B. Backfill and compact utility bedding and fill placed in the utility trenches between the top of the utility bedding and the subgrade elevation.
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1 SECTION TRENCHING AND BACKFILLING PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY A. Excavate trenches for new electric and telephone conduits, gas lines, and their appurtenances from at least 5 feet outside the building to the point of connection with the existing utility, or a point of discharge in the case of the storm sewers. B. Backfill and compact utility bedding and fill placed in the utility trenches between the top of the utility bedding and the subgrade elevation. 1.2 REFERENCES A. Final Construction Drawings. B. Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan (narrative and drawings). C. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) Specifications (Publication 408), latest revision. D. ASTM C33 - Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. E. ASTM D422 - Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. F. ASTM D Standard Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures, using 10 pound (4.54 kg) Rammer and 18-inch (457 mm) Drop. G. ASTM D Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil- Aggregate Mixture. H. ASTM D Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth). I. ASTM D Test Methods for Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures. J. ASTM D Test Methods for Maximum Index Density of Soils Using a Vibratory Table. K. ASTM D Test Methods for Minimum Index Density of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density. L. ASTM D Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, Grain Size (ASTM D422), and Plasticity (Atterberg Limits, ASTM D ). 1.3 INFORMATIONAL SUBMITTALS A. The Contractor is responsible for providing copies of all test results and material certifications to the Owner or his representative prior to installation to demonstrate conformance with these specifications Trenching & Backfilling
2 B. The Owner s representative will be responsible for collecting samples of onsite soils for testing. The Contractor shall notify the Owner s representative where he plans to excavate onsite soil for use as backfill prior to soil sampling. The Owner s representative shall have the soil samples tested by a qualified soils testing laboratory for maximum dry density and optimum moisture content in accordance with ASTM D1557. C. The Contractor is responsible for selecting the supplier(s) of the imported soil materials (if required) and sand, and providing the name(s) of the supplier(s) to the Owner or his representative prior to the commencement of construction. The Contractor shall provide Modified Proctor (performed in accordance with ASTM D1557), grain size distribution (performed in accordance with ASTM D422), plasticity (Atterberg Limits ASTM D4318), test results from samples of the soil materials and sand to be imported. The Owner or his representative may request information about the supplier(s), and the Owner holds the right to direct the Contractor to use a supplier of the Owner s choice. If the Contractor chooses to change the supplier, he must first receive approval from the Owner or his representative. D. The Contractor shall submit Relative Density (performed in accordance with ASTM D4253 and ASTM D4254) and grain size distribution (performed in accordance with ASTM D422) test results from samples of sand and the AASHTO #57 stone to be imported, and certifications that indicate the imported sand and AASHTO #57 stone satisfies the material requirements as specified herein. 1.4 PROJECT RECORD DOCUMENTS A. The Owner or his representative shall receive copies of all test results and material certifications, and may request additional testing. B. Accurately record actual locations of utilities remaining by horizontal dimensions, elevations or inverts, and slope gradients. 1.5 DEFINITIONS A. Bedding: Fill placed under, beside, and directly over pipe prior to subsequent backfill operations. In the case of storm sewer inlets and manholes, bedding shall be defined as fill placed under the inlet/manhole prior to subsequent backfill operations. B. Utility: Any buried pipe, appurtenance, conduit, or cable. 1.6 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS A. Obtain required approvals/permits from the appropriate authorities for materials to be disposed offsite. B. The Contractor shall contact the Pennsylvania One Call System ( ) prior to earth disturbance. C. Do not close or obstruct roadways, fire lanes, sidewalks, or hydrants without approval from the City of Pittsburgh and/or PennDOT. D. Conform to applicable regulatory requirements when discovering hazardous or contaminated materials. E. All excavations shall be made in accordance with federal, state, and local codes and ordinances, and the latest requirements for construction standards for excavations (29 CFR Part Subpart P) as promulgated by OSHA Trenching & Backfilling
