be reached with protecting the steel beams e.g. covering them with fire boards, coating them with intumescent paint, applying partial concrete encasement etc. Real fires and research programmes particularly in Great Britain since the 1990s have shown that composite slabs retain their load bearing capacity in fire even if the steel beams are particularly unprotected (Fig. 1). Due to large deflections of the slabs the load bearing mechanism changes from bending at ambient temperature to membrane action in fire. Much larger spans can be bridged with this mechanism. Therefore most secondary beams are not needed in case of fire and can be left unprotected. The structural integrity of composite constructions exposed to fire can hence be assured with a considerable smaller effort of fire protection measures.
5 Fig. 1: Deflection of a composite slab after a fire [1] The result of the research programmes in Great Britain is a simplified design method known as Bailey-BRE method. The British Steel Construction Institute (SCI) adopted this method and published a design guide where the Bailey-BRE method is brought into practicable tables [1]. Further design approaches can be found in [2-4]. In countries where buildings have been already designed with the Bailey-BRE method it has been shown that about 40% of the fire protection measures can be omitted. This means that the total costs of the composite floor system can by reduced by 10% - 15%. Despite the immense economical advantage the method is not used yet in many countries. The reasons for this in Germany are that the Bailey-BRE method is relatively unknown, the tables in [1] are not consistent with the German design rules and some remaining issues have to be clarified. A research programme of the Technische Universität München together with the Leibniz Universität Hannover should fill these gaps and should establish the use of membrane action for composite slabs in fire in Germany. 4 Load transfer of composite slabs in fire The design methods presented here all assume that the slab is divided into single bays with protected edge beams and columns and unprotected secondary beams inside the bay. The protected edge beams are necessary on one hand as vertical support on the other hand to assure that the slab does not collapse due to a folding mechanism (Fig. 2 left). The slab keeps its global integrity and the membrane forces in each bay are in equilibrium (Fig. 2 right). Fig. 2: Failure mode with unprotected edge beam and internal forces with protected edge beams [5]
6 The principle of load transfer by membrane action is shown in Figure 3. In the middle of the slab tensile forces appear which are accommodated by the reinforcement that is embedded in the concrete and remains therefore cool and retains its strength. At the perimeter of the slab a compression ring develops in the concrete. The membrane forces within one slab-bay are in equilibrium. No horizontal forces must be transferred by the edge beams and each bay can be considered separately for design. The edge beams are only subjected to vertical loads and can be designed as simple composite beams under elevated temperatures. Fig. 3: Membrane action of a slab panel [5] 5 existing design methods 1.1 Bailey-BRE method The design method of Bailey was first published in [6-7] and updated in [8-9]. Bailey uses both, membrane action of the slab as well as the remaining capacity of the unprotected secondary beams. Conservatively he only considers the bending capacity of the secondary beams and neglects their catenary effects. Bailey uses the yield line theory which is well-established and used for a long time under ambient temperature and includes the membrane action with enhancement factors. The yield line theory assumes four rigid plates that are pin-jointed at their edges. Bailey limits the maximum possible forces in the yield lines by the failure forces of the reinforcement which appear in a crack in the middle of the slab along the short span. The reason for this assumption are observations at fire tests. The membrane forces are determined by the equilibrium of forces on the two elements shown in Figure 4. These membrane forces are multiplied with the maximum vertical displacement of the slab to get the load bearing capacity. But the displacement must be determined separately by other assumptions. Bailey proposes a combination of thermal bowing due to the temperature difference over the slab height and a mechanical elongation due to the applied load. w max c T l 8 h 2 L f 8 E s sy The thermal bowing term includes a correction factor ψ and the mechanical elongation is limited by 50% of the yield strain of the reinforcement. The total load bearing capacity is a combination of the membrane action and the remaining bending capacity of the secondary beams. Bailey s method is easy to understand and conveniently applicable but some assumptions need to be reviewed. E.g. the failure of the slab with a crack along the short span is (1)
7 only observed in tests but not proved analytically. And the maximum deflection includes a correction factor which is calibrated on very few fire tests. Fig. 4: Equilibrium at the yield lines [9] 1.2 Method of Li et al. Li et al. [3] also assume that in a first step yield lines develop. After the load bearing capacity of this system is reached, membrane action develops in the middle part of the slab and a load increase is possible (Fig. 5). In the design method the slab is divided into five parts. The four parts at the perimeter are considered rigid and the middle part has the shape of an elliptic paraboloid. Similar to the method of Bailey the load bearing capacity is determined by equilibrium of forces and bending moments at the contact edges. In this method the vertical displacement must also be determined separately. Li neglects the thermal bowing but includes a homogenous thermal elongation. The mechanical elongation is limited by the ultimate strain of the reinforcement of 2.5%. w max 3 l (0,025 T ) (2) 8 Like in Bailey s method especially the approach of the vertical displacement should be reviewed. Also the failure mode seen in tests with a crack over the short span is not included in this method.
