Pathological Analysis of Suspension Corridor and Floor Structures of Residential Buildings
|
|
- Edwina Porter
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Pathological Analysis of Suspension Corridor and Floor Structures of Residential Buildings Bukovics, A. Széchenyi István University Győr ( Abstract Load bearing structure was studied in case of more than 340 old residential buildings in Budapest on the basis of building structure and building diagnostic aspects. Conclusions drawn from the examination of the structures of suspension corridors and floors are described in this article. Considering that a significant part of the residential buildings of the inner districts of Budapest are of the similar age, structural system and conditions, the conclusions that can be drawn from this study, may provide valuable information relating to the featuring construction methods of the relevant era and the typical building failures thereof. Keywords: building diagnostics, building pathology, floor, slab structure, suspension corridor structure 434
2 1. Introduction The expert opinion prepared on more than 340 buildings in one of the districts of Budapest has been studied over the last time period. The buildings under review were characteristically built between 1880 and Since a considerable part of all of the buildings of Budapest (especially in the inner districts) were built during this time period, and are of similar age, structural design and condition, too, the defects, damages and the conclusions drawn therefrom are of general scope. [1] Since over the past decade necessary maintenance and renovation works of buildings have not been performed mainly due to lack of sufficient funds this lead unfortunately to the extensive and rapid deterioration of the condition of older buildings. [2] Based on the inspection of buildings we can draw conclusions with regard to the characteristic construction methods and the typical construction errors of the given time period. It is our experience that the defects of buildings have not always been repaired in the appropriate manner, thus further damages of buildings, that are due to inadequate repairs, could be prevented by more prudent maintenance and renovation works of the similar buildings. The results of this research may facilitate to implement the ideas of rehabilitation of the given parts of the town, and can be well applied in the course of the utilisation and renovation of buildings which are in poor condition, too. Thus considerable financial savings could be achieved by performing the repair of damages in a professional manner and by eliminating any errors during operation. Findings and conclusions made on the basis of the study of the above buildings may be helpful in the optimum utilisation of economical opportunities. Primarily main load bearing structures (foundation structures, wall structures, suspension corridor structures, floor and roof structures) have been in the focus of my studies. [3] [4] In this lecture the results of the studies of corridor structures and slab structures will be described. 2. Examination method Examinations have been performed on the one part pursuant to criteria for the structure of buildings, and for diagnostics of buildings, on the other part. Buildings can be typically classified into 3 groups. The first one is the group of multi-storey buildings with 2 to 5 floors. The second one is the group of one-storied buildings, which are in relatively good condition. Third group includes one-storied buildings, which are in bad condition. 435
3 The above buildings have been studied by groups and jointly, all of them, too. Connections between the detected defects of buildings as well as the structure and materials of the buildings have been sought. The most important statistics and connections have been demonstrated in diagrams and figures. 3. Investigation of suspension corridor structures Suspension corridors became prevailing in Hungary at the end of the 19th century, when basically in Budapest lots of multi-storey residential buildings were built. Although these days the central corridor design has been applied in case of a significant part of multi-storey residential buildings to access the flats, in certain periods of the 19th and 20th centuries the suspension corridor design was nearly exclusively applied to access the flats, and since a considerable part of these residential buildings still exists, it is inevitable to analyse and study them for building diagnostics and building structure in the interest of economical sustainability of such structures. Suspension corridors were typically built with three different types of structural systems: with steel brackets (58%), stone brackets (24%), and monolithic reinforced concrete plates. Suspension corridors built with steel brackets have been made with reinforced concrete plates (51%), Prussian vault (26%), cinder concrete plates (MATRAI) (16%) and natural stone plates (7%) alike. Suspension corridors built with stone brackets are covered by natural stone plates (46%), monolithic reinforced concrete plates (47%) and precast concrete plates (7%). [Figure 1] Figure 1: Apportionment of structures of suspension corridors in case of buildings under review In the case of the investigated suspension corridors the allocation of axis of brackets ranges between 0.90 and 2.40 m. Fixing within the brickwork has been implemented by loading or anchorage. The plate structure of steel and stone bracket type suspension corridors is nearly exclusively of the single span support design in case of cinder concrete, natural stone and prefabricated reinforced 436
4 concrete plates. If monolithic reinforced concrete materials are used for the plate structure, it can be of single span plate or continuous plate according to its static frame. In case of single span design the reinforced concrete plate is arranged between the bottom and the top flange of the steel beams, and the plate is supported by bottom member. In case of continuous slab design two general structures were used. In the first case the bottom reinforcement rod is of the single span plate design, and is arranged between the steel beams, and the top reinforcement rod is of the continuous plate design arranged over the steel beam. In the second case the reinforced concrete plate is placed over the steel beams, and the bottom and the top reinforcement rod is of the continuous design alike. In case of the majority of suspension corridors constructed with monolithic reinforced concrete one side of the slab is restrained into the reinforced concrete ring beam in its entire width. The stability is ensured by the weight of the brickwork over the slab. Typically steel bracket type suspension corridors were built between 1890 and 1920, the monolithic reinforced concrete plates became widespread as from the 1930s. In case of the examined building stock stone brackets were used in all of the construction periods. [Figure 2.] Figure 2: Changes of the material of suspension corridors in case of buildings under review The most frequently occurring defects of the monolithic reinforced concrete plate type suspension corridors are the frost damage (43%), cracks of the slab plate (17%) and corrosion of the reinforcement rod (13%). A frequently occurring defect of the steel brackets is the corrosion of steel beams (spal). Common mistake made during the construction of suspension corridors was the lack of providing an adequate slope required for drainage, thereby causing constant soaking of flats in the line of perimeter walls. A considerable part of the suspension corridors in the older condominium houses in Pest is in very bad condition. 437