3 F. Coordinate work with the utility companies where existing utilities may be affected by utility trenching. 1.7 COORDINATION A. Verify work associated with lower elevation utilities has been completed before placing higher elevation utilities. B. Verify that site clearing activities have been completed and all erosion and sedimentation control measures have been installed prior to commencing with utility trenching. C. Coordinate the work with other utility installations and relocations. D. Route vehicular and pedestrian traffic away from work at all times during construction activities. E. Immediately notify the Owner or his representative after identifying existing utilities that are not shown on the drawings. F. Perform work in accordance with the construction sequence included in the Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan. PART 2 - PRODUCTS 2.1 MATERIALS A. Subsoil Type S1: Excavated and re-usable material, graded, free of lumps larger than 3 inches, rocks larger than 2 inches and debris. The excavated subsoil material shall be approved by the Owner or his representative prior to its reuse. B. Subsoil Type S2: Imported material, graded, free of lumps larger than 3 inches, rocks larger than 2 inches, and debris. The imported subsoil material shall be approved by the Owner or his representative prior to its use. C. AASHTO #57 Stone: See Section 02100, Part 2.1, Item E (Rock for Inlet Protection). D. Sand: Well-graded coarse sand that satisfies the requirements for fine aggregate in PennDOT Publication 408, Section E. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide one of the following or approved equal: 1. Three Rivers Aggregate, Inc.; AASHTO #57 Stone 2. M & M Lime Co., Inc; AASHTO #57 Stone 3. Ohio Earth Food; Soils Type S1 and S2 4. Lincoln Way Supply; Soils Type S1 and S2 5. Lincoln Way Supply; Sand 2.2 SOURCE QUALITY CONTROL A. Perform laboratory tests of soil samples to determine the moisture-density relationship of each sample in accordance with ASTM D1557. B. Perform laboratory tests of soil samples to determine the grain size distribution of each sample in accordance with ASTM D Trenching & Backfilling
4 C. Perform laboratory tests of soil samples to evaluate plasticity in accordance with ASTM D4318. D. Visually observe soil materials to verify they meet the project description. E. Perform laboratory tests of AASHTO #57 stone samples to determine the relative density and grain- size distribution of each sample in accordance with ASTM D4253 and ASTM D4254, and ASTM D422, respectively. F. Visually observe the AASHTO #57 stone to verify it meets the project description. G. Perform laboratory tests of sand samples to determine the relative density and grain size distribution of each sample in accordance with ASTM D4253 and 4254 and ASTM D422, respectively. H. Visually observe the sand to verify it meets the project description. I. If tests indicate materials do not meet specified requirements, change materials and retest at no cost to the Owner, and/or change placement and compaction methods. PART 3 - EXECUTION 3.1 EXAMINATION A. Verify that survey benchmarks and intended elevations for the work are as shown on the drawings. B. Verify that the erosion and sedimentation control measures have been properly installed in their proper locations prior to commencing with utility trenching. 3.2 PREPARATION A. Identify required lines, levels, contours, and datum. B. Locate, identify, and protect any and all above and below grade utilities and appurtenances, which are to remain, from damage. C. Stake and flag locations of known utilities. D. Protect trees, plant life, lawns, and other site features which will remain as part of the final landscaping. E. Protect bench marks, existing structures, sidewalks, pavement, curbs, and other site features from excavation and construction equipment, and vehicular traffic. 3.3 TRENCH EXCAVATION A. The storm sewer, sanitary sewer, electric and telephone conduit, and water line trenches shall be excavated as shown on the drawings. Excavate subsoil required for the pipe, inlets, manholes, endwalls, and other utility installations to the established lines and grades as shown on the drawings. Provide a firm and uniform bearing for the entire length of pipe and for the bottom of foundations/footings for subsurface structures and appurtenances. B. If the material found at the bottom of the excavation might cause unequal settlement or provide unequal bearing for the pipe, structure, etc., or is otherwise unsuitable for a foundation or for pipe Trenching & Backfilling
