HAZUS Coastal Storm Surge Model
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1 HAZUS User Conference Indianapolis August 24, 2010 HAZUS Coastal Storm Surge Model Frank Lavelle, Peter Vickery, Bo Yu, and Sudhan Banik Applied Research Associates, Inc. Raleigh, NC (919)
2 Project Objectives Implement a storm surge and wave hazard modeling capability in HAZUS-MH by coupling and integrating existing, publicly available models Develop a new capability for combining currently available HAZUS-MH wind-only and flood-only loss estimates into an overall estimate of combined coastal wind and flood losses for a single hurricane event 2
3 Hurricane Wind Field Model Goal is to use a single, consistent hurricane wind field model to drive: Storm surge (SLOSH) Waves (SWAN) Wind damage (Existing HAZUS Hurricane Model) Options SLOSH Wind Field Model (NWS 48, 1992) Assumed wind speed profile: ARA Wind Field Model (Vickery et al., 2009) Assumed pressure profile: Wind field equations are numerically solved for the vertically averaged horizontal velocity, V, over open water and open land for 14,040 combinations of Δp, RMW, B (Holland, 1980), and translation speed 3
4 Surface Wind Measuring Systems ASOS C-MAN Buoy FCMP Available Surface Wind Measurements (1) ASOS Towers (Airports) (2) FCMP Towers (Mobile) (3) C-MAN Stations (Coastal) (4) Buoy Stations (Offshore) 4
5 Hurricane Wind Field Summary: Modeled vs. Measured 10-min. Wind Speeds (Hurricanes Isabel, Ivan, Katrina, Ike & Gustav) Modeled Mean Wind Speed (mph) ARA-TRK-SLOSH-WD: y = x, R² = ARA-TRK-ARA-WD: y = x, R² = ARA-TRK-SLOSH-WD ARA-TRK-ARA-WD Linear (ARA-TRK-SLOSH-WD) Linear (ARA-TRK-ARA-WD) Observed Mean Wind Speed (mph) 5
6 Incorporation of SLOSH Storm Surge Model into HAZUS SLOSH produces reasonably accurate estimates of surge and runs quickly Emergency management community is familiar with and comfortable with SLOSH SLOSH does not include waves or tide Waves to be modeled in HAZUS using SWAN Tide treated approximately as additive term 6
7 SLOSH Model Coupled with HAZUS Wind Field Model Wind field model used in HAZUS has been coupled into SLOSH Enables consistent modeling of damage and losses induced by wind and coastal flooding 7
8 Storm Tide RMS Analysis: Five Hurricanes Hurricane Isabel 2003 Ivan 2004 Katrina 2005 Gustav 2008 Ike 2008 Unit (ft NAVD) (ft NGVD) (ft NAVD) (ft NGVD) (ft NAVD) Surge Range Numer Data Obs SLOSH-Obs ARA-Obs Mean Std mean RMS mean RMS all all all all all
9 Storm Tide Summary SLOSH model runs with ARA wind field result in lower overall mean and RMS errors for 4 of 5 validation events Only exception is Hurricane Katrina, for which we have only one complete record tide gauge record and three partial records Decision is to use SLOSH storm tide model with ARA wind field model Better overall results Ensures consistency between HAZUS wind loss model and HAZUS coastal surge methodology 9
10 Hazard modeling Wave Modeling Objectives Include wave stresses in storm surge model Wave set-up increases still water depths produced by SLOSH Damage modeling Near-Term: Determination of V-zone and Coastal A-zone (CA-zone) 3 ft < Wave height V-zone 1.5 ft < Wave height < 3 ft CA-zone (use V-zone damage functions) Wave height < 1.5 ft A-zone Longer-Term: Supports move towards direct use of wave height in damage modeling 10
11 Grids Used in SWAN Runs Coarse grid boundary 25 SLOSH grid
12 Significant Wave Heights: Katrina, New Orleans Basin Significant Wave height (m) Observed SLOSH_grid_No BC SLOSH_grid_WW3_BC SLOSH_grid_SWAN_BC Buoy: Significant Wave height (m) Observed SLOSH_Grid_No BC SLOSH_grid_WW3_BC SLOSH_grid_SWAN_BC Buoy: /25/2005 0:00 8/27/2005 0:00 8/29/2005 0:00 8/31/2005 0:00 Time Gulf of Mexico /25/ :00 8/27/2005 0:00 8/29/2005 0:00 8/31/2005 0:00 Time Significant Wave height (m) Observed SLOSH_grid_No BC SLOSH_grid_WW3_ BC SLOSH_grid_SWAN_BC Buoy: /25/2005 0:00 8/27/2005 0:00 8/29/2005 0:00 8/31/2005 0:00 Time 12
13 31 30 Significant Wave Heights: Ike, Galveston Basin Significant Wave height (m) Buoy: Observed SLOSH_grid_No BC SLOSH_grid_SWAN_BC /11/2008 0:00 9/12/2008 0:00 9/13/2008 0:00 9/14/2008 0: Gulf of Mexico Significant Wave height (m) Buoy: Observed SLOSH_grid_No BC SLOSH_grid_SWAN_BC Time 1 0 9/11/2008 0:00 9/12/2008 0:00 9/13/2008 0:00 9/14/2008 0:00 Time 13
