INVESTIGATIONS OF GYPSUM BOARDS WITH REGARD TO THE MOISTURE-BUFFERING-EFFECTS

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1 INVESTIGATIONS OF GYPSUM BOARDS WITH REGARD TO THE MOISTURE-BUFFERING-EFFECTS Kristin Lengsfeld, Andreas Holm, and Martin Krus Department of Indoor Environment and Climate Impacts, Fraunhofer-Institute of Building Physics, Holzkirchen, Germany ABSTRACT It is of significant importance that heat, humidity and air contents are well balanced in buildings, as an imbalance of these factors may have a decisive effect on the construction as well as on the residents, for example damage to the building structure, decrease of thermal comfort and increase of energy consumption. Relative humidity, generated within the construction or in the interior of a building, is of special importance. In recent times there is an increase in discussion and investigation on the influence of humidity absorbing or desorbing surface layers in rooms. The focus is the influence of different materials on the fluctuation of relative humidity in case of humidity peaks. In the course of investigations, carried out at the Fraunhofer-Institute of Building Physics in Holzkirchen, the effect of the moisture buffering effect of gypsum plaster and gypsum boards was investigated under real conditions. This paper intends to describe the investigations and interpret the results. KEYWORD Moisture-buffering, experimental investigations, IEA-Annex 4 INTRODUCTION Appropriate indoor climatic conditions are important for human beings as well as to avoid the growth of mould. The humidity plays an important part in both cases. As concerns the thermal comfort and the temperature conditions in rooms are frequently discussed, but to achieve thermal comfort in interiors it is also important to take relative humidity into consideration. In this context, there are discussions on the influence of high moisture, which may cause mould growth and which can have a negative influence on health. Yet, if humidity is too low, this can also have health risks, for example cause dry mucosa or dry eyes. In the course of the following investigations it is intended to consider the materials with regard to the moisture buffering effect under real conditions. The materials have different moisture retention properties. The moisture buffering properties of materials have the effect that in case of humidity peaks (caused for example by taking showers, cooking or washing), humidity is absorbed by the materials, and in periods, when less humidity is generated, is emitted to the ambient air. Consequently and due to this behaviour, there are less variations in indoor relative humidity than before. To provide ways for avoid the risk of damage in buildings caused by humidity, investigations are carried out on the moisture buffering effect of different materials. There are variations in the buffering behaviour according to the respective material. The buffering effect is dependent on the interaction of sorption capacity and diffusion openness of the material, whereby the characteristic of hysteresis between adsorption and desorption may has an important influence. In order to investigate the correlation between indoor air and the surface materials of the walls, tests were carried out in two identical rooms. This allows a direct comparison of the influence of the respective materials. The different variations and results of the materials with gypsum boards with and without painting in the test room are described in this work. Corresponding Author: Tel: + 49 () , Fax: + 49 () address: kristin.lengsfeld@ibp.fraunhofer.de

2 METHOD OF EXPERIMENTS Test and experimental setup The two test rooms are identical and situated in a test building, erected in the 98s, with west-east direction, whereby the two rooms are located at the south side of the building. The ground plan of both rooms is shown in Figure. The external walls of the rooms are constructed of 4 cm bricks and cm Polystyrene external insulation, the U-value of the walls is.3 W/m²K. On the south side, one window for each room is integrated in the wall with a U-value of. W/m²K and a total solar energy transmittance of.6. The internal walls to the adjacent rooms are thermal decoupled. For this reason, the test rooms are not influenced by the boundary conditions of the environment in the building (Künzel et al. 4). Reference room Test room Passage N Figure. Ground plan of the two test rooms (Künzel et al. 4). In the following the left room is defined as reference room, which has a traditional internal painted gypsum plaster as wall and ceiling surface. The test room is identical to the reference room as regard to geometry and dimensions. The difference in comparison to the reference room is that the wall and ceiling surfaces are covered with aluminium foil to prevent the sorption of the surfaces. The floor in both rooms is covered with a PVC floor covering, which is also supposed as inert from the hygrothermal point of view. The volume of each room is approx. 5 m³ and the total surface of the room (without floor, window and door) is approx. 67 m². The indoor air temperature of the test rooms is controlled at C constantly. An essential influence may have the air change due to infiltration via joints or other leakage. The natural air change rate was reduced in both rooms by masking surface defects. The air change rate was determined in both rooms by the Blower Door measurement method. The air change rates are related to pressure differences of 4 Pa and the result for the reference room is n =.4 h - and for the test room is n =.3 h -. A ventilation system is installed in both rooms providing a constant air change. (According to DIN 48- (DIN 48-3), the minimum air change must be n =.5 h - in case of mechanical ventilation of the rooms). The air change rates during operation of the ventilation system were determined by tracer gas measurements. The air change rate for the reference room is n =.63 h - and for the test room is n =.66 h -. To achieve a realistic assessment of the course of relative humidity with regard to the moisture buffering effect, a humidity amount of.4 kg is brought into each room per day, which simulates the equivalent amount for a household of three persons (Hartmann ). To differentiate short- and long-term moisture buffering of surrounding surfaces, a practically orientated daily repeated moisture production cycle is chosen, whose peaks show a short but high intensity in the morning and a larger but moderate intensity in the evening. Thus, the moisture profile (Ellinger 4) (Figure ) shows two peaks, one in the morning from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. and in the afternoon from 4 p.m. until p.m. These peaks simulate taking showers, washing, cooking and the presence of human beings. The moisture is generated according to the profile which is shown in Figure by using ultrasonic evaporators controlled by a clock timer.