8 Fig. 5: Development of membrane action according to Li [3] 1.3 Approaches of Cameron and Abu Cameron [2] and Abu [4] both use the classical plate theory. Membrane action is included by using nonlinear strain approaches. The temperature increase causes thermal strains which do not cause stresses if they are unrestrained. Therefore they can be subtracted from the mechanical strains. (3) linear nonlinear thermal For solving the problem approximation methods are used. Cameron starts with the differential equation, uses an Airy function that fits the boundary conditions and solves the problem with the Galerkin approach. For the trial function he takes a double sine. x y w ( x, y ) wm sin sin (4) L l The maximum vertical displacement and hence the failure criterion is assumed similarly to the method of Li. w t l 4( T ) uk The load bearing capacity is calculated by the assumption that the work done by the internal forces must be equal to the work done by external loads. Due to nonlinear displacements the capacity must be calculated incrementally. For the internal work it must be taken into account that the reinforcement partially yields. The method of Cameron has the disadvantage that it assumes horizontally fixed edges. The horizontal forces must be accommodated either by the edge beams or adjacent (5)
9 slabs. This leads to uneconomical designs. Abu solves this problem with a trial function that includes not only a simple double sine but also higher terms of the Fourier series. w( x, y) W mx ny cos cos mn m1 n1 L / 2 l / 2 With that he can describe horizontal deformations of the edges and no horizontal forces occur there. With Abu s method the geometrical nonlinearities can be included very well but material nonlinearities the yielding of the reinforcement are not yet considered. Also no failure criterion is defined. A combination of both methods of Cameron and Abu could probably solve the problem. 6 Remaining issues The shown methods are suitable approaches for using membrane action in fire design of composite slabs. But some details have to be clarified that could have negative effects on the load bearing capacity. E.g. the real load bearing mechanism is not conclusively investigated. Bailey and Li both use the yield line theory and extend it for membrane action. But tests have shown that mostly no yield lines occur but the slabs form directly into a smooth shape before collapsing (Fig. 6). Cameron and Abu show first approaches to take this into account. (6) Fig. 6: Concrete slab after fire test [10] A further question is whether the slab only bears by membrane action or also by bending. If both mechanisms occur what is very supposable the question is which one is the leading one. And finally the maximum possible vertical displacement and hence the failure criterion should be investigated more exactly. Another detail that should be clarified is whether the edge beams can be designed like composite beams. Due to large rotations large cracks occur above the beams (Fig. 7). The question is how much shear forces can be transferred by the shear studs in this case.
10 Fig. 7: Cracks above a composite beam after large deformation 7 Conclusions The use of membrane action for the design of composite slabs in fire can reduce the costs of fire protection measures considerably. For most of the secondary beams no fire protection is necessary. The principle of the load bearing mechanism has been explained and existing approaches have been shown with which the load bearing mechanism can be taken into account for design. Remaining issues have been illustrated which need to be clarified to apply the design methods safely. Especially for highrise buildings with many floors the design methods hold the potential that the buildings can be realized much more economically. Acknowledgements A research programme (IGF N) in cooperation between the Technische Universität München and the Leibniz Universität Hannover recently started to clarify the remaining issues and enable the use of membrane action in Germany. The project is mainly sponsored by the German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie and many industry partners. We want to thank all of them very much for their support. references [1] Newman, G. M.; Robinson, J. T.; Bailey, C. G.: Fire Safe design: A New Approach to Multi-Storey Steel-Framed Buildings, The Steel Construction Institute: SCI Publication P288, 2000 [2] Cameron, N. J. K.; Usmani, A. S.: New design method to determine the membrane capacity of laterally restrained composite floor slabs in fire. Part 1: Theory and method, The Structural Engineer, V. 83, No. 19, Oct. 2005, pp [3] Li, G.-Q.; Guo, S.-X.; Zhou, H.-S.: Modeling of membrane action in floor slabs subjected to fire, Engineering Structures, V. 29, No. 6, Jun. 2007, pp [4] Abu, A. K.: Behaviour of Composite Floor Systems in Fire, University of Sheffield, Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, Diss [5] Mensinger, M.; Schaumann, P.; Stadler, M.; Sothmann, J.: Membranwirkung von Verbunddecken bei Brand Stand der Technik, Stahlbau, forthcoming
11 [6] Bailey, C. G.; Moore, D. B.: The structural behaviour of steel frames with composite floor slabs subject to fire: Part 1: Theory, The Structural Engineer, V. 78, No. 11, Jun. 2000, pp [7] Bailey, C. G.; Moore, D. B.: The structural behaviour of steel frames with composite floorslabs subject to fire: Part 2: Design, The Structural Engineer, V. 78, No. 11, Jun. 2000, pp [8] Bailey, C. G.: Membrane action of unrestrained lightly reinforced concrete slabs at large displacements, Engineering Structures, V. 23, No. 5, May 2001, pp [9] Bailey, C. G.: Membrane action of slab / beam composite floor systems in fire, Engineering Structures, V. 26, No. 12, Oct. 2004, pp [10] Bailey, C. G.; Toh, W. S.: Small-scale concrete slab tests at ambient and elevated temperatures, Engineering Structures, V. 29, No. 10, Oct. 2007, pp