5 To ensure safe usage, 24 % of the analysed suspension corridors were strutted. Unprofessional strutting has caused the deterioration of wall and slab structures in many cases. Strutting was erected to high in many cases, as a consequence whereof storm-water and slush was flowing down towards the wall, making them wet, thereby causing deterioration, many often the peel off of the plaster. In case of timber slabs wetting occurs at the place where the joists are the most sensitive to wetting, that is at the tailing thereof. Water-drenched beams may get rotted, as a result whereof entire slab sections may be exposed to the direct risk of collapse. [Figure 3.] It has often occurred that strutting has reduced the width of suspension corridors to such a great extent that prevented traffic there. Figure 3: Flowchart of structural damages of suspension corridors caused by inadequate slope In case of those suspension corridors, which were made with Prussian vault brickwork between the steel beams using larger size bricks it was a frequently made mistake that the Prussian vault brickwork was made without padding, bending and arch, as well as with irregular brick bonds. In case of suspension corridors with stone plate structure, supported by stone brackets it is a frequently made construction error that the natural stone is plastered. As a result of the natural process of the breathing of natural stone the Tyrolean plaster of rock flour has peeled off locally from the bottom plane of the stone plate of suspension corridor of several buildings. 4. Investigation of floor structures Floor is one of the most important load bearing structure of a building. It is intended to transfer the loading to the walls and the lintol beams. Based on their location the floors can differ within one 438
6 building, too. This is why the cellar floor, the intermediate floor and the cover floor have been separately studied. In case of cellar floors the steel beam type floors were the most frequently used ones. (48%). Basically they were prepared by brick vault (37%), but reinforced concrete or Horcsik slab was also frequently used. (8%) Another frequently used floor type was the use of vaults, but bottom or top ribbed monolithic reinforced concrete slab was also often used (9%) (generally Portland cement, but rarely bauxite cement was used). [Figure 4.] Figure 4: Apportionment of structures of cellar slabs Vaults have primarily built between 1880 and 1910, thereafter their use has significantly decreased. Steel-beam type floors were typically built during the time period between 1890 and 1930, the application of monolithic reinforced concrete slabs started around Monolithic slabs with brick profile were solely built in the 1920s. [Figure 5.] Figure 5: Changes of the material of cellar floors in terms of time in case of buildings under review 439
7 Also in case of intermediate floors the steel beam type floor occurred the most frequently (70%). Typically brick vault (54%), reinforced concrete or Horcsik slab (9%) was placed between the steel beams. 12 % of the floors was made of bottom or top ribbed monolithic reinforced concrete (using Portland cement or bauxite cement), and 9-9 % of floors was made of precast reinforced concrete beams (with brick vault, reinforced concrete or Horcsik slab, prefabricated concrete or reinforced concrete element), and of timber. [Figure 6.] Figure 6: Apportionment of structures of intermediate floors Steel-beam floors became widely used around the turn of the century, while wooden floors were only made up to Monolithic reinforced concrete plates were basically built from [Figure 7.] Figure 7: Changes of the material of intermediate slabs in term of time 440
8 The cover floors were predominantly (92 %) built with wooden structure, and a smaller portion (4 %) with monolithic reinforced concrete slabs. Any other floor structures seldom occur in the case of cover floors. In the case of floors built with steel beams the most frequently occurring defects of the cellar floors and intermediate floors is the corrosion of steel beams, while in the case of reinforced concrete plates it is the corrosion of the reinforcement rod occurring due to the imperfect concrete cover for reinforcement. 42 % of bottom or top ribbed monolithic reinforced concrete slabs was prepared using bauxite cement, which is exposed to considerable decrease of strength in an area with high moisture content and due to high temperature. The cinder concrete slab structure (Matrai-slab) between steel beams is very sensitive to moisture. If exposed to moisture, vitriol and the derivatives thereof may be produced, which may cause corrosion of reinforcement rod and the steel beams. Frequently occurring damage of the cover floors are the rot (43%), fungal infections (27%), soaking (20%), and infestation (18%). 20% of the floor beams are cracked and 20% thereof has deflection exceeding the allowable limit. 7 % of the beam ends, supported by walls underneath, are not insulated, which may result in the rot of the beam ends, exposed to accident risk. [Figure 8.] With steel beam floor with Prussian vaults cracking occurred in the entire length parallel to the direction of load-bearing. In such cases the floor section peeled off from the steel beam due to the outbound dislocation of the support of vaulted section (e.g. end-wall of the wing). It is a frequent damage of steel beam floor with reinforced concrete slabs that the reinforced concrete slab elements get loosened from the flange of the beam. In general it happens as a consequence of the movement of buildings. As a consequence of further movements of buildings the floor may become dangerous to life due to smaller support of the slab sections. Figure 8: Frequency of cover floor failures in case of buildings under review 441
