Architecture Building, Delft University of Technology: Data Collection and Preliminary Analyses

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1 Fire and Collapse, Faculty of Architecture Building, Delft University of Technology: Data Collection and Preliminary Analyses Brian J. Meacham, PhD, PE, FSFPE Associate Professor Worcester Polytechnic Institute Madrid, del 23 al 25 de febrero de 2010 / Madrid, 23rd to 25th of February of 2011

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4 Collaborative Effort Data collection for future analyses (NSF SGER) US Team Michael Engelhardt, University of Texas at Austin Venkatesh Kodur, Michigan State University Brian Meacham, WPI Netherlands Team IJsbrand van Straalen and Johan Maljaars, TNO René de Feijter and Kees Both, Efectis Kees van Weeren, Delft University of Technology

5 Areas to Investigate Initiation and speed of initial fire growth Means for vertical and horizontal movement of fire through building compartment failure Thermal environment: gas temperatures vs. time in various areas of the building Systems and human response: notification and evacuation of building occupants Fire brigade response

6 The Building

7 Double-Height Floor Areas 11 th 10 th Fl. Fl. th Fl. 8 Fl. 9 th 8 th Fl Each architectural design studio has a ceiling height of 5.85m. Part of upper space is taken by the next upper floor which is considered as mezzanine from the design studio. Above ceiling 7 th Fl. 6 th Fl. Ceiling height(c.h.) = 5.85m C.H. : 2.7m C.H. : 2.7m

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14 Coffee Vending Machine Enclosure

15 Fire-Related Factors One large un-compartmented space Enough O2 provision for a large fire size Combustible ceiling material under hanging g floor local flashover by radiation from the ceiling Short vertical separation distance Easy vertical fire propagation between floors Horizontally connected exterior windows Flame extension around fire barrier

16 FDS Model Dimension : 40.5m(L)*16.2m(W)*5.8m(H). Cell size : 0.3m*0.3m*0.3m. Base reaction : Wood Prescribed HRRPUA & Ignition temperature for material combustion. Studio only, without hanging floor. 10 desks, 80 chairs, 5 presentation tables, Polystyrene y study models, etc

17 Representative Materials Model Coffee Machine Enclosure Student study model works Tables Description 5mm thick MDF covered with a polyester material Thermal Specific Ignition Density Thickness Cond. heat Temp. W/m-K kj/kg-k Kg/m 3 m o C 0.15 [14] 2.8 [14] 640 [14] [15] Polystyrene foam 0.03[16] 1.5[16] 20[16] [15] 10 student work tables, 5 presentation tables, approx. 5.4m(W)*1.2(m) 0.15[14] 2.8 [14] 640 [14] [15] Chairs Polyurethane chair 0.02[16] 02[16] 1.3[16] 32[16] [16] Corridor Cabinet About 8 units in total, 2.1(H)*(1.8~4.5(W))*0.3m( D) 0.15 [14] 2.8 [14] 640 [14] [15]

18 Representative Input 450 Coffee machine Burner HRR (kw/m2 ) Coffee Enclosure ) HRR (kw/m time(s) 100 Fig 7 Coffee Machine Burner HRRPUA, approximation [17] time(s) Figure 8 : Coffee Machine Enclosure (general wood material) [17]

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22 Future Analyses Ignition of nearby fuels by radiation HRR and flame spread rate of ceiling material Window breakage. Exterior windows actual window breakage T, area Interior glazing vertical flame propagation Further simulation Larger simulation area including middle and north section, and upper floors, more detailed HRR of fuels, and compartment information needed

23 Description of Structural System

24 Description of Structural System Typical Structural Details Columns and Floor Joists

25 Description of Structural System Floor Joist Girder Connection Detail between Floor Joist and Girder

26 Gas Te emperatu ure, C ASTM E119 Compartment Fire Analysis 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 Time, hours

27 1 ax Nor rmalized Resistance e, R(t)/R ma 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 02 0,2 0,1 0 Column Axial Joist Flexural Capacity Capacity (Positive Bending) (Compression) Joist Flexural Capacity (Negative Bending) Gas Temperature (Ozone) 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 Time, hours

28 Possible Collapse Scenario

29 Contributing Factor - Spalling

30 Contributing Factor - Spalling

31 Spalling Prediction TUD Column 48 mm 3.0 m P = 400 KN 4 φ 32 mm 508 mm Elevation f y = 400 MPa f c = 25 MPa Siliceous Agg. φ 10 mm stirrups 508 mm Cross Section Column analyzed with permeability of the order: a)10-17 b)10-18 c)10-19

32 Spalling Progression TUD Column Spalled area (%) perm -19 perm -18 perm Time (mins)

33 Summary Unusual fire partial collapse of RC structure Good opportunity to collect data for future engineering analyses: good amount of documentation obtained Able to reasonably simulate initial fire - although noncombustible construction, large volume spaces, interior finishes, fuel load and amount of glazing appear to have contributed to fire growth and spread Simple analysis indicates possible collapse scenario - spalling believed to be significant contributor - amount of cover over rebar and ability of hot gases to surround column may have contributed and weakening More analyses a needed

34 Acknowledgements Michael Engelhardt and Adam Kirk, The University of Texas at Austin, USA Venkatesh Kodur, Michigan State University, USA Haejun Park, Will Wong, David Tucholski, Nicholas Dembsey, WPI, USA IJsbrand van Straalen and Johan Maljaars, TNO, the Netherlands René de Feijter and Kees Both, Efectis, the Netherlands Kees van Weeren, Delft University it of Technology, the Netherlands

35 Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the US National Science Foundation (NSF) for their support of US research team travel to Delft in 2008 to collect data on the building and fire under award Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. I would also like to thank APICI and the organizers of this important international conference for the invitation and for generously supporting my participation.

36 Gracias por su atención Thanks for your attention Brian J. Meacham, PhD, PE, FSFPE Associate Professor Worcester Polytechnic Institute Madrid, del 23 al 25 de febrero de 2010 / Madrid, 23rd to 25th of February of 2011

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