MUNICH FIRE TESTS ON MEMBRANE ACTION of Composite Slabs in Fire Test Results and Recent Findings
Application of Structural Fire Design, 29 April 211, Prague, Czech Republic MUNICH FIRE TESTS ON MEMBRANE ACTION of Composite Slabs in Fire Test Results and Recent Findings Martin Stadler a, Martin Mensinger
More informationFire Safety Day Fire Behaviour of Steel and Composite Floor Systems Simple design method
Fire Safety Day 011 Fire Behaviour of Steel and Composite Floor Systems method Prof. Colin Bailey 1 3 Content of presentation in a fire situation method of reinforced concrete slabs at 0 C Floor slab model
More informationTHE ROLE OF COMPOSITE JOINTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STEEL-FRAMED BUILDINGS IN FIRE. Prof. Khalifa S. Al-Jabri
THE ROLE OF COMPOSITE JOINTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STEEL-FRAMED BUILDINGS IN FIRE Prof. Khalifa S. Al-Jabri College of Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Oman World Congress and Exhibition on Construction
More informationSIMPLE INVESTIGATIONS OF TENSILE MEMBRANE ACTION IN COMPOSITE SLABS IN FIRE
SIMPLE INVESTIGATIONS OF TENSILE MEMBRANE ACTION IN COMPOSITE SLABS IN FIRE By Ahmed Allam 1, Ian Burgess 1 and Roger Plank 1 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
More informationNON-LINEAR STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ANALYSIS
NON-LINEAR STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ANALYSIS AHMAD RAHIMIAN, PhD, PE, SE Dr. Ahmad Rahimian., PE, SE is President of Cantor Seinuk Structural Engineers in New York City. An expert in the behaviour of steel
More informationSHEAR PANEL COMPONENT IN THE VICINITY OF BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN FIRE
8 th International Conference on Structures in Fire Shanghai, China, June 11-13, 2014 SHEAR PANEL COMPONENT IN THE VICINITY OF BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN FIRE Guan Quan*, Shan-Shan Huang* and Ian Burgess*
More informationThe behaviour of multi-bay, two-way reinforced concrete slabs in fire
The behaviour of multi-bay, two-way reinforced concrete slabs in fire P.J. Moss, R.P. Dhakal & A.H. Buchanan Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand G. Wang
More informationCOVER SHEET. Title: Component-Based Element of Beam Local Buckling Adjacent to Connections in Fire. Authors: Guan Quan Shan-Shan Huang Ian Burgess
COVER SHEET Title: Component-Based Element of Beam Local Buckling Adjacent to Connections in Fire Authors: Guan Quan Shan-Shan Huang Ian Burgess ABSTRACT An analytical model based on the yield line mechanism
More informationWHOLE BUILDING BEHAVIOUR RESULTS FROM A SERIES OF LARGE SCALE TESTS
Proceedings of the CIB-CTBUH International Conference on Tall Buildings, 8-10 May 2003, Malaysia WHOLE BUILDING BEHAVIOUR RESULTS FROM A SERIES OF LARGE SCALE TESTS T. LENNON Principal Consultant, FRS,
More informationIntroduction to Structural Analysis TYPES OF STRUCTURES LOADS AND
AND Introduction to Structural Analysis TYPES OF STRUCTURES LOADS INTRODUCTION What is the role of structural analysis in structural engineering projects? Structural engineering is the science and art
More informationESECMASE - SHEAR TEST METHOD FOR MASONRY WALLS WITH REALISTIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
ESECMASE - SHEAR TEST METHOD FOR MASONRY WALLS WITH REALISTIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS E. FEHLING Professor of Civil Engineering Institute of Structural Engineering Chair of Structural Concrete University of
More informationApplication Florea Dinu
Application Florea Dinu European Erasmus Mundus Master Course Sustainable Constructions under Natural 520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC Objective: Application of «simple» method: Indirect method: tying
More informationIntegrity of Compartmentation in Buildings During a Fire. Tom Lennon 30 th September 2004, BRE, Garston
Integrity of Compartmentation in Buildings During a Fire Tom Lennon 3 th September 24, BRE, Garston Background Review of Approved Document B Use of structural fire engineering New forms of construction
More informationShort Term Scientific Mission to the University of Sheffield. Scientific Report of Dr. Sébastien Durif
Short Term Scientific Mission to the University of Sheffield Scientific Report of Dr. Sébastien Durif Objectives: This short scientific mission of 2 weeks (from 06/04 to 20/04) in the University of Sheffield
More informationBEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN FIRE
BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN FIRE ZHAOHUI HUANG, IAN W. BURGESS and ROGER J. PLANK 3 ABSTRACT In the past two decades, a significant amount of research has been conducted into the performance
More informationHIGH-TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS ON JOINT COMPONENT BEHAVIOUR
HIGH-TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS ON JOINT COMPONENT BEHAVIOUR F. M. Block 1, I. W. Burgess 1, J. B. Davison 1 and R. J. Plank 2 1 Department of Structural and Civil Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield,
More informationNON-LINEAR MODELLING OF THREE FULL-SCALE STRUCTURAL FIRE TESTS
NON-LINEAR MODELLING OF THREE FULL-SCALE STRUCTURAL FIRE TESTS by Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J. Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, S 3JD, UK. School of Architectural
More informationStructural failure and the Twin Towers. Dr Barbara Lane CEng
Structural failure and the Twin Towers Dr Barbara Lane CEng What lessons from the WTC event apply to other more typical building forms? Everyone loves a good conspiracy theory.. Is there any scientific
More informationThis document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore.