3 To record room climatic conditions, temperature and humidity sensors are installed in the test rooms. The temperature of the wall surfaces, temperature layering in the middle of the rooms as well as relative humidity in the rooms are determined. The energy consumption of the heating system is measured by a power meter. The temperature and humidity in the centre of the room is considered for the evaluation of the tests in the following. Measured data are constantly recorded by means in the IMEDAS data acquisition system, are stored in a data base and then evaluated. Figure. Course of the daily humidity generation in the two test rooms (Ellinger 4). Experimental Investigations Before being integrated in the test room, the material to be tested is pre-conditioned to assure a defined initial state for the tests. The gypsum boards are stored at C and 5 % relative humidity over a period of several weeks. The sequence of the experiments carried out is listed in Table. The first measurement sequence in an empty test room, i.e. with aluminium foil and ceiling, serves as reference. Then, the untreated gypsum boards are first installed and later and the ceiling. In addition, tests are carried out with painted gypsum boards. Table List of the individual steps of testing variation material in the test room projected area [m²] step aluminium foil - walls and ceiling 67 step gypsum boards - walls 45 step 3 gypsum boards - walls and ceiling 67 step 4 painted gypsum boards - walls 45 reference room (parallel to step -4) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION painted internal (gypsum) plaster - walls and ceiling In the following experiments, different variations of gypsum boards are integrated in the test room and their influence on the humidity in the room is determined respectively by comparing the situation to the reference room (with painted internal gypsum plaster). 67 Step During the first step, the conditions in the test room are determined by covering the enclosure surfaces only with aluminium foil and ceiling. Due to the lacking sorption property, the indoor air change rate can be easily calculated and calculation can be easily checked. This controlling step serves as a verification of presumed boundary parameters such as air change rate and prevention of sorption effects. The correlation of the measurements and calculations can be confirmed by a air change rate of n =.66 h - through the ventilation system.

4 The focus of the investigations is the moisture buffering effect of different materials. To allow comparable statements, the measurement results of the tests in the reference room are compared to those of the test room in the following. Figure 3 shows the courses of relative humidity in both rooms. This test demonstrates the moisture buffering capacity of a in comparison to a room without sorptive surfaces. The increase of relative humidity in periods of high moisture production is lower in the reference as in the test room. The effect of the buffering effect is also obvious. In periods of a low moisture production the relative humidity is slightly higher in the reference room than in the test room. During these phases, the absorbed humidity is emitted by the gypsum plaster to the environment in the room causing an increase of the relative humidity. To assess the quantity of the buffering behaviour, humidity amplitudes, i.e. the increase in humidity during humidification in the morning and in the afternoon, are determined. The method is described in Figure 3. The first amplitude indicates the increase in relative humidity between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. In this period, the amount of 4 g/h of water is brought into the room. The amplitude in the afternoon is determined by measurements between 4 p.m. (initial value) and p.m. (final value) with a moisture production of g/h. Due to the influence of the boundary conditions of the outdoor climate, the amplitudes may change slightly from one day to another. As was expected, the short-term but intensive moisture production in the morning results in a stronger change of indoor air humidity than the long-term but only half as the intensive moisture production in the evening. Relative humidity [%] aluminium 3 Jan 4 Jan 5 Jan 6 Jan 7 Jan 8 Jan 9 Jan 3 Jan 3 Jan Time [d] Figure 3. Course of relative humidity in the reference room with in comparison to the test room with aluminium foil and ceiling within the period of January 3 to 3. : Humidity peak from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. : Humidity peak from 4 p.m. to p.m. RH amplitude difference [%] aluminium RH amplitude ratio [-],,5,,5 aluminium, 6-8 am 4 - pm 6-8 am 4 - pm Figure 4. left: Mean humidity amplitude of a 9-day experimental period. right: Standardized humidity amplitudes.