5 bedding, it shall be removed by the Contractor to a depth and width specified by the Owner or his representative and replaced with suitable onsite material. The subgrade foundation materials shall be compacted to a density consistent with the undisturbed soils and to the satisfaction of the Owner or his representative. Overexcavation and replacement of unsuitable materials shall be at no additional cost to the Owner. C. Cut trenches sufficiently wide to enable installation and allow for inspection. D. If rock is encountered at the bottom of the trench excavation, the rock shall be removed by the Contractor to such depth and width as required by the Owner or his representative, and replaced with subgrade foundation material. Subgrade foundation material shall be ASTM Size No. 4 gravel. If conditions warrant, a layer of concrete sand and layers of ASTM Size No. 67 and ASTM Size No. 4 gravel shall be substituted for the ASTM Size No. 4 gravel. Proportions of each shall be determined by the Owner or his representative based on field conditions. The ASTM Size No. 4 and No. 67 gravel shall meet the requirements of the current ASTM Designation C33 for "Concrete Aggregate" and all amendments thereto. E. Do not interfere with 45 degree bearing splay of existing and/or new foundations. F. All excavations shall be kept free of water, snow, and ice during construction. G. The bottom portion of all trenches shall, conform to the external shape and dimensions of the pipe or structure (inlet, manhole, endwall, etc.) and provide an even bearing pressure. Hand trim if necessary. The character of the ground encountered may be such that the external shape and dimensions of the pipe/structure cannot be preserved, or the method of making the excavation may leave a trench which varies from the base of the pipe/structure. In such instances, the space between the external shape and the bottom and sides of the excavation as made shall be filled with pipe bedding material. H. Remove lumped subsoil, boulders and rock. I. Any excavation below the required level without authorization shall be backfilled with approved subsoil materials by the Contractor, at no expense to the Owner. Placement and compaction of such backfill shall be to the satisfaction of the Owner or his representative. J. The trench excavations shall not advance more than 200 feet ahead of the pipe laying and masonry work, except where it is absolutely necessary because of site conditions. The Contractor shall extend the trench or dig test pits to locate utilities when approaching existing utilities to be crossed or connected to. Any necessary changes in line or grade of the work, or any excavation and removal of pipe, caused by failure to take such precautions, will be at no expense to the Owner. K. When approaching sections where existing underground construction appears to be in proximity to pipe or conduit grades as set, or approaching existing utilities for connections, the trench shall be opened a sufficient distance ahead of the work, test pits made, or other approved exploration methods employed to allow for changes in line or grade. Any necessary changes in line or grade of the work, or any excavation and removal of pipe, caused by failure to take such precautions, will be at no cost to the Owner. Lines of new work may be adjacent to, and/or cross sewers, gas lines, water mains, and other underground utilities. Utility excavations in public roadways or pavement areas shall be performed in accordance with the procedures and guidelines set forth by the Owner, or appropriate local, state, and federal agencies having jurisdiction over the work. L. The Contractor shall furnish, install, and maintain such sheeting, shoring, bracing, and coffer damming, etc., as may be needed to support the sides and roofs of excavations and to prevent any earth or rock movements which might in any way diminish or affect the necessary width of the excavation, endanger the safety of persons, injure or delay the work, or jeopardize the safety or adjacent pavements, property, buildings, or other structures. The work of sheeting, shoring, and bracing shall, at all times, be in conformance with the latest requirements for construction standard Trenching & Backfilling
