Alternative Solution Approach to Fire Design
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1 Alternative Solution Approach to Fire Design A Presentation for Cross-Laminated Timber Symposium and Workshop New Brunswick October, 2011 Presented by Andrew Harmsworth, M Eng, P Eng, CP
2 Who Am I? Andrew Harmsworth, M Eng, P Eng, CP Principal, GHL Consultants Ltd 25 years experience in Equivalencies and Alternate Solutions
3 GHL Consultants Ltd Founded 1992 Building Code Consultants Fire Engineers Code Reviews both assisting clients and as Authorities
4 Staff 5 Engineers 4 Master s Degrees in Fire Science 1 Architect 2 Former Building Officials 3 BCQ qualified Technologists (Qualified as Building Officials)
5 Building Code Committee Work CP Committee (David Graham / Andrew Harmsworth) APEG Building Code Committee (Khash Vorell / Andrew Harmsworth BC Appeal Board (Frankie Victor) BC Building Code Interpretations (Teddy Lai)
6 Research Work CAN 086 Task Group on Fire (Andrew Harmsworth) NEWBuildS Research Network (Andrew Harmsworth, Board of Directors) PhD Studies on Effects of Fire as a Structural Load (Gary Chen)
7 Alternate Solution Approach Topics to be discussed: Alternate Solution Approach The 6 Storey Residential Approach 5 Storey Classroom / Assembly Building Alternate Solution Review
8 2005 NBC Eliminated prescriptive technical requirements Introduced two methods of compliance Acceptable Solution Alternate Solutions
9 What is a Building Code? It is a consensus document It regulates construction of buildings Traditionally written by NRCC The Province adopts it on the public s behalf Code measures are public interest decisions Buildings are subject to risks Code compliance no risk Code compliance = risks at acceptable level
10 Code Compliance Compliance with the Code shall be achieved by: a) Complying with the applicable acceptable solutions in Division B, 10
11 or b) Using alternative solutions that will achieve at least the minimum level of performance required by Division B in the areas defined by the objectives and functional statements attributed to the applicable acceptable solutions. 11
12 Engineered design is a normal part of the process 12
13 Process It is important to understand the framework of: Functional Statements Objectives Level of performance 13
14 Alternative Solutions Division A The objectives of this Code are achieved by measures described in the acceptable solutions of Division B that are intended to allow a building to perform the following functions: 14
15 Alternative Solutions Functional Statements The intent is that all Code requirements are provided to meet certain functional statements. 15
16 82 Functional Statements F01 To minimize the risk of accidental ignition. 16
17 82 Functional Statements F02 To limit the severity and effects of fire and explosion. 17
18 82 Functional Statements F10 To facilitate the timely movement of persons to a safe place in an emergency. 18
19 Probability and Risk Recognize that buildings DO NOT eliminate risk. They limit it to acceptable levels. 19
20 Acceptable Acceptable to the broad base of Canadians who took part in the development and legislation of the Building Code. 20
21 Objective Each acceptable solution should have related objectives. 21
22 Sample Objectives OS1 Fire Safety An objective of this Code is to limit the probability...a person..will be exposed to unacceptable risk of injury due to fire. 22
23 Alternative Solutions The risks of injury addressed (by OS1) are those caused by: OS1.1 - Fire or explosion occurring. OS1.2 - Fire or explosion impacting areas beyond the point of origin. OS1.5 - Persons being delayed in or impeded from moving to a safe place. 23
24 Alternatives and Exceptions All requirements should have objectives. Those that do not have objectives are either: Alternates Exceptions 24
25 Objectives Each acceptable solution should have objectives. Unfortunately, there are a significant number of acceptable solutions which are not given an objective, or at least the chain is unclear. 25
26 Alternative Solutions 26
27 Alternative Solutions 27
28 Level of Performance The Code requires that the alternative solution provide at least the level of performance that the accepted solution would provide. 28
29 Comparison of Level of Performance This implies that you must compare the level of performance provided by the acceptable solution to the level of performance provided by the alternative solution. 29
30 Two Scenarios In many cases, you will need to develop two scenarios: one directly compliant with the acceptable solutions of Division B, and one that is the alternative solution. 30
31 Inconsistency Different Acceptable Solutions may result in different levels of performance. The design providing the lowest level of performance is generally the minimum accepted by the Code. 31
32 Cautions The Appendix cautions that you must carefully consider whether the element you are providing an alternate solution to does not also address other elements. 32
33 Documentation The Code provides a clear outline of the documentation required. 33
34 Qualifications Alternative solutions should be proposed by persons with appropriate expertise in the area addressed by the objectives. 34
35 Specialist Qualifications There may be issues where there is only a very small group of specialists. 35
36 Reviewers Reviewers need equal, if not more, expertise than the proponents. Peer Review is essential. 36
37 Recent Changes 2009 BC Building Code amended to allow midrise wood frame residential construction.
38 History and Background Midrise Residential Code Changes Important because concepts can be applied to other issues and other building types. A MAJOR Alternate Solution.
39
40 How This Was Accomplished Study of risk and recommended Code changes by GHL Study of history by others Peer review of GHL s work Public consultation
41 GHL s Work GHL started from the fundamentals of the Code and reviewed risk and objectives.
42 History and Background Use of Combustible Construction Up to Early 1900 s Insurance Industry Regulated 5 and 6 storey wood frame was common NBCC 1941, introduced height and area limits NBCC 1965, Placed 3 storey height limit BCBC 1973 (NBCC 1970), 3 storeys BCBC 1992 (NBCC 1990), 4 storeys BCBC 1998 (NBCC 1995), 4 storeys BCBC 2006 (NBCC 2005), 4 storeys BCBC 2006 (April 4, 2009), 6 storeys
43
44 Technical Risks Perfect world Risk Analysis
45 Risk Analysis Technical Risks Associated with Fire Safety Ignition Fire spread beyond point of fire origin Fire spread to neighbouring buildings Failure of sprinkler system to function as expected Occupants not being able to recognize fire Occupants not being able to evacuate the building Fire service unable to conduct effective firefighting operation
46 Risk Analysis Technical risks not an issue Key concept consistent volume Process risks are a concern Is design in accordance with the Code? Is the building built in accordance with the design?