This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Title Membrane actions of RC slabs in mitigating progressive collapse of building structures Author(s) Tan,
More informationTHE BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHTWEIGHT COMPOSITE FLOOR TRUSSES IN FIRE
THE BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHTWEIGHT COMPOSITE FLOOR TRUSSES IN FIRE S.K. Choi, I.W. Burgess Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK R.J. Plank School of Architecture,
More informationANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE FLOORS WITH DIFFERENT FIRE PROTECTION REGIMES SUBJECT TO COMPARTMENT FIRES
ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE FLOORS WITH DIFFERENT FIRE PROTECTION REGIMES SUBJECT TO COMPARTMENT FIRES Zhaohui Huang, Ian W. Burgess, Roger J. Plank Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, University of
More informationThis is a repository copy of A structural fire engineering prediction for the Veselí fire tests, 2011.
This is a repository copy of A structural fire engineering prediction for the Veselí fire tests, 2011. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/79210/ Version: Published
More informationFIRE PERFORMANCE OF AN UNPROTECTED COMPOSITE BEAM Behavior with finite beam end restraints, rebar size and locations
Application of Structural Fire Engineering, 19-20 April 2013, Prague, Czech Republic FIRE PERFORMANCE OF AN UNPROTECTED COMPOSITE BEAM Behavior with finite beam end restraints, rebar size and locations
More informationEffect of U-Turn in Reinforced Concrete Dog-Legged Stair Slabs
Effect of U-Turn in Reinforced Concrete Dog-Legged Stair Slabs Abdul Baqi and Zaid Mohammad Abstract Reinforced concrete stair slabs with mid s i.e. Dog-legged shaped are conventionally designed as per
More informationLESSONS FROM A FULL SCALE FIRE TEST
LESSONS FROM A FULL SCALE FIRE TEST B.A. Izzuddin 1 and D.B. Moore 2 ABSTRACT This paper draws together some important lessons from a compartment fire test conducted by BRE in the full-scale eight storey
More informationTHE MECHANICS OF TENSILE MEMBRANE ACTION IN COMPOSITE SLABS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
THE MECHANICS OF TENSILE MEMBRANE ACTION IN COMPOSITE SLABS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES A. Alskeif, I.W. Burgess and S.-S. Huang Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK Abstract
More informationThe Chinese Performance-based Code for Fire-resistance of Steel Structures
ctbuh.org/papers Title: Authors: Subject: Keywords: The Chinese Performance-based Code for Fire-resistance of Steel Structures Chao Zhang, Tongji University Chao Zhang, Tongji University Fire & Safety
More informationYield Lines and Tensile Membrane Action - a New Look. Ian Burgess University of Sheffield
Yield Lines and Tensile Membrane Action - a New Look Ian Burgess University of Sheffield Why did TMA become an issue? Cardington Max beam temperature ~1150 C cf. Code critical temperature ~ 680 C BRE Membrane
More informationThis is a repository copy of An alternative simplified model of tensile membrane action of slabs in fire.
This is a repository copy of An alternative simplified model of tensile membrane action of slabs in fire. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/77933/ Version: Published
More informationResearch Project. concrete footings taking into account the soil structure interaction
Research Project Development of an advanced design model for the punching behaviour of reinforced concrete footings taking into account the soil structure interaction Author: Dipl.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.Ing.
More informationFIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE SLABS ACTING IN COMPRESSIVE MEMBRANE ACTION
IFireSS 2017 2 nd International Fire Safety Symposium Naples, Italy, June 7-9, 2017 FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE SLABS ACTING IN COMPRESSIVE MEMBRANE ACTION Tom Molkens 1 Thomas Gernay 2 Robby Caspeele
More informationCouncil on Tall Buildings. and Urban Habitat BACKGROUND SECTION STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL STEEL PLATE COMPOSITE SHEAR WALL
BACKGROUND CATALOG SECTION STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL STEEL PLATE COMPOSITE SHEAR WALL STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL CONCLUSION BACKGROUND With the rapid development of our economy and advancement of
More informationCouncil on Tall Buildings
Structure Design of Sino Steel (Tianjin) International Plaza Xueyi Fu, Group Chief Engineer, China Construction Design International 1 1 Brief of Project 2 Location: Tianjin Xiangluowan Business District
More informationBS EN :2004 EN :2004 (E)
Contents List 1. General 1.1 Scope 1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 2 1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 2 1.2 Normative references 1.2.1 General reference standards 1.2.2 Other reference standards 1.3 Assumptions
More informationPart 3: Mechanical response Part 3: Mechanical response
DIFSEK Part 3: Mechanical response Part 3: Mechanical response 0 Resistance to fire - Chain of events Θ Loads 1: Ignition time Steel columns 2: Thermal action 3: Mechanical actions R 4: Thermal response
More informationSteel-Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Pavements
Concrete Communication Conference 1-2 September 2008, University of Liverpool Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Pavements Naeimeh Jafarifar, Kypros Pilakoutas, Kyriacos Neocleous Department of Civil and
More informationBEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS UNDER FIRE CONDITIONS
BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS UNDER FIRE CONDITIONS M. M. Florides & K. A. Cashell Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Brunel University, London, UK E-mails: Marios.Florides@brunel.ac.uk,
More informationBehavior of Structures in Fire and Real Design A Case Study
Behavior of Structures in Fire and Real Design A Case Study S. LAMONT* AND BARBARA LANE Arup Fire, Ove Arup and Partners 13 Fitzroy Street, London, W1T 4BQ United Kingdom GRAEME FLINT AND ASIF USMANI The
More informationThe need to design for robustness in fire. Ian Burgess
The need to design for robustness in fire Ian Burgess Robustness a working definition The ability of a structure to avoid disproportionate collapse when subject to a localised failure Hence: Only structural
More informationIntroduction to Earthquake Engineering Behaviour of structures under earthquakes
Introduction to Earthquake Engineering Behaviour of structures under earthquakes Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka Stand: September 2013 Conventional rc-frame structure under Kobe earthquake 2 Non-linear cyclic
More informationImproving the Seismic Response of a Reinforced Concrete Building Using Buckling Restrained Braces
Bauhaus Summer School in Forecast Engineering: From Past Design to Future Decision 22 August 2 September 2016, Weimar, Germany Improving the Seismic Response of a Reinforced Concrete Building Using Buckling
More informationBritish Steel Fire Test3: Reference ABAQUS model using grillage representation for slab. Research Report
PIT Project Behaviour of steel framed structures under fire conditions British Steel Fire Test3: Reference ABAQUS model using grillage representation for slab Research Report Report R00-MD10 Abdel Moniem
More informationFIRE RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT OF PARTIALLY PROTECTED COMPOSITE FLOORS (FRACOF) DESIGN GUIDE
FIRE RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT OF PARTIALLY PROTECTED COMPOSITE FLOORS (FRACOF) DESIGN GUIDE FOREWORD FIRE RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT OF PARTIALLY PROTECTED COMPOSITE FLOORS (FRACOF) ii Contents FOREWORD SUMMARY
More informationTensile Membrane Action of Composite Slabs in Fire. Are the current methods really OK? Ian Burgess University of Sheffield, UK
Tensile Membrane Action of Composite Slabs in Fire Are the current methods reall OK? Ian Burgess Universit of Sheffield, UK Cardington Max beam temperature ~1150 C cf. Code critical temperature ~ 680 C
More informationThe fire behaviour of multi-bay, two-way reinforced concrete slabs
The fire behaviour of multi-bay, two-way reinforced concrete slabs P.J. Moss a,1, R.P. Dhakal a, G. Wang b & A.H. Buchanan a a Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800,
More informationFRA COF. Design Guide. O. Vassart B. Zhao. Fire Resistance Assessment of Partially Protected Composite Floors
Education and Culture DG Lifelong Learning Programme LEONARDO DA VINCI FRA COF Fire Resistance Assessment of Partially Protected Composite Floors Design Guide O. Vassart B. Zhao FOREWORD FIRE RESISTANCE
More informationScientific Seminar Design of Steel and Timber Structures SPbU, May 21, 2015
Riga Technical University Institute of Structural Engineering and Reconstruction Scientific Seminar The research leading to these results has received the funding from Latvia state research programme under
More informationENR202 Mechanics of Materials Lecture 1A Slides and Notes
Slide 1 Copyright Notice Do not remove this notice. COMMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been produced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University
More informationSTRUCTURAL FIRE ENGINEERING ASSESSMENTS OF THE FRACOF AND MOKRSKO FIRE TESTS An Engineering Prediction