6 for excavations (29 CFR Part Subpart P) promulgated by OSHA, and any other local, state, and federal laws and ordinances. Where sheeting and bracing are required, the trench excavation width shall be increased accordingly. M. Trench sheeting shall remain in place until the pipe has been properly laid and backfill placed and compacted to a minimum depth of two feet over the top of pipe, or until depths required by OSHA regulations. Sheeting, shoring, and bracing shall be removed progressively up from the bottom of the trench as the compacted backfill is placed, or until the depths required by OSHA regulations. During backfill operations, sheeting which is to be removed shall at no time extend into the backfill which is being compacted. The sheeting shall be withdrawn so as to always be above the backfill. Upon removal, all voids shall be carefully backfilled and compacted. N. Sheeting and shoring at concrete structure excavations shall remain in place until the concrete has cured to 75 percent of its specified 28-day compressive strength. O. The decision as to whether or not sheeting and shoring are necessary, and the design of such sheeting and shoring, will be made by the Contractor in accordance with OSHA regulations. The Contractor shall assume sole responsibility for the safety of the work and adjacent structures and properties during and following the excavation operation. P. The Contractor shall remove, by pumping or other means, any surface or groundwater which may accumulate in trench excavations and shall at all times keep trench excavations free from water while work is being performed in them. The water shall be disposed of in a manner that will not cause injury or damage to the public health, public property, nearby streams or rivers, the work contemplated or in progress, surfaces of the streets, or cause any interference with the use of same. The disposal of this water shall be performed in a manner satisfactory to the Owner or his representative, and authorities having jurisdiction. Drainage of water by way of the section of pipe under construction will not be permitted. Q. Water pumped from the utility trench shall pass through a filter bag before discharging to the storm sewer system. The maximum pumping rate shall not exceed the capacity of the filter bag. The silt socks shall be routinely observed by the Contractor for sediment deposits. Sediment removed by the dewatering process shall be placed upgradient of the silt fence, sediment basin or sediment traps and allowed to dry. Once dry, the sediments may be incorporated in the fill. R. All suitable materials resulting from excavations may be used as backfill, and shall not be removed from the site without consent of the Owner or his representative. The Contractor may deposit suitable excavated materials directly into permanent position when it is consistent with the proper prosecution of the work. Materials suitable for reuse as backfill, which cannot be placed at once in permanent position, shall be stockpiled in an orderly manner a sufficient distance from all trenches to prevent slides or cave-ins. All stones over 2 inches in diameter shall be removed from pipe backfill that will be placed within 12 inches from the top of the pipe. Re-excavating material from the stockpiles and any other rehandling shall be included as part of the bid price. Materials unsuitable for reuse in the permanent work shall be disposed of offsite or disposed of onsite (if approved by the Owner) by placing and compacting at locations designated by the Owner. S. The Contractor shall assume all responsibility for conclusions as to the nature of the materials to be excavated and the difficulties of making and maintaining the required excavations. No additional allowances above the bid price will be made on account of any of the material being wet or frozen. No extra payment will be made for hand excavations. 3.4 STOCKPILING A. Stockpile reusable materials onsite at locations designated by the Owner or his representative. The materials shall be stockpiled a sufficient distance away from the utility trenches or excavations to prevent slides or cave-ins Trenching & Backfilling
7 B. The stockpile side slopes shall not be steeper than 2 horizontal to 1 vertical (2:1). C. Stockpile in sufficient quantities to meet project schedules and requirements. D. Separate differing materials with dividers or stockpile apart to prevent mixing. E. Direct surface water away from stockpiles to prevent erosion or deterioration of materials. F. Cover stockpiles with a polyethylene liner to prevent sediment pollution. Anchor liners in-place with heavy stones. 3.5 PIPE BACKFILLING A. Backfill trenches between the top of the bedding material and the subgrade elevation with suitable materials, as shown on the drawings. B. Systematically backfill to allow maximum time for natural settlement. Do not backfill over porous, wet, frozen or yielding subgrade surfaces. C. Place approved subsoil materials, Types S1 or S2, in maximum 8-inch thick, loose lifts. Refuse, broken paving materials, organic matter, frozen, saturated, or other unsuitable materials shall not be used in the backfill. Compact the backfill to at least 95% of its maximum dry density and within +3% of its optimum moisture content, as determined by the Modified Proctor compaction test (ASTM D1557). Any water used to increase the moisture content of the backfill shall be potable. The thickness of the fill layers shall be kept within the compacting ability of the equipment used. Continue backfilling over the pipe as specified herein, to the pavement subgrade or final ground surface elevation less 6 inches for topsoil. D. D. Employ placement and compaction methods that do not disturb or damage foundation perimeter drainage and other subsurface structures or utilities. Any damage to utilities/structures caused by placement and compaction methods shall be repaired by the Contractor at no expense to the Owner to the satisfaction of the Owner or his representative. 