5 In order to make it easier to compare the individual investigation steps, the two mean daily humidity amplitudes are determined over the total measurement period and the values of the reference room are standardized. This standardization allows an easy comparison of several test series. In Figure 4 on the left, the mean humidity amplitudes of step are shown and the related standardized amplitudes on the right. The amplitude heights clearly show that the average humidity amplitudes in the morning and in the evening are about % higher in the test room than in the reference room with sorptive enclosure surfaces. Step During the second phase of experiments, approx. 45 m² untreated gypsum boards are installed on the walls of the test room. The gypsum boards are covered on the backside with vapour-tight aluminium foil to assure that the sorption of the material may only occur through the surface on the side towards the interior of the room. The courses of the indoor air humidity in the test rooms are shown in Figure 5 over a measurement period of six days. These courses show that the untreated gypsum boards in the test room cause a remarkable reduction of the moisture peaks in comparison to the reference room. Figure 6 shows the mean value of the. A surface of approx. 45 m² of unpainted gypsum boards reduces the humidity peaks in the morning by approx. 35 % and in the evening by approx. 5 % in comparison to. Relative humidity [%] gypsum boards 5 Feb 6 Feb 7 Feb 8 Feb 9 Feb Feb Feb Time [d] Figure 5. Course of relative humidity in both test rooms in the period from February 6 to 4. Approx. 45 m² of gypsum boards are installed in the test room. RH amplitude difference [%] gypsum boards RH amplitude ratio [-],,5,,5 gypsum boards, 6-8 am 4 - pm 6-8 am 4 - pm Figure 6. left: Mean humidity amplitudes of a 6-day test period of the investigations with gypsum boards of the test room. right: Standardized humidity amplitudes.

6 Step 3 A direct comparison of the moisture buffering effect in relation to the same sorptive surface of the materials (walls and ceiling) is done in step 3. This test is carried out by installing further gypsum boards on the ceiling in addition to the wall surfaces in the test room. Relative humidity [%] gypsum boards and on the ceiling Apr Apr 3 Apr 4 Apr 5 Apr 6 Apr 7 Apr Time [d] Figure 7. Course of relative humidity in both test rooms over a period from April to 7. Approx. 67 m² of gypsum boards are installed in the test room. Figure 7 shows the courses of relative humidity in the two test rooms. The buffering effect of the gypsum boards is higher in this test than in step, due to the greater sorptive surface in the test room. Figure 8 shows on the left the mean humidity amplitudes for the measurement period from April to 7. Figure 8 on the right shows the standardized amplitude heights. The greater sorptive surface in the test room intensifies the buffering effect in comparison to the reference room. The humidity peak in the morning is reduced by approx. 4 % and in the afternoon by approx. 35 % in comparison to the painted gypsum plaster. Betrag der rel. Feuchtedifferenz [%] gypsum boards on the walls and on the ceiling 6-8 am 4 - pm Verhältnis der rel. Feuchtedifferenz,,5,,5, gypsum boards on the walls and on the ceiling 6-8 am 4 - pm Figure 8. left: Mean humidity amplitudes of the 6-day test period of investigations with gypsum boards and ceiling in the test room. right: Standardized humidity amplitudes. Step 4 As in most cases interior walls are covered by paints, the following test was carried out with painted gypsum boards. The boards are painted with a primer and an acrylic coat. The coating system has a sd-value of.34 m. The amplitude heights of both rooms are shown in Figure 9. The moisture buffering effect of the painted gypsum boards almost correlates with the gypsum plaster with a painting which has a sd-value of.5 m. But the average standardized amplitude height (Figure 9) of both humidity peaks show that buffering in the test room despite a coating system with sd-value of.34 m and a sorptive