9 On steel beam floor with pinned timber beam elements typically the following deteriorations could be observed: Floor surface is uneven due to the slackening of the pinned beam floor sections. Beams, which got totally damaged at the support section, are only held by the structural fixation. As a result of the slackened timber beams, majority of the steel support beams is twisted and bent down. It is a typical and extremely dangerous defect of pinned timber beam floors when the signs of initial rotting are detected on the un-insulated beam ends. Generally it occurs due to leakage. It is especially dangerous because apparently the floor is not bent and it can even totally sound. The defect can only be diagnosed by detection. The pinned timber beam floor of one of the investigated building has broken down and became lifethreatening. Beam-ends at the main wall support were not insulated. In the course of detection if was found that most of the beam ends got rotten at the main walls. Floor was supported only by pinning together the still upward leaning beams! Under such conditions the slab could have torn away at any time! (The solution was the total replacement of the floor) In many cases the covered beam floors (sawn pine beam, covered with board, with sand and slag filling) have bent down to a large extent, which, after a while, may cause the total deterioration of the floor, too. In the case of this type of deterioration of floors, typically two methods were used to alleviate the deterioration of the floor. In one case the loading, thereby deformations were decreased by removing the filling at the loft section. In the other case framed strutting was used in the central section to reduce the span. If, in the course of the renovation of covered timber beam floors, due to the construction water the top boarding gets stuffy, and cannot be aired thoroughly, rotting and fungous decay processes will start, which means the natural deterioration of the wood, which got stuffy and cannot be aired. It has occurred with the covered timber beam floor of several building, that certain portion of the covering has fallen down through the gaps of the top boarding onto the bottom boarding, thereby exerting direct loading on the boarding as a result of which the bottom plane of the floor has become seriously cracked and bent inwards. In case of the covered timber beam type cover slab it may occur that leakage in the roof will attack the boarding by washing away the slag filling. In case of some buildings horizontal power effects have been generated due to the defective fixation of the roof structure, as a consequence whereof the attic wall directly loaded by the roof structure, bent outwards, and horizontal cracks have appeared in the entire length of the plane of the floor. Deflection of floors, exceeding the allowable limit, has occurred at various places, irrespective of the materials and structural system. 5. Conclusion Deteriorations of the horizontal load-bearing structures (floors, suspension corridors) of the old residential buildings can be more dangerous than those of the vertical load-bearing structures. On the one hand it is partly due to that these structural elements are significantly more sensitive than e.g. 442
10 foundations or wall structures, on the other hand that severe deteriorations remain hidden and very often can only be diagnosed in case of detection. Connections can be detected between the age, structural system, material and the diagnosed construction defects of the buildings. A considerable part of the current residential buildings of Budapest were build at the end of the 19 th century or beginning of 20 th century, therefore regular supervision and in the case of necessity the renovation thereof is vital. Inefficient renovations or maintenance interventions very often cause more damages than benefits, and even the main load bearing structures, which were in acceptable condition, can be deteriorated to a large extent (e.g. excessive lifting of suspension corridors with strutting) References [1] Preisich G (2004) History of Town-planning of Budapest from the Battle of Buda till the Second World War, Budapest, TERC. [2] Koppány A (2000) Building diagnostic Construction defects Building pathology, Budapest, Magyar építőipar p: [3] Bukovics Á (2009) Structural and diagnostic analysis of residental houses in Budapest Part 2 Insulations, wall- and outside corridor structures, Budapest, Magyar építőipar p: [4] Bukovics Á (2009) Structural and diagnostic analysis of residental houses in Budapest Part 3 Floor structures and roof structures, Budapest, Magyar építőipar p:
FAILURES OF TIMBER STRUCTURES IN SLOVENIA
Abstract FAILURES OF TIMBER STRUCTURES IN SLOVENIA Jelena Srpcic Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute In Slovenia in last thirty years only few failures of timber structures occurred.
More informationfifteen design for lateral loads Lateral Load Resistance Load Direction Lateral Load Resistance
APPLIED ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS DR. ANNE NICHOLS FALL 2013 lecture fifteen design for lateral loads Lateral Load Resistance stability important for any height basic mechanisms
More informationfifteen design for lateral loads Lateral Load Resistance Load Direction Lateral Load Resistance
APPLIED ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS DR. ANNE NICHOLS SPRING 2017 lecture fifteen design for lateral loads Lateral Load Resistance stability important for any height basic
More informationfifteen design for lateral loads Lateral Load Resistance Load Direction Lateral Load Resistance
APPLIED ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS DR. ANNE NICHOLS FALL 2014 lecture fifteen design for lateral loads Lateral Load Resistance stability important for any height basic mechanisms
More informationbeam - filler block floors beam floors prefabricated in full cross-section
Gábor Becker PhD / Gyula Dési titular Docent BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS 1 Floor structures 2: RC floors and vaults www.epszerk.bme.hu Budapest University of Technology and Economics Faculty of Architecture
More informationDeterioration of building envelope of wooden apartment buildings built before 1940 based on external survey Paul Klõšeiko, Tõnis Agasild, Targo Kalame
Deterioration of building envelope of wooden apartment buildings built before 1940 based on external survey Paul Klõšeiko, Tõnis Agasild, Targo Kalamees Chair of Building Physics and Architecture, Tallinn
More informationassembly an open space between the roof and ceiling of a building attic balloon frame a joist constructed of steel with bars in the verticle web space
assembly two or more interconnected structural components combined to meet a specific function or design requirement attic an open space between the roof and ceiling of a building balloon frame a type
More informationFLOOR STRUCTURES. Floor structures Building Construction I.