14 Overland Waves Use existing 1-D transects and simplified WHAFIS methodology implemented in HAZUS coastal flood model Where each transect intersects the coastline, use the modeled significant wave height from SWAN to estimate the controlling wave height, H c = min(0.78 d s, 1.6 H s ) where d s = still water depth at the coast line Wave crest elevation = SWEL H c Neglect Wave regeneration and wave dissipation Wave run-up and dune erosion Interpolate between transects to develop flood depth grid Use V-zone damage functions where H c 1.5 ft 14
15 Hurricane Ike: USGS SSS-TX-GAL-001 Gauge Location 15
16 Before and After Hurricane Ike 16
17 Hurricane Ike USGS SSS-TX-GAL-001 Gauge ~ 6 feet Observations are instantaneous samples at 1 minute intervals 17
18 Hurricane Ike: USGS SSS-TX-GAL-002 Gauge Location Transect 18
19 Hurricane Ike USGS SSS-TX-GAL-002 Gauge 14 Water Elevation (ft NAVD88) ~ 0.3 feet 12 9/13/08 12:00 AM 9/13/08 2:00 AM 9/13/08 4:00 AM 9/13/08 6:00 AM Local Time (CDT) 19
20 Elevation Profile Along the GAL-002 Transect Elevation (ft) Distance from starting point of a Transect (ft) 20
21 WHAFIS vs. HAZUS Results: Controlling Wave Height WHAFIS Controlling Wave Height (ft) HAZUS HAZUS_DL Distance from starting point of a Transect (ft) Depth-Limited Wave with no Regeneration and no Dissipation -Hsig=2.0 m at coastline -SWEL=12.0 ft (assumed to be 100-year RP) -All of the results from HAZUS except first point are instantaneous depth limited waves 21
22 Coupled Surge and Wave Modeling SLOSH and SWAN codes have been coupled together Each code is advanced in 15 minute steps SLOSH is run first to update water elevations SWAN uses water elevations produced by SLOSH Result is larger modeled wave heights in areas where waves are depth-limited SWAN is run to update wave stresses Wave stresses are added to wind stress in SLOSH Result is increased modeled storm surge due to wave setup 22
23 Coupled Storm Tide for Hurricane Ike (2008): Galveston Bay Basin Difference of Peak Storm Tide (ft) (coupling no coupling) 23
24 Modeled Coupled Storm Tide vs. Observations 24
25 SLOSH+SWAN Two-Way Coupling Wave Results 25
26 Study Regions Spanning Multiple SLOSH Basins 26
27 Hurricane Katrina: Multi-Basin Approach 27
28 Hurricane Katrina: Maximum Storm Surge (ft. NAVD) 28
29 Hurricane Katrina: Maximum Significant Wave Height (ft) 29
30 Combined Wind and Flood Loss Approach Use existing HAZUS methodologies to compute the flood-only and wind-only losses Use USACE New Orleans District (NOD) methodology to apportion HAZUS flood-only building losses to building sub-assemblies Use HAZUS wind loss methodology to apportion HAZUS wind-only building losses to building sub-assemblies Sum losses by sub-assemblies: Assume wind and flood losses within a sub-assembly are independent Cap combined sub-assembly loss at total replacement value of the subassembly Populate combined wind and flood loss matrix 30
31 Building Combined Wind and Flood Loss Example Single family, one-story house (no garage) Flood characteristics No basement Wind characteristics Hazard Wood frame, gable roof shape, shingle roof covering Medium roof deck attachment (8d 6/12 spacing) Strapped roof-to-wall connection No opening protection, no secondary water resistance Flood: Still water, short duration (1 day or less), saltwater flooding, negligible waves Wind: Suburban surface roughness (z 0 =0.35 m) 31
32 Allocation of Flood-Only Losses (NOD Methodology) Building Loss Foundation Roof Covering Roof Framing Exterior Walls Interiors 10% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 9.0% 20% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 17.5% 30% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.7% 23.3% 40% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 9.6% 30.4% 50% 0.0% 1.2% 0.2% 11.2% 37.5% 60% 0.0% 1.4% 0.2% 13.4% 44.9% 70% 0.0% 1.7% 0.3% 15.7% 52.4% 80% 0.0% 1.9% 0.3% 17.9% 59.9% 90% 0.0% 2.1% 0.3% 20.1% 67.4% Foundation includes site work, footings, and slab Roof Covering includes flashing, roofing paper, and shingles Roof Framing includes roof trusses (or rafters) and sheathing Exterior Wall includes siding, insulation, windows, and exterior doors Interiors includes drywall, trim, paint, interior doors, floor coverings, cabinets, counter tops, HVAC, plumbing, and electrical 32