7 surface only is approx. % higher than in the reference room with a painted (sd-value of the coating.5m) gypsum plaster and the ceiling. RH amplitude difference [%] painted gypsum boards RH amplitude ratio [-],,5,,5 painted gypsum boards 6-8 am 4 - pm, 6-8 am 4 - pm Figure 9. left: Mean humidity amplitude of a 5-day test period of investigations with painted gypsum boards in the test room. right: Standardized humidity amplitudes. Comparison of the individual investigations The reduction of the humidity-generated changes of indoor air humidity in the test room in relation to the situation in the reference room with gypsum plaster is a measure for the moisture buffering effect of the materials which are installed in the test room. As the uncovered test room does almost have no hygroscopic moisture buffering capacity, the humidity amplitudes are higher there than in the gypsum-plastered reference room. All investigated coverings have in common that they have a higher moisture buffering capacity than the painted internal plaster, even if the installed test surface is smaller than in the reference room. The influence of the area of a sorptive surface is made obvious by the humidity amplitudes of the two variations with unpainted gypsum boards. An interesting effect occurs, when comparing the results of the painted with those of the unpainted gypsum boards. As was to be expected, the moisture buffering effect is clearly reduced by the diffusion resistance of the coating. This is, however, more significant in case of a short-term and high moisture load than in case of a long-term and lower moisture load. As concerns the painted gypsum boards, a higher reduction of the amplitude (right bar of Figure ) can be observed with the moisture load in the afternoon in comparison to the reference room than with the moisture load in the morning (left bar of Figure ) and vice versa concerning the untreated gypsum boards. And the moisture buffering effect of the painted gypsum board, with a acrylic paint with a higher sd-value as the paint of the gypsum plaster in the reference room, is higher than in the reference room with more sorptive surface and lower sd-value. RH amplitude ratio [-],,5,,5, aluminium painted gypsum plaster gypsum boards gypsum boards and on the ceiling painted gypsum boards on the walls average and standardized amplitudes of RH left 6-8 am / right 4- pm Figure. Comparison of the averaged and standardized humidity amplitudes of the different test variations in relation to the conditions in the reference room.

8 CONCLUSIONS Experimental investigations are carried out on the outdoor test site of the Fraunhofer-Institute of Building Physics in Holzkirchen to determine the moisture buffering effect of interior wall coverings of gypsum boards with and without painted coating in comparison to a commercial painted interior plaster. The influences of materials with regard to the buffering behaviour are assessed by investigations in two identical test rooms und defined boundary conditions. The reference room is covered with a traditional interior gypsum plaster and a diffusion-open coating. The test room surfaces are totally covered with aluminium foil to avoid sorption influences through the wall and ceiling surfaces. The floors in both test rooms had a vapour-tight PVC-covering. The usual daily moisture load is generated into both rooms with ultrasonic evaporators. The indoor climate in both test rooms is constantly measured by humidity and temperature sensors and recorded by means of a data acquisition system. Due to the influence of the exterior climate on the indoor humidity level all measurements were always carried out parallel with the same level of ventilation and humidification in the test room and in the reference room. To get the moisture buffering capacities of different interior surface coverings, the hygrothermal inert test room surfaces were covered in turn with untreated gypsum boards, then and ceiling as well as with painted gypsum boards. The comparison of the indoor air humidity changes during a high moisture production in the covered test room and in the gypsum-plastered reference room allows the quantification of the moisture buffering capacity of the respective investigated variations of coatings. The investigations show that all variations with gypsum boards have a better moisture buffering effect than the traditional painted interior gypsum plaster. Whereas the untreated gypsum boards or and ceiling can reduce humidity peaks by 4 %, painted gypsum boards, which are installed reduce humidity peaks by only % to 5 % in comparison to the moisture buffering of an interior gypsum plaster. The reason is that by applying a coating system, this additional layer with a sd-value of.34 m influences the sorptive properties of the gypsum boards below. The reduction of the humidity peaks provides a thermal indoor climate, which is more frequently rated as comfortable by the residents. The reduction of the humidity maximum may also reduce the risk of mould growth. The influence of coatings is made obvious by comparing the moisture buffering effects of untreated and painted gypsum boards on walls. But further investigations are necessary to clarify, whether diffusion-open coating systems are an improvement. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The enforced investigations were assisted and supported by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology and the project executing organisation Jülich. LITERATURE. H. Künzel et. al.(4) Moisture buffering effects of interior linings made from wood or wood based products, IBP-Report HTB-4/4.. DIN 48 Part (3) Wärmeschutz und Energie-Einsparung in Gebäuden, Teil : Mindestanforderungen an den Wärmeschutz published by Ernst & Sohn Verlag Berlin. 3. T. Hartmann et al. () Feuchteabgabe in Wohnungen alles gesagt? Gesundheits-Ingenieur (), H. 4, S M. Ellinger (4) Feuchtepufferwirkung von Holzinnenraumverkleidungen, University of applied science Rosenheim Thesis

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