FLOOR STRUCTURES Basic functions and requirements architectural function and requirements - variability of interior layout - aesthetic function structural function and requirements - load-bearing capacity
More informationVOLUNTARY - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD REDUCTION IN EXISTING HILLSIDE BUILDINGS (Division 94 Added by Ord. No. 171,258, Eff. 8/30/96.)
DIVISION 94 VOLUNTARY - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD REDUCTION IN EXISTING HILLSIDE BUILDINGS (Division 94 Added by Ord. No. 171,258, Eff. 8/30/96.) SEC. 91.9401. PURPOSE. (Amended by Ord. No. 172,592, Eff. 6/28/99,
More informationBuilding Construction
Building Construction Shallow Foundations Module-III Introduction The foundation can be classified broadly into two types: Shallow foundations Deep foundations Shallow foundations Shallow Foundations When
More informationDe Montfort Mark 7 Incinerator (Flatpack)
De Montfort Mark 7 Incinerator (Flatpack) Introduction This design is specially for those occasions when a large number of incinerators are to be built at one location and transported to the places where
More informationReport on Technical documentations (preparatory documents) for the individual projects in Jelgava target area
WP 4 Energy Supply Report on Technical documentations (preparatory documents) for the individual projects in Jelgava target area October 25, 2011 JELGAVA CITY COUNCIL Part-financed by the European Union
More informationSafe Site 1 RUMÖH LÖEN SYURGA LÖEN
Safe Site 1 It is not always possible to choose where we live, but understanding the site will help you to make the desicions that will help keep your family safe and protect your house from damage. THINK
More informationCONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY
CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY CONTENT Introduction Types Manufacturing process Properties Advantages Introduction These are the concrete blocks either hollow or solid. A hollow unit is that unit which has core
More informationLecture 13 CONCRETE WORKS
Lecture 13 TSP-308 MPK Ferdinand Fassa CONCRETE WORKS Concrete works Concrete is a man-made (rock) construction material, which is a mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases, admixtures.
More informationTechnical Guidance Note
Technical Guidance Note THE BUILDING REGULATIONS 2004 EDITION ENGLAND AND WALES REQUIREMENT A3 DISPROPORTIONATE COLLAPSE 1. INTRODUCTION (a) This technical guidance note outlines NHBC s interpretation
More informationBS EN :2004 EN :2004 (E)
Contents List 1. General 1.1 Scope 1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 2 1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 2 1.2 Normative references 1.2.1 General reference standards 1.2.2 Other reference standards 1.3 Assumptions
More informationRemedial Wall Ties - Presented by Robert Hall
Remedial Wall Ties - Presented by Robert Hall 1. A brief History how and why wall ties have developed. 2. Research into how existing wall ties perform. 3. Findings of the Research. 4. Stainless Steel.
More informationDISTRESS PHENOMENA OFTEN MISTAKEN FOR FOUNDATION MOVEMENT
Issued for Website Publishing Foundation Performance Association Structural Committee Page 1 of 5 PHENOMENA OFTEN MISTAKEN FOR FOUNDATION MOVEMENT by The Structural Committee of The Foundation Performance
More informationUNREINFORCED MASONRY STRUCTURES -PART I - DEFINITIONS AND PROBLEMS UNDER LATERAL LOADS
UNREINFORCED MASONRY STRUCTURES -PART I - DEFINITIONS AND PROBLEMS UNDER LATERAL LOADS Some Definitions UnReinforced Masonry (URM): Defined as masonry that contains no reinforcing in it. Masonry Unit:
More informationWhat you need to know about. Maintenance of Balconies
What you need to know about Maintenance of Balconies 2 Inspection statistics have revealed numerous rotting balconies that could cause severe injury or death in the event of a collapse. Why is there a
More informationROOME & GUARRACINO, LLC Consulting Structural Engineers 48 Grove Street Somerville, MA Tel: Fax:
ROOME & GUARRACINO, LLC Consulting Structural Engineers 48 Grove Street Somerville, MA 02144 Tel: 617.628.1700 Fax: 617.628.1711 March 3, 2016 Mr. Jeff Hoover, Principal Tappe Architects, 6 Edgerly Place
More informationBRICKWORK 3.5 BRICKWORK 1 GENERAL
BRICKWORK 1 GENERAL 1.1 INSPECTION Notice Give sufficient notice so that inspection may be made of the following: - Set out of brickwork to lintels, arches and other architectural features. - Damp-proof
More informationA-BEAM W Erection Manual 2
2 BEAM W Revision 6/2017 Finland 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ERECTION INSTRUCTIONS... 4 1.1 A-BEAM W... 4 1.2 Codes and standards to be followed during erection... 4 1.3 Documents to be followed in erection
More informationENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING STRUCTURE. ...more than brick.
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING STRUCTURE...more than brick. ABOUT US Our company manufactures and distributes revolutionary products that provide solutions world-wide to the greatest challenges of the construction
More informationCivil Engineering. Civil Engineering Civil engineering is considered to be the oldest field in engineering. still the same: Civil engineering is the.
