Offshore Windfarm Design OE Foundations

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1 Offshore Windfarm Design OE 5662 Foundations 1

2 Design of Foundation Ringhorne platform Norway DECK mt WAVE LOAD 41.5 MN JACKET mt FOUNDATION mt m 41.5 m 2

3 STEEL TUBULAR DIA mm CONCRETE PILE 450 mm 3

4 Design of Foundation Driven Controlled drilling Uncontrolled drilling Insert pile Grouted pile Belled pile 4 Handbook page 5-10

5 Design of Foundation Suction piles water m 5

6 -30 m. Main pile Shallow water 6

7 CRANE STEAM HOSES CAGE STEAM PRESSURE RAM CUSHION ANVIL PILE STEAMHAMMER MRBS

8 -30 m. Main pile connection above water-level 8

9 Design HYDRAULIC HOSES CRANE HYDRAULIC PRESSURE RAM ANVIL AIR HYDRAULIC HAMMER MHU-1700 WATER PILE 9

10 Design -135 m. Skirt pile with free-riding underwater hammer 10

11 PILE Design GROUT ANNULUS SLEEVE PACKER MUDLINE MUD WIPER 11

12 SWAGING 12

13 Design of Foundation Egmond aan Zee Wind Farm, The Netherlands NACELLE 100 mt WAVE LOAD 41.5 MN TP 170 mt FOUNDATION 250 mt 20 m 13

14 Installation of Foundation 14

15 Differences Oil & Gas Platforms - Wind Turbines Oil & Gas Platforms Offshore Wind Turbines - relatively stiff - relatively flexible - structural dynamics not - structural dynamics very critical critical - wave loads dominant - wind and wave loads both important - straight forward relation - complex, uncorrelated force-response loading - prototype - generally large numbers 15

16 Design Some differences oil/gas platform wind turbine foundation 1. Size of loads 2. Ratio vertical horizontal loads 3. Required distance between turbines 4. Water depth 5. Breaking waves / wave slamming 16

17 Design Some differences oil/gas platform wind turbine foundation 6. Scour 7. Accessibility - maintenance / inspection 8. GBS - blockage, stability, scour 9. Piles - penetration / dimensions determined by horizontal rather than vertical loads ( for mono-piles ) 17

18 Fixed Floating Gravity base structures driven piles Piled drilled piles suction piles 18

19 Gravity foundations Loading situation very different from piled foundation Substantial vertical loading required ( stability) Generally impractical support structure for wind turbines in relatively shallow water 19

20 Piled foundations Flexibility / Adaptability : - soil conditions - water depth - scour - diameter and wall thickness - tension & compression - penetration and number - track record / experience - different installation methods 20

21 Design Typical North Sea wind farm design conditions: Relatively shallow water (10 25 m) Generally sandy soil conditions Walking sandbanks (Sand waves) Scour (influence of current and waves) Large cyclic loads on monopile 21

22 Design of Foundation Design criteria & considerations loads: magnitude of the permanent load of the platform wind / wave / current ratio vertical / horizontal loads quasi static / cyclic water depth sea floor soil type current -> scouring fabrication, transportation & installation available construction sites / equipment 22

23 Choice of foundation type (1) Loads - wind / wave / current - horizontal and vertical - quasi static / cyclic Water depth Soil conditions 23

24 Choice of foundation type (2) Storage requirements Transportation / Installation equipment requirements Available construction sites / equipment Economics 24

25 Laterally loaded piles infinitely stiff vs. elasticity - p-y curves - cyclic effects - scour (1 2D) 25

26 Lateral pile behaviour Example p-y curve for sand 26

27 Conceptual model for lateral pile behaviour 27

28 Deformation of a pile with and without head restraint 28

29 Pile behaviour under lateral loading 29

30 Scour 30

31 Scour Pile 0 Vertical effective soil pressure Seabed General scour depth Local scour depth No scour condition General scour only Local scour condition Overburden reduction depth 31

32 axially loaded piles infinitely stiff vs. elasticity - t-z curves - cyclic degrading less - tension < compression 32

33 Typical axial pile load transfer-displacement (t-z) curves 33

34 Conceptual model for axial pile behaviour 34

35 pile elastic soil clay sand Pile behaviour under axial loading 35

36 conventional pile vs. monopile overturning moment axial pile forces (batter piles / vertical piles) bending of pile (vertical pile) required penetration vertical load horizontal load vertical load horizontal load (stiffness) 36

37 Foundation model - Fixed at some distance below seabed (Effective Fixity) - Apply (un)coupled rotational and lateral spring - Determine stiffness matrix - Use enhanced foundation model Note: soil not homogeneous ; soil soil 37

38 Foundation Model: Effective Fixity Depth Seabed Effective fixity length Configuration Stiff clay Very soft silt General calculations Effective fixity length 3.5 D 4.5 D 7 D 8 D 6 D Experience with offshore turbines 3.3 D 3.7 D 38

39 Foundation Model: Uncoupled springs Tower Rotation Seabed Forced displacement/rotation u F Ignore M θ M Method A Ignore F Applied force/moment F In exercise: Use ANSYS Macro s and method B for a monopile u M θ Translations Method B Ignore θ Ignore u 39

40 Foundation Model: Stiffness Matrix Run two load cases with FEM model with py-curves (See next slide) H M = k k x x θx k k xθ θθ u θ Stiffness matrix 40

41 Enhanced Foundation Model External shaft friction (t-z curves) Use: Standards (API/DNV) Existing software (In exercise: ANSYS Macro s) Pile plug resistence (Q-z curves) Lateral resistance (p-y curves) Internal shaft friction (t-z curves) Pile point resistance (Q-z curves) 41

42 Pile Fabrication / transportation / lifting / positioning / driving Fabrication Lifting / Transportation - D/t pile (tip) integrity - lifting tools - welded appurtenances (SCF s) Positioning verticality - monopiles Driving - jackets / towers / tripods 42

43 Pile Fabrication / transportation / lifting / positioning / driving 43

44 Pile Fabrication / transportation / lifting / positioning / driving 44

45 Pile Fabrication / transportation / lifting / positioning / driving 45

46 Pile Fabrication / transportation / lifting / positioning / driving 46

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