33 Allocation of Wind-Only Losses (HAZUS Methodology) 1 Story, Wood Frame, Gable, 8d@6/12, Straps, No Shutters, No SWR, No Garage, z 0 =0.03m Building Loss Foundation Roof Covering Roof Framing Exterior Walls Interiors 10% 0.0% 4.3% 0.0% 0.8% 4.9% 20% 0.0% 4.7% 0.0% 1.5% 13.8% 30% 0.0% 4.7% 0.0% 2.3% 23.0% 40% 0.0% 4.8% 0.0% 2.9% 32.4% 50% 0.0% 4.8% 0.0% 3.0% 42.2% 60% 0.0% 4.9% 0.0% 3.8% 51.3% 70% 0.0% 4.9% 0.1% 4.9% 60.1% 80% 0.0% 5.2% 0.3% 14.3% 60.2% 90% 0.0% 5.2% 0.8% 23.8% 60.2% Foundation includes site work, footings, and slab Roof Covering includes flashing, roofing paper, and shingles Roof Framing includes roof trusses (or rafters) and sheathing Exterior Wall includes siding, insulation, windows, and exterior doors Interiors includes drywall, trim, paint, interior doors, floor coverings, cabinets, counter tops, HVAC, plumbing, and electrical 33
34 Combined Losses Assume wind and flood losses within a sub-assembly are independent C i = W i + F i W i *F i i=1,5 Cap the combined sub-assembly loss at the replacement value of the sub-assembly C i R i Add the sub-assembly losses C = C i i=1,5 34
35 Combined Overall Loss Method (Without Sub-Assemblies) Flood-Only Building Loss Wind-Only Building Loss 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10% 10% 19.0% 28.0% 37.0% 46.0% 55.0% 64.0% 73.0% 82.0% 91.0% 100% 20% 20% 28.0% 36.0% 44.0% 52.0% 60.0% 68.0% 76.0% 84.0% 92.0% 100% 30% 30% 37.0% 44.0% 51.0% 58.0% 65.0% 72.0% 79.0% 86.0% 93.0% 100% 40% 40% 46.0% 52.0% 58.0% 64.0% 70.0% 76.0% 82.0% 88.0% 94.0% 100% 50% 50% 55.0% 60.0% 65.0% 70.0% 75.0% 80.0% 85.0% 90.0% 95.0% 100% 60% 60% 64.0% 68.0% 72.0% 76.0% 80.0% 84.0% 88.0% 92.0% 96.0% 100% 70% 70% 73.0% 76.0% 79.0% 82.0% 85.0% 88.0% 91.0% 94.0% 97.0% 100% 80% 80% 82.0% 84.0% 86.0% 88.0% 90.0% 92.0% 94.0% 96.0% 98.0% 100% 90% 90% 91.0% 92.0% 93.0% 94.0% 95.0% 96.0% 97.0% 98.0% 99.0% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% C = W + F W*F 35
36 Differences Flood-Only Building Loss Wind-Only Building Loss 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0.5% 0.7% 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.3% 1.5% 2.4% 3.3% 0% 20% 0% 1.1% 1.5% 1.9% 2.3% 2.5% 2.9% 3.4% 5.1% 6.9% 0% 30% 0% 1.8% 2.7% 3.5% 4.3% 5.0% 5.8% 6.7% 9.0% 7.0% 0% 40% 0% 2.4% 3.7% 4.8% 5.9% 6.9% 8.0% 9.2% 12.0% 6.0% 0% 50% 0% 3.0% 4.6% 6.1% 7.5% 8.8% 10.3% 11.9% 10.0% 5.0% 0% 60% 0% 3.6% 5.5% 7.3% 9.0% 10.6% 12.4% 12.0% 8.0% 4.0% 0% 70% 0% 4.2% 6.4% 8.5% 10.5% 12.3% 12.0% 9.0% 6.0% 3.0% 0% 80% 0% 4.8% 7.4% 9.7% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0% 90% 0% 5.4% 8.0% 7.0% 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 36
37 Combined Wind and Flood Loss Methodology Compatible with existing wind-only and flood-only loss methodologies Losses combined at the building sub-assembly loss level Addresses order in which losses accumulate Wind and flood losses are not independent Wind Top-down Flood Bottom-up Makes use of available sub-assembly loss data HAZUS wind loss simulation data USACE NOD flood loss expert opinion Relative contributions of foundation and exterior wall subassembly flood losses relative to interiors is higher when wave action is present (V-zone or CA-zone) 37
38 HAZUS Coastal Storm Surge Methodology Summary Development of coastal surge methodology is nearing completion Links existing HAZUS Hurricane and Coastal Flood models Uses a single hurricane wind field model to drive storm surge (SLOSH), waves (SWAN), and wind damage (HAZUS Hurricane) Surge and wave models are coupled Combined loss methodology implemented to combine wind-only and floodonly losses across five building sub-assemblies Functional prototype to be completed by end of September End-to-end hurricane wind and flood scenario analysis capability in HAZUS-MH Maintenance Release 6 (March 2011) 38
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