PIPEJACKING AND MICR OTUNNELLIN G. James C. Thomson, C. Eng., Eur. Ing. Chairman Jasoo Consultancy Group London- Geneva- Washington DC

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1 PIPEJACKING AND MICR OTUNNELLIN G By James C. Thomson, C. Eng., Eur. Ing. Chairman Jasoo Consultancy Group London- Geneva- Washington DC m BLACKIE ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL An lmp""t cl Chapman & Hall London Glasgow Weinheim New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras

2 Contents Development of trenchless tecbnology 1.1 Recent growth of trenchless technology l Categories of trenchless technology Defining pipejacking and microtunnelling Pipejacking Microtunnelling A historical perspective Pipejacking Microtunnelling 13 2 Pipejacking and microtunnelling methods Elements of pipe jacking The face Theline The jacking pit Top side- surface equipment Applications of pipejacking and microturu:elling Line instaliation Installation of ducts Crossings Pipe excavation techniques Advantages and limitations of pipejacking an d microtunnelling Working in a wide range of soil conditions Minimising damage to property and existing services Minimising disruption to the public an d the environment Safe working for operati ves and public safety lnstalling to owner' s satisfaction Providing a cost-effective solution 34 3 Equipmeot: shields and tunnel boring machines lntroduction Classc-s of equipment Conventional (open) shields Compressed-air shields Auger-type shields Pressure chamber shields Design and constr uction of shields Spoil cutting Manualexcavation Partially-mechanised excavation Rotary cutting arms and wheels 50 l

3 CO~ TE :"TS Full facc machines Crushing heads Rock heads Shield location, guidancc and monitoring Location Guidancc Monitoring additional inionnation 61 4 Pipejacking: line, drh'e pit, top side Spoil removal Wheeled systerns Bel t an d c ha in conveyors Positive displacement pumps Pumped sluny Screw conveyors Vacuum extraction Jacking equipment Jacking rigs Intermedia te jacking stations (I]Ss) Top side: surface equipment Spoil handling and disposal Pipe and other materia! handling Power supplies: air, hydraulic and electric 76 5 Equipment: microtunnelling Classifying rnicrotunnelling equipment Pilot-bore microtunnelling Stage one, the pilot bore Stage two, enlarging the bore Auger-bore microtunnelling Drive types Head variations Line installa ti o n Equipment manufacturers and suppliers Pressure balance microtunnelling equipment Water balance machines Bentonite slurry machines Earth pressure balance machines Manufacturers and suppliers % 5.5 Displacement methods of rnicrotunnelling % 5.6 Microtunnellers for on-line replacement Microtunnellers for house connections Site equipment Design concepts Role of client, engineer and contractor Traditional approaches to design Global trends The changing nature of work lntegrated design Conceptual design for sewer installation Line installation: alignment, gradient and depth Subsurface considerations Construction considerations Traffic, social and environmental considerations Location of crossings 109

4 \ 0:-.ITEl\ TS Xl 6.3 l Planning and design lnvestigation Crossing waterways Subsurface and site investigation l Subsurface investigation III Cost of investigation Borehole sampling and laboratory testing Borehole and field testing ln-situ test methods Geophysical techniques Jnfonnation from testing Site investigation Types of investigation Points of conflict with Wldergrolllld structures Design: permaneot works l Pipes an.d pipe c~nnections Requirements for jacking pipes Concrete pipes Glass-reinforced plastic pipes (GRP) Asbestos cement pipes Clay pipes Plastìc pìpes Ductile iron - pressure applications Slructural design principles and methods Principles of pipe analysis Loads on buried pipes in service Design of pipes Protective linings and coatings Plastic sheet linings Composite pipes Pennanent access shafts Sewer connections Direct connections oflaterals Connection via shafts lnstauation of a pipe within a sleeve Differences in practice Filling the annular space Cable instauation Design: cboice of metbod Types of fa il ure Thcory offace stability Factors influencing face stabijity Stability of granular soils GroWld deformatioo Contro! offace stability Ground treatment Cboosing a shield or TBM Rock 176 lo Temporary work design: tbe line 178 l O. l Jacking loads F ace resistance 179

5 xii CONTEL'\TS Une friction loads Factors inouencing jacking forces Soil stability and ground water Dclays Lubrication Coatings and rnembranes Overcut ratio 1% Pipe extemal surface Misalignment Pipe loads Curved drives Drive and reception pits Dimensions Drive shafts Reception pits Shaft construction Stable ground and shallow depths Unstable ground and deep shafts Safe entry and exit from shafts Stabilisation outside the shafts Sealing eyes within the shaft Key issues for entry and exit of shafts Reaction walls Reaction walls in shafts Reaction structures at ground leve! Design: contract documents Responsibility for documentation Conditions of contrae! Standard forms Ti me for completion Limitations Allocation of risk Lega! considerations Sa fety legislation Enviromnental legislation Specification Drawings Bìlls of quantities Submissions Site contro! and supervision Si te organisation and management Site responsibilities Operator training Si te works shafts and machines Shafts Machine considerations Set-up efficiency Tumarounds Driving Adding new sections Obstructions Working in rock Monitoring and contro! 233

6 CONTE~TS xiii ContTolling line and leve! Angular deviation Stecring systcms Safety Man-entry diameters Explosion Vcntilation Lighting and conununications Shaft area Use of chemicals and additives Hazardous spoil Economie consideradons Variability of costs Project cost appraisal Direct costs [ndirect costs Soci al costs Alternative approaches to social costs Estimating costs Key cost factors Pipe Sha.fts and pits Tnsta llation Budget costs Costs of crossings Casings 900 nun or less Pipejacking Comparison with open eu t Traditional open cut sewer installation 256 References 260 Glossary 265 In d ex 270

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