Civil Engineering NAME: CLASS: Civil Engineering Civil engineering is considered to be the oldest field in engineering. Engineered structures have been found dating back thousands of years like the pyramids
More informationFailure cracks in reinforced concrete structures in Khartoum District
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 11, Issue 6 Ver. V (Nov- Dec. 2014), PP 31-35 Failure cracks in reinforced concrete structures in
More informationA-BEAM S Erection Manual 2
2 A-BEAM S Revision 6/2017 Finland 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ERECTION INSTRUCTIONS... 4 1.1 A-BEAM S... 4 1.2 Codes and standards to be followed during erection work... 4 1.3 Structural plans to be followed
More informationSTEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Steel elements are of two basic types: Structural steel shapes are formed into their final shapes by hot-rolling. This method produces such common elements as wide flange sections,
More informationCONSULTING CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS. Preben Naidoo And Associates. Tel: (033) , Fax: (033) , E mail:
CONSULTING CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS Preben Naidoo And Associates Tel: (033) 342 2705, Fax: (033) 342 6480, E mail: preben@pnaengineers.co.za STATUS QUO REPORT: COGTA: WHITBY LODGE Prepared For: DEPARTMENT
More informationCHAPTER 8. Concrete Work
Concrete Work Clay Bricklaying Made Easy CONCRETE WORK Foundations for walls and piers All loadbearing walls and piers are required to stand on a concrete foundation, which must be able to receive and
More informationSabah Shawkat Cabinet of Structural Engineering 2017
3.1-1 Continuous beams Every building, whether it is large or small, must have a structural system capable of carrying all kinds of loads - vertical, horizontal, temperature, etc. In principle, the entire
More informationCONTRIBUTION TO BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING BME
Department of Structural Engineering Budapest University of Technology and Economics CONTRIBUTION TO BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING BME György FARKAS, Miklós IVÁNYI, Géza
More informationDISTRESS PHENOMENA OFTEN MISTAKENLY ATTRIBUTED TO FOUNDATION MOVEMENT
Issued for Website Publishing Foundation Performance Association Structural Committee Page 1 of 5 PHENOMENA OFTEN MISTAKENLY ATTRIBUTED TO FOUNDATION MOVEMENT by The Structural Committee of The Foundation
More informationSEISMIC REHABILITATION OF TRADITIONAL UN-REINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS IN IRAN
COMPDYN 2011 III ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering M. Papadrakakis, M. Fragiadakis, V. Plevris (eds.) Corfu, Greece, 26 28 May 2011
More informationCOMP ONENT CATA LO GUE FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
M a d e f o r b u i l d i n g b u i l t f o r l i v i n g COMP ONENT CATA LO GUE FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS I M P R i n t KLH Massivholz GmbH Publisher and responsible for the content: KLH Massivholz GmbH
More informationGeotechnical problems on historic buildings consolidation
Geotechnical problems on historic buildings consolidation Ph. D. St. Nicoleta Maria ILIEŞ Faculty of Civil Enigineering and Building Services Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Romania 1. Considerations
More informationCSE Engineering, Inc.
CSE Engineering, Inc. Consulting Structural Engineers December 3, 2012 Mr. Joel Heenan Plans Examiner City of Albany Building Department 333 Broadalbin Street Albany, OR 97321 Re: : Old Church Building
More informationSEISMIC RETROFITTING OF EXISTING BUILDINGS
SEISMIC RESILIENT SCHOOL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS FOR SUB-ENGINEER SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF EXISTING BUILDINGS R.K. MALLIK Structural Engineer RND CENTRE PVT. LTD. OBJECTIVE KNOW RETROFITTING
More informationRestoration of vaults
CTU in Prague Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Building Structures Restoration of vaults Šlechta restaurant in Prague - Bubeneč (Main Hall) Presentation was created with the kind support of Ministry
More informationDECK DAMAGE AND PENETRATIONS
DECK DAMAGE AND PENETRATIONS Prepared By Richard B. Heagler, P.E. SDI CONSULTANT Copyright 1987 (Rev. 2000) All rights reserved P.O. Box 25 Fox River Grove, IL 60021 Phone: (847) 458-4647 Fax: (847) 458-4648
More informationMandatory Wood Frame Soft-story Retrofit Program STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
INFORMATION BULLETIN / PUBLIC - BUILDING CODE REFERENCE NO.: LAMC Division 93 Effective: 11/22/15 DOCUMENT NO.: P/BC 2014-137 Revised: 06/07/16 Previously Issued As: N/A Mandatory Wood Frame Soft-story
More informationTHE DISASTERS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 DAVID T. BIGGS, P.E. Principal Ryan-Biggs Associates, P.C. Troy, New York USA
THE DISASTERS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 DAVID T. BIGGS, P.E. Principal Ryan-Biggs Associates, P.C. Troy, New York USA SUMMARY This paper presents some structural observations, findings, and recommendations
More informationFaculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Geodesy
COURSE TITLE: Strength of materials 1 dr hab. inż. Krzysztof Cichocki LECTURER: krzysztof.cichocki@tu.koszalin.pl ECTS POINTS FOR THE COURSE: 5.0 winter HOURS IN 15 Group tutorials, individual consultations
More informationInspection of Steel Girder Bridges
Course Outline Inspection of Steel Girder Bridges Bridge superstructure systems Defects in steel members Failure mechanics Fatigue Constrained Induced fracture (CIF) Inspection Inspection of Pin & Hanger
More informationAnalysis and experimental studies of building glass facade
Analysis and experimental studies of building glass facade Ján BUJŇÁK Professor, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia Ján Bujňák, born 1950, received his civil engineering degree from the University
More informationchapter Principles of building OVERVIEW
Principles of building chapter 4 OVERVIEW Whatever type of building is being constructed there are certain principles/elements that must be included, for example a block of 75 Carpentry and Joinery NVQ
More informationCassiopea Fashions Ltd. Cassiopea Apparels Ltd.