Application of Structural Fire Engineering, 19-2 February 29, Prague, Czech Republic STRUCTURAL FIRE ENGINEERING ASSESSMENTS OF THE FRACOF AND MOKRSKO FIRE TESTS An Engineering Prediction Anthony K. Abu
More informationSimplified Finite Element Modelling of Multi-storey Buildings: The Use of Equivalent Cubes
Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering (8) 28 Simplified Finite Element ling of Multi-storey Buildings: The Use of Equivalent Cubes B. Li, C. F. Duffield & G. L. Hutchinson University of Melbourne,
More informationVertical Incremental Dynamic Analysis for Assessing Progressive Collapse Resistance and Failure Modes of Structures
The 4th International Workshop on Reliable Engineering Computing (REC 2010) Vertical Incremental Dynamic Analysis for Assessing Progressive Collapse Resistance and Failure Modes of Structures Dagang Lu,
More informationAnalysis of Shear Wall Transfer Beam Structure LEI KA HOU
Analysis of Shear Wall Transfer Beam Structure by LEI KA HOU Final Year Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 2013-2014
More informationEquilibrium. Of a Rigid Body
Equilibrium Of a Rigid Body 1 Objectives 1. To develop the equations of equilibrium for a rigid body. 2. To introduce the concept of the free-body diagram for a rigid body. 3. To show how to solve rigid
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF CONNECTIONS ON THE ROBUSTNESS OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES IN FIRE
THE INFLUENCE OF CONNECTIONS ON THE ROBUSTNESS OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES IN FIRE I. W. Burgess Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK ABSTRACT Connections
More informationThe University of Sheffield and
The University of Sheffield and Buro Happold Specialist Consulting STRUCTURAL FIRE ENGINEERING ASSESSMENTS OF THE MOKRSKO FIRE TESTS An Engineering Prediction Anthony Abu, Berenice Wong, Florian Block
More informationBOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF SHEAR WALLS IN MULTI-STOREY MASONRY STRUCTURES UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADINGS
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF SHEAR WALLS IN MULTI-STOREY MASONRY STRUCTURES UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADINGS K. ZILCH Professor, Institute of Building Materials and Structures Chair of Concrete Structures Technische
More informationInsights into the behavior of structures in fire and the implication on practice
HKIE Fire Division 9 th Annual Symposium 2017 Insights into the behavior of structures in fire and the implication on practice Asif Usmani Department of Building Services Engineering, Faculty of Construction
More informationAlexis Pacella Structural Option Dr. Schneider Lexington II, Washington D.C. Technical Report #3 November 21,
1 Executive Summary: Lateral System Analysis and Confirmation Design is an depth look at the lateral system of Lexington II and the loads of which it must carry. The structural system of Lexington II is
More informationSEISMIC RESPONSE OF A MID RISE RCC BUILDING WITH SOFT STOREY AT GROUND FLOOR
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF A MID RISE RCC BUILDING WITH SOFT STOREY AT GROUND FLOOR 1 DHARMESH VIJAYWARGIYA, 2 Dr. ABHAY SHARMA, 3 Dr. VIVEK GARG 1 Post Graduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, MANIT,
More informationOptimum Dimensions of Suspension Bridges Considering Natural Period
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 6, Issue 4 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 67-76 Optimum Dimensions of Suspension Bridges Considering Natural
More information5.4 Analysis for Torsion
5.4 Analysis for Torsion This section covers the following topics. Stresses in an Uncracked Beam Crack Pattern Under Pure Torsion Components of Resistance for Pure Torsion Modes of Failure Effect of Prestressing
More informationBasic quantities of earthquake engineering. Strength Stiffness - Ductility
Basic quantities of earthquake engineering Strength Stiffness - Ductility 1 Stength is the ability to withstand applied forces. For example a concrete element is weak in tension but strong in compression.
More informationMechanical response of local rapid cooling by spray water on constrained steel frame structure at high temperature in fire
MATEC Web of Conferences 35, 17 ( 215) DOI: 1.151/ matecconf/ 215351 7 C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 215 Mechanical response of local rapid cooling by spray water on constrained steel
More informationeight plates and grids APPLIED ACHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: DR. ANNE NICHOLS SPRING 2018 lecture STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS ARCH 631
APPLIED ACHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS DR. ANNE NICHOLS SPRING 2018 lecture eight plates and grids Plates & Grids 1 http://nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Term Project Plates & Grids
More informationTHE APPLICATION OF ADVANCED FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
THE APPLICATION OF ADVANCED FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN Linus Lim 1*, Martin Feeney 2 1 Holmes Fire, Level 2, 414 Kent St, Sydney, NSW, Australia *Email: Linus.Lim@holmesfire.com
More informationA Simplistic or Holistic Approach to Structural Fire Engineering?
ctbuh.org/papers Title: Author: Subjects: Keywords: A Simplistic or Holistic Approach to Structural Fire Engineering? Colin Bailey, Professor, University of Manchester Fire & Safety Structural Engineering
More informationSIMPLIFIED ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL TEMPERATURES OF PORTAL FRAMES IN FIRE
SIMPLIFIED ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL TEMPERATURES OF PORTAL FRAMES IN FIRE by S.Y. Wong 1, I.W. Burgess 1 and R.J. Plank 2 1 Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK. 2 School
More informationPERFORMANCE-BASED SIMPLIFIED MODEL FOR A STEEL BEAM AT LARGE DEFLECTION IN FIRE.