47 What We Were Not Asked to Review Construction Fire Safety Our mandate specifically excluded construction fire safety Will discuss later
48
49 Level of Performance Compared to: 4 storey wood building sprinklered -1h 6 storey steel building sprinklered -1h
50 Fire Resistance Rating 1h Fire Rated Wall Assemblies All 3 wall assemblies may be designed to pass CAN/ULC-S101 for 1h FRR Wood Stud Steel Stud Concrete / Masonry
51 6 Storey and 1h FRR
52 Building Area Limitation Clause (1)(d)
53 Building Area Comparison Combustible vs. Noncombustible
54 Building Height 4 vs 6 Storey
55 4 Storey Residential Code allows max 50% horizontal exit
56 6 Storey Residential - Code Attic Sprinklers Balcony Sprinklers Protected Concealed Spaces Non-Combustible Cladding Height Limit
57 Concerns Identified Reliability of fire separations Balconies, Attics Concealed spaces Shrinkage Fire spread via exterior cladding Fire safety during construction Firefighting capabilities
58 APEGBC Technical Bulletin A complimentary document on technical and practice issues related to: Fire Safety Structural Building Envelope
59 APEGBC Technical Bulletin Effects of Shrinkage Effects of Differential Lateral Movement Firewalls and Elevator Walls Fire Separations Firestopping of Service Penetrations Fireblocking of Concealed / Void Spaces Sprinkler Systems Firefighting Assumptions Exterior Cladding, Wood Trim, Soffits, etc Coordination, Field Review
60 Shrinkage Predict it Calculate it Design for it Quality Construction
61 Exterior Cladding Cladding for 5 & 6 storey buildings to meet one of the following: noncombustible Meet CAN/ULC-S134 Fire retardant treated wood -weathered Follow exposure requirements
62 CAN/ULC-S134 Test Exterior cladding fire test at NRC
63
64
65 Midrise Residential Occupancy Previously, solution was achieved by Alternative Solution. Now an acceptable solution.
66 Other Occupancies Midrise woodframe still to be addressed by Alternative Solution in other occupancies.
67 Podium Buildings
68 UBC Earth Science Systems Building 5 storey Heavy Timber Group A, Division 2 (assembly)
69
70 Peer Reviewed GHL was the proponent LMDG was the reviewer All large UBC buildings done by peer review
71 Approach Risk Analysis Pre-Flashover Post-Flashover
72 Pre - Flashover 95% sprinkler reliability Only necessary to address 5% probability Low occupant load, extra fire separations
73 Division B Article Factors Affecting Probability of Fire Spread Alternative Solution Relative Performance of Alternative Solution Construction Material Noncombustible Heavy timber Worse Interior Finish Compartmentalizatio n In compliance with Subsection h floor and smoke separation between rooms and public corridors Factors Affecting Consequence of Fire Spread In compliance with Subsection h floor; two 1h separations between the north and south wings of the building; smoke separation between rooms and public corridors; in addition, offices in Levels 2 5 will be separated by separations having a 1h fire rating. Equivalent Better Occupant Load Factor 1.85m 2 /person 9.2m 2 /person Better
74 Post - Flashover Probability minimized through sprinkers Effect of exposed wood But Only ceilings are different
75 Char Rate Based Design Exactly as described by Steve Craft. Requires structural and fire co-ordination. Special attention to joints.
76
77
78
79 Defined Lowest Level of Performance Superior to stick frame Steel stud construction can be considered a lower level of performance 79
80 Steel Construction
81
82 UBC Review Process Two Fire Engineers on all large projects One the proponent design team One represents the Authority 82
83 Review Review of an alternative solution should also be by a person qualified in the area 83
84 Impartial Review Process If not impartial, the acceptance/rejection can become unduly politicized or personalized. Appropriate review protects the Authority. 84
85 Recommendations The proponant provides names of 3 qualified individuals to perform the review. The Authority chooses one to perform the review. 85
86 Specialist Review It may be necessary to find not only a person qualified to submit an alternative solution, but also a person with similar qualifications to review that alternative solution. 86
87 Review Issues There must be free and fair dialogue. The reviewers must be tasked with finding a solution too easy to say NO. Peer review is established in Structural Engineering. 87
88 Peer Review Guidance 88
89 Note on Fire Modelling GHL s opinion this is a risk analysis problem. Some competitors sell fire modelling as a solution to wood construction issues. May assist in ceiling fire spread issue
90 Risk Models Computer based risk models being developed (CU Risk) Not yet released or available for use
91 New Work CAN 086 Task Group on Fire Update and extend Appendix D. NewBuildS Research Network Real Fire Loads CLT Design CLT Design Guide NRC Task Group on Higher Wood Buildings
92 The Future: My Opinion 6 storey is probably the practical limit for wood frame. No significant limit on area for wood frame. CLT and other forms of Modern Engineered Heavy Timber will allow us to go MUCH higher.
93 Comparison Currently we see that steel stud buildings are limited to about 6 storeys. Higher steel buildings use heavier steel.
94
95 Q & A
96 Thank you GHL Consultants Ltd Suite Granville Street Vancouver, BC V6C 1T2 Phone (604) Fax (604)
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