1 Cassiopea Fashions Ltd. Cassiopea Apparels Ltd. Bokran, Monipur, Vabanipur, Gazipur. (24.127427, 90.399544) 15 April 2014 2 Observations Made 3 No apparent stability system Steel Building 6 th floor
More informationStructural Engineering
Structures can be classified based on deformation and type of primary load carried [i.e. Axial (tensile, compressive), flexure, shear and torsion] and their combinations. In order to determine the type
More informationKORA_Req._for_Eng._Studies_on_Stouffer_Apts. KU Reference No
000130 1 PURPOSE: Professional Engineering Consultants, P.A. (PEC) was engaged by University of Kansas Design & Construction Management to perform an assessment of Stouffer Place Apartment Building 20
More informationmortarless masonry Design Manual Part 1 (IS 456:2000) Section 1 Page 1 IS 456:2000 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - CODE OF PRACTICE
SECTION 1. mortarless masonry Design Manual Part 1 (IS 456:2000) Section 1 Page 1 1.1 Overview of IS 456:2000 IS 456:2000 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - CODE OF PRACTICE IS 456:2000 is the current Indian
More information2016 DESIGN AND DRAWING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
R13 SET - 1 DESIGN AND DRAWING OF REINFCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1 Design a simply supported rectangular beam to carry 30kN/m superimposed load over a span of 6m on 460mm wide supports. Use M20 grade concrete
More information9/24/2015. Aalto! / ENG + ARC. Asuinrakennusten rakenneratkaisut. Requirements : Sound insulation requirements : Thermal insulation requirements :
Aalto! / ENG + ARC Asuinrakennusten rakenneratkaisut Requirements : Sound insulation requirements : Thermal insulation requirements : 1 Wall structures : Concrete wall : Concrete outer cover (with cavities)
More information4. BUILDINGS, DWELLINGS AND BRIDGE
The June 22, 2002, Changureh (Avaj) Earthquake, Iran 4. BUILDINGS, DWELLINGS AND BRIDGE A large number of engineered as well as non-engineered buildings were severely damaged and collapsed during the earthquake.
More informationStrengthening or Retrofitting
Post-earthquake School Reconstruction Project Workshop on Earthquake Resilient Design for School Buildings Day-2 Session 4 Strengthening or Retrofitting Chandani Chandra Neupane Various Terms used with
More informationCivil Engineering Construction Chapter 5
Civil Engineering Construction Chapter 5 Introduction to Floor Dr Mohamad Syazli Fathi Department of Civil Engineering UTM RAZAK School of Engineering & Advanced Technology UTM International Campus August
More informationSPECIFICATION FOR PRECAST/ COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLOORS/ ROOF DECKS SECTION E60
SPECIFICATION FOR SECTION E60 A 2007-09-26 S.W. Revision Date Issue Authorised By Approved for Issue SW Date 24.09.07 clarkebond Page 1 of 6 To be read with Preliminaries/ General Conditions. GENERAL 10
More informationNSET EXPERIENCE ON SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF MASONRY AND RC FRAME BUILDINGS IN NEPAL
NSET EXPERIENCE ON SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF MASONRY AND RC FRAME BUILDINGS IN NEPAL 1. INTRODUCTION National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal (NSET) was established in June 1993 and started its first
More informationSafety Documents > Safety Manual > Scaffolds
Safety Documents > Safety Manual > Scaffolds D. Scaffolds 1. General Requirements for All Scaffolds a. Scaffolds shall be furnished and erected in accordance with this standard for persons engaged in work
More informationMick Leso Structural Option 2006 Penn State AE Senior Thesis RESEARCH
RESEARCH CANTILEVERS To thoroughly understand the Renick Building requires background knowledge of cantilever structures. A cantilever is described as a projecting beam or a member supported at only one
More informationThe syphonic roof drainage system
The syphonic roof drainage system P. C. Chang, Mr. Abstract The Geberit Pluvia roof drainage system is based on the ingenious gravity-induced vacuum principle. Consisting of HDPE roof outlets, pipes and
More informationRepair and Retrofit of a 17 th Century Library Structure in Istanbul
Repair and Retrofit of a 17 th Century Library Structure in Istanbul Sesigur, H. & Cili, F. Istanbul Technical University, Turkey SUMMARY: In the present study a heavily damaged 17th century library structure
More informationAN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF TIMBER STRUCTURES
9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem Israel, 25-30 May 2008 For more papers of this publication click: www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?mainsource=65 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF TIMBER
More informationElite Garments Ind. Ltd.