PERFORMANCE-BASED SIMPLIFIED MODEL FOR A SEEL BEAM A LARGE DEFLECION IN FIRE. A.M. Allam 1, I.W. Burgess 2, R.J. Plank 3 1 Arup Fire, Ove Arup & Partners, LS9 8EE, U 2 Department of Civil and Structural
More informationModelling of RC moment resisting frames with precast-prestressed flooring system
Modelling of RC moment resisting frames with precast-prestressed flooring system B.H.H. Peng, R.P. Dhakal, R.C. Fenwick & A.J. Carr Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch.
More informationCADS A3D MAX. How to model shear walls
CADS A3D MAX How to model shear walls Modelling shear walls in A3D MAX Introduction and synopsis This paper explains how to model shear walls in A3D MAX using the `wide column rigid arm sub-frame described
More informationeight plates and grids Plates, Slabs & Grids Plates, Slabs & Grids Term Project plates horizontal plane, rigid slabs thin, flat, rigid
APPLIED ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS DR. ANNE NICHOLS SPRING 2018 Term Project lecture eight plates and grids Plates & Grids 1 Lecture 8 Applied Architectural Structures F2009abn
More informationLevel 6 Graduate Diploma in Engineering Structural analysis
9210-111 Level 6 Graduate Diploma in Engineering Structural analysis Sample Paper You should have the following for this examination one answer book non-programmable calculator pen, pencil, ruler, drawing
More informationEARTHQUAKE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF BUILDINGS. By Ir. Heng Tang Hai
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF BUILDINGS By Ir. Heng Tang Hai SYPNOSIS 1. Earthquake-Induced Motions 2. Building Configurations 3. Effectiveness Of Shear Walls 4. Enhancement Of Ductility In Buildings
More informationThe Effects of Protected Beams and Their Connections on the Fire Resistance of Composite Buildings
The Effects of Protected Beams and Their Connections on the Fire Resistance of Composite Buildings Shuyuan Lin 1, Zhaohui Huang 2*, Mizi Fan 3 Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering,
More informationDESIGN OF LYING STUDS WITH LONGITUDINAL SHEAR FORCE
DESIGN OF LYING STUDS WITH LONGITUDINAL SHEAR FORCE Ulrich Breuninger Structural Engineers Weischede, Herrmann und Partner, Germany Abstract Innovative composite cross sections lead to an unusual positioning
More informationNON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL WITH LARGE RECTANGULAR OPENING
NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL WITH LARGE RECTANGULAR OPENING Ardeshir DEYLAMI 1 And Hossein DAFTARI 2 SUMMARY Steel plate shear walls have been used more and more in the steel structures
More informationAnalysis of a Multi-Tower Frame Structure connected at different levels using ETABS
Analysis of a Multi-Tower Frame Structure connected at different levels using ETABS RISHABH SISODIA 1, N. Tej Kiran 2, K. Sai Sekhar Reddy 3 1Student, Dept. of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
More informationDevelopment of wood based sustainable construction methods for high-rise buildings under lateral loading
Development of wood based sustainable construction methods for high-rise buildings under lateral loading Prof. DDI Wolfgang Winter * Dr. DI Kamyar Tavoussi ** Dr. DI Alireza Fadai *** Tamir Pixner MSc
More informationInteraction between ductile RC perimeter frames and floor slabs containing precast units
Interaction between ductile RC perimeter frames and floor slabs containing precast units R. C Fenwick,. J. Davidson and D.. N. Lau Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of uckland.
More informationFire Resistance of Composite Beams Composed of Rolled Steel Profile Concreted Between Flanges
Fire Science and Technorogy Vol.23 No.3(2004) 192-208 192 Fire Resistance of Composite Beams Composed of Rolled Steel Profile Concreted Between Flanges Akio Kodaira 1, Hideo Fujinaka 2, Hirokazu Ohashi
More informationStructural Characteristics of New Composite Girder Bridge Using Rolled Steel H-Section
Proc. Schl. Eng. Tokai Tokai Univ., Univ., Ser. ESer. E 41 (2016) (2016) - 31-37 Structural Characteristics of New Composite Girder Bridge Using Rolled Steel H-Section by Mohammad Hamid ELMY *1 and Shunichi
More informationKeywords: Fire engineering, design fires, structural response, thermal expansion, performance based design, prescriptive design, approvals process.