Elite Garments Ind. Ltd. Bade Kalmeswer, Board Bazar, Gazipur, Bangladesh (23.954199, 90.380240) 5th April 2014 8th April 2015 1 2 Observations Made 3 Building 5 - Steel Portal Frame Main span varies from
More informationFOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS
DHI_Book15_C01.qxd 28/05/2003 12:37 Page 3 I P A R T O N E FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS We re going to talk about footings and foundations from a performance standpoint. We re looking to see whether they re
More informationInvestigation for the Removal of Steel Tie Rods in a Historic Segmental Arch Floor
Investigation for the Removal of Steel Tie Rods in a Historic Segmental Arch Floor J. Lan 1, R. Gilsanz 2, and M. Lo 3 1 Gilsanz Murray Steficek, LLP, 129 West 27 th St., 5 th Floor, New York, NY 10001
More informationModule number 3 provides an on-line, self-paced training seminar on chapter 4, foundations and chapter 5, floors from the residential code of ohio.
Module number 3 provides an on-line, self-paced training seminar on chapter 4, foundations and chapter 5, floors from the residential code of ohio. 1 This chapter sets forth the prescriptive requirements
More informationObservations and suggestions, rehabilitation and re-use of stable building, 12, Back Newton Grove, Chapeltown, Leeds,
Observations and suggestions, rehabilitation and re-use of stable building, 12, Back Newton Grove, Chapeltown, Leeds, 12, Back Newton Grove is a brick-built stable building formerly attached to 12 Newton
More informationEast Lyme Middle School EAST LYME MIDDLE SCHOOL
Description: N EAST LYME MIDDLE SCHOOL The school consists of a multi story building with lower, main and upper level floors. The typical floor framing for the main and upper levels is wide flange steel
More informationPost-Earthquake Performance of Sheet Bracing Systems
Technical Report 10 August 2011 Page 1 of 20 Post-Earthquake Performance of Sheet Bracing Systems Introduction Over the past ten months, the Canterbury region has been subjected to severe seismic activity.
More informationIntegrating structural research activities and field experience with engineering education
Integrating structural research activities and field experience with engineering education Tamas BALOGH 1 and Zoltan ORBAN 2 1 University of Pécs, Pollack Mihály Faculty of Engineering and Informatics
More informationChapters 4 through 10 address the prescriptive methods. Building Construction PART. Chapters 4 through 10
PART 3 Building Construction Chapters 4 through 10 Chapter 4 Foundations Chapter 5 Floors Chapter 6 Wall Construction Chapter 7 Wall Covering Chapter 8 Roof-Ceiling Construction No changes addressed Chapter
More informationTechnical Notes 24G - The Contemporary Bearing Wall - Detailing [Dec. 1968] (Reissued Feb. 1987) INTRODUCTION
Technical Notes 24G - The Contemporary Bearing Wall - Detailing [Dec. 1968] (Reissued Feb. 1987) INTRODUCTION The selection of a wall type and appropriate connection details is one of the most important
More informationSTRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF DOVER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL WEST CONTRA COSTA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT (WCCUSD)
STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF DOVER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL WEST CONTRA COSTA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT (WCCUSD) For WLC Architects Kaiser Building 1300 Potrero Avenue Richmond, CA 94804 By DASSE Design, Inc. 33 New
More informationUnit 4 Brick Masonry. Part Ⅰ Illustrated Words and Concepts. Figure 4-1 Basic Vocabulary of Bricklaying
Part ⅠIllustrated Words and Concepts Figure 4-1 Basic Vocabulary of Bricklaying Figure 4-2 The Procedure for Building Brick Walls Figure 4-3 A Reinforced Brick Load bearing Wall Part ⅡPassages Passage
More informationroofing ROOFING Design of the base ROOFING DETAILS
DETAILS The general arrangement details and the principles to be followed at skirtings, upstands, abutments, verges, gutters and expansion joints are as details illustrated. SELECTION PARAMETERS It is
More informationChapter 9 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter 9 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 9.1 INTRODUCTION In the current scenario of pollution caused by construction Industry in India, a need arises to cater the market demand with energy efficient materials
More informationHighway Bridge Structure Components
Highway Bridge Structure Components Basic Bridge Components 1 Deck and 2 Stringer 3 Bearing 4 Pedestal 5 Footing 6 Piles 7 Underpass 8 Embakment 9 Live Loading Basic Bridge Components 1-Deck & wearing
More informationSTRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF WASHINGTON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL WEST CONTRA COSTA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT (WCCUSD)
STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF WASHINGTON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL WEST CONTRA COSTA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT (WCCUSD) For WLC Architects Kaiser Building 1300 Potrero Avenue Richmond, CA 94804 By DASSE Design, Inc.
More informationHome Not Anchored to Foundation
IDENTIFY WEAKNESSES Home Not Anchored to Foundation Houses that are not bolted to the foundation can move off their foundations during earthquakes. Go down into the crawl space the area between the first
More informationDHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CE PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES UNIT - I : INTRODUCTION
DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CE6016 - PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES UNIT - I : INTRODUCTION PART A (2 Marks) 1. Write the advantages of prefabrication. (N -13)
More informationNote on the assessment:
Excerpt from: Transitional shelter: 8 designs, IFRC, 2012 Note on the assessment: The following is an excerpt from the Book Transitional Shelters: 8 Designs, IFRC, 2012, available from www.sheltercasestudies.org.