Structural Behaviour in Fire and Real Design Dr S. Lamont, Dr Barbara Lane Arup Fire, Ove Arup and Partners, 13 Fitzroy Street, London, W1T 4BQ. United Kingdom. Mr Graeme Flint, Dr Asif Usmani, The University
More informationSTRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FIRE TEST
STRUCTURAL ITEGRITY FIRE TEST Wald, F. a, Simões da Silva, L. b, Moore, D.B. c, Lennon T. c a Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic b University of Coimbra, Portugal c Building Research
More informationS. Gandhi *1, Syed Rizwan 2
2017 IJSRSET Volume 3 Issue 3 Print ISSN: 2395-1990 Online ISSN : 2394-4099 Themed Section: Engineering and Technology Analysis and Design of Tall Building (G+21) Using ETABS S. Gandhi *1, Syed Rizwan
More informationEffect of Diaphragm Openings in Multi-storeyed RC framed buildings using Pushover analysis
Effect of Diaphragm Openings in Multi-storeyed RC framed buildings using Pushover analysis P.P. Vinod Kumar 1, Dr. V.D. Gundakalle 2 1 M.Tech Student, Civil Engineering, KLEMSSCET - Belagavi, Karnataka,
More informationSteel reinforced timber structures for multi storey buildings
Steel reinforced timber structures for multi storey buildings Kamyar Tavoussi 1, Wolfgang Winter 2, Tamir Pixner 3, Michael Kist 4 ABSTRACT: For modern multi-storey buildings timber-steel-hybrid elements
More informationCHAPTER 4 PUNCHING SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE TWO WAY SLABS
103 CHAPTER 4 4.1 GENERAL PUNCHING SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE TWO WAY SLABS The problem of punching shear in reinforced concrete slabs under a concentrated load or around a column has
More informationcomposite elements, lateral loads, strain analysis, behavior Composite steel concrete elements made by steel and concrete are used in world wide almos
V. Stoian *1, D. Dan 1, A. Fabian 1 Rezumat 唗 ţ ᗷ唷 唗 z z ţ z 唗 z ţ z ţ ţ z ţ 唗 ţ ţ 唗 唗 ţ z ţ ţ I ţ z ţ â ᗷ唷 ţ 唗ţ ᗷ唷 ᗷ唷 唗 ţ z ţ ţ ᗷ唷 ţ Ş ţ ᗷ唷 z ᗷ唷 ţ 唗 z 唗 ţ 唗 唗 唗 ᗷ唷 z z ţ ţ ᗷ唷 唗 ᗷ唷 z ţ 唗 唗 ţ z ţ ţ 唗 *
More informationIntroduction. Structures may be classified on the basis of materials used for construction, as follows: Steel structures. Aluminium structures
Steel Structures 1 Introduction Structures may be classified on the basis of materials used for construction, as follows: Steel structures Aluminium structures Concrete structures Composite structures
More informationSabah Shawkat Cabinet of Structural Engineering 2017
3.1-1 Continuous beams Every building, whether it is large or small, must have a structural system capable of carrying all kinds of loads - vertical, horizontal, temperature, etc. In principle, the entire
More informationOverview of Presentation. SCBFs are Conceptually Truss Structures
Ultimate Strength and Inelastic Behavior of Braced Frame Gusset Plate Connections Charles W. Roeder University of Washington Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Seattle, WA 98195 Structural
More informationA Finite Element Approach to Reinforced Concrete Slab Design in GT STRUDL
A Finite Element Approach to Reinforced Concrete Slab Design in GT STRUDL James Deaton and Dr. Kenneth M. Will 2006 GT STRUDL Users Group Meeting 23 June 2006 1 Introduction Background and Motivation The
More informationApplication of Fiber Model for Progressive Collapse Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames *
Application of Fiber Model for Progressive Collapse Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames * Xinzheng Lu, Yi Li, Lieping Ye and Yi Liang Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,
More informationCOST ACTION TU0601 Robustness of Structures Workshop Coimbra 02./03. March 2009
COST ACTION TU0601 Robustness of Structures Workshop Coimbra 02./03. March 2009 Ductility of connections - a measure to improve redundancy Redundancy within the structural system by alternate load paths
More informationIJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 5, Issue 06, 2017 ISSN (online):
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 5, Issue 06, 2017 ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Comprehensive Study on Sequence of Construction and its Effect on RC Buildings with Floating
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0. GENERAL Modern civilization relies upon the continuing performance of civil engineering infrastructure ranging from industrial building to power station and bridges. For the
More informationEXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLEXIBLE END PLATE CONNECTIONS IN FIRE
EUROSTEEL 2008, 3-5 September 2008, Graz, Austria EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLEXIBLE END PLATE CONNECTIONS IN FIRE Ying Hu a, Buick Davison a, Ian Burgess a, Roger Plank b a Department of Civil and Structural
More informationCHAPTER 1. Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Introduction In the past it was common practice to teach structural analysis and stress analysis, or theory of structures and strength of materials as they were frequently known, as two separate
More informationfifteen design for lateral loads Lateral Load Resistance Load Direction Lateral Load Resistance
APPLIED ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS DR. ANNE NICHOLS FALL 2013 lecture fifteen design for lateral loads Lateral Load Resistance stability important for any height basic mechanisms
More informationBEHAVIOUR OF PRE-FIRE AND POST-FIRE PERFORMANCE OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SRC COLUMNS AND JOINT
BEHAVIOUR OF PRE-FIRE AND POST-FIRE PERFORMANCE OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SRC COLUMNS AND JOINT Kiron Ravi 1, Ashamol Issac 2 1P.G.Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Cochin Institute of Science &
More information