More informationSparks Engineering, Inc. S T R U C T U R A L E V A L U A T I O N, D E S I G N A N D T E S T I N G
Sparks Engineering, Inc. S T R U C T U R A L E V A L U A T I O N, D E S I G N A N D T E S T I N G February 29, 2008 Ms. Leslie Wolfenden Save Austin's Cemeteries PO Box 41814 Austin, TX 78704 (512) 917-1666
More information4. МЕЂУНАРОДНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈА Савремена достигнућа у грађевинарству 22. април Суботица, СРБИЈА
STRUCTURAL REHABILITATION OF HISTORICAL MASONRY BUILDINGS IN ROMANIA Sorin Dan 1 Sorin Herban Petrović 2 UDK: 69.059.25 : 624.042.7 (498) DOI:.14415/konferencijaGFS 2016.014 Summary: The paper is focused
More informationSTRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS TO MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS
STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS TO MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS DOCTORAL THESIS (SUMMARY) DOCTORAL CANDIDATE: BULBUK MARTIN-ŞTEFAN SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR: Prof. Dr. Eng. ILDIKÓ BUCUR The doctoral thesis deals with the
More informationAdministrative Changes
Revised 11/29/06 Knox County Residential Building Codes Significant Changes From The 1995 CABO One And Two Family Dwelling Code To The 2006 International Residential Code All one and two family dwellings
More informationMetal Web Floor System
Metal Web Floor System Contents Contents Introduction and benefits 3 easi-joist definitions 4 easi-joist webs 5-6 Mechanical services 7 Loading and design 8 Floor stiffness 9 Internal non-loadbearing wall
More informationBISON PRECAST FLOORING SPECIFICATION
BISON PRECAST FLOORING SPECIFICATION 1.0 SCOPE OF THE SPECIFICATION 1.01 Relates to: This specification covers the design, manufacture and associated site work of the following types of floors:- Hollowcore
More informationWall Linings. As well as complete dry lining solutions we also provide fast-drying parge coat to ensure airtightness,
Wall Linings Our versatile range of wall lining systems makes it easy to produce a high-quality, high-performance finished wall regardless of the background. Whether your priority is acoustic control,
More informationFASAD: First Floor Existing Condition Report. October 30 th 2015
FASAD: First Floor Existing Condition Report October 30 th 2015 Report Summary Contained in this document are analytical reports which detail the current conditions of the main structural components of
More informationExisting Site Aerial Frederick High School Feasibility Study September 5, 2012
Existing Site Aerial Building Developmental History 1981 1966 1939 1977 1978 1955 1966 Exterior Roof: Most of existing roof has multi ply built up roofing. Some areas have gravel ballast, others have cap
More informationConfined masonry. An illustrated guide for masons. This manual explains this technique. Confined masonry. RC frames. Columns first, walls after
S D C Confined masonry An illustrated guide for masons This manual explains this technique RC frames Columns first, walls after Confined masonry Walls first, columns after 1. Site selection and form of
More informationCHAPTER 10: Finishes CONTENTS 10.1 PLASTERWORK 10.2 SECOND AND THIRD FIX FINISHES. Chapter 10
CONTENTS 10.1 PLASTERWORK 10.2 SECOND AND THIRD FIX FINISHES 283 Chapter 10 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 10.1 PLASTERWORK Workmanship i. All workmanship must be within the tolerances
More informationCITY OF CEDAR FALLS DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL SERVICES INSPECTION SERVICES DIVISION PHONE Residential Accessory Structures
CITY OF CEDAR FALLS DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL SERVICES INSPECTION SERVICES DIVISION PHONE - 268-5161 Residential Accessory Structures This information has been compiled for the benefit of any person
More informationAdobe Brick Construction. Adobe
Adobe Basic mud bricks are made by mixing earth with water, placing the mixture into moulds and drying the bricks in the open air. Straw or other fibers that are strong in tension are often added to the
More informationSupplemental Plan Correction Sheet for LA Residential Code Prescriptive Design (2011 LARC)
Supplemental Plan Correction Sheet for LA Residential Code Prescriptive Design (2011 LARC) Plan Check Submittal Date: Plan Check #: Permit App.# Job Address: Applicant: Phone: ( ) P.C. Engineer: Phone:
More informationDefinition of Wall. A continuous, vertical structure Thin relatively to its length and height
Walls & Partition Learning Objectives Briefly explain the functions & functional requirements of walls Differentiate and compare between load bearing and non-load bearing walls Briefly describe the characteristics,
More informationStructural safety and rehabilitation of connections in wide-span timber structures - two exemplary truss systems
Structural safety and rehabilitation of connections in wide-span timber structures - two exemplary truss systems Philipp Dietsch Dipl.-Ing., Research Associate Michael Merk Dipl.-Ing., Research Associate
More informationAppendix 4. Bills of Quantities
Appendix 4. Bills of Quantities 201 A4.1 Deep trench latrines Partitions of local materials 1m apart Timber foot rests and floor plates Lightweight timber frame Excavated soil (used for back-fill) Plastic
More informationCHAPTER 10: Finishes CONTENTS 10.1 PLASTERWORK ND AND 3 RD FIX FINISHES
CONTENTS 10.1 PLASTERWORK 10.2 2 ND AND 3 RD FIX FINISHES FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT 10.1 Plasterwork Workmanship Design Technical Manual TS-011-09-010412 i. All workmanship must be within defined tolerances
More information