3.6 BACKFILLING FOR STRUCTURES A. Backfill between the sides of the storm sewer inlets and the excavation with suitable unfrozen materials. All backfill placed around the storm sewer inlet from the subgrade elevation down to the top of the lowest pipe shall be AASHTO #57 stone. Place AASHTO #57 stone in maximum 8-inch thick loose layers and carefully compact each layer to at least 75% of its relative density as determined by ASTM D4253 and ASTM D4254 using mechanical tampers. All soil backfill placed between the top of lowest pipe elevation and top of bedding shall be placed in maximum 8-inch thick loose lifts and compacted to at least 95% of its maximum dry density and within ±3% of its optimum moisture content as determined by ASTM D1557. The thickness of the fill layers shall be kept within the compacting ability of the equipment used. Any water used to increase the moisture content of the backfill shall be potable. Continue backfilling around the inlet as specified herein, to the pavement subgrade or final ground surface elevation (less 6 inches for topsoil). B. Backfill between the sides of the manholes and the excavation with suitable unfrozen soil materials. All soil backfill shall be placed in maximum 8-inch thick loose lifts and compacted to at least 95% of its maximum dry density and within ±3% of its optimum moisture content as determined by ASTM D1557. The thickness of the fill layers shall be kept within the compacting ability of the equipment used. Any water used to increase the moisture content of the backfill shall be potable. Continue backfilling around the manhole as specified herein, to the pavement subgrade or final ground surface elevation (less 6 inches for topsoil). C. Do not backfill over porous, wet, frozen, or yielding surfaces Trenching & Backfilling
8 D. Employ placement and compaction methods that do not disturb or damage foundation perimeter drainage and other subsurface structures or utilities. Any damage to utilities/structures caused by improper placement and compaction methods shall be repaired by the Contractor at no expense to the Owner to the satisfaction of the Owner or his representative. 3.7 RESTORATION A. As the trenching work, or portions of the work, is completed, the Contractor shall complete the final grading and restoration. This final restoration shall include the raking of the surface to remove all debris and stones. The Contractor will be required to replace, at his own expense, any pavement, curb, sidewalk, or other structure outside the trench area which has been damaged, has settled or moved out of alignment, either during the progress of the work or due to subsequent settlement by reason of trenching, or improper backfilling. The area disturbed by construction shall be left in as good condition as it was before the commencement of the work. Any repairs required because of unsatisfactory trench backfilling shall be at the expense of the Contractor. The costs for restoration shall be included with the costs for trenching and backfilling on the bid form. 3.8 CONTRACTOR REQUIREMENTS A. Conduct construction activities in a manner which minimizes interference with existing utilities to remain. B. Immediately cease construction activities if adjacent structures appear to be in danger. Notify authority having jurisdiction. Do not resume construction activities until directed by the Owner. C. Conduct construction activities with minimum interference to public or private accesses. D. Maintain safe pedestrian travel ways around the construction site at all times. 3.9 DISPOSAL A. Removed excess material not being reused shall be disposed of offsite at an approved landfill STOCKPILE CLEANUP A. Remove all stockpiled materials that will not be used for construction, and leave area in a clean and neat condition. Grade ground surface to provide positive drainage TOLERANCES A. Top Surface of Subgrade: Plus or minus 1/10 foot FIELD QUALITY CONTROL A. The Owner or his representative shall visually observe to verify that lift thicknesses are not greater than 8 inches. B. The Owner or his representative shall perform field density testing in accordance with ASTM D2216, ASTM D2922, and/or ASTM D Trenching & Backfilling
9 C. The Owner or his representative shall visually observe the utility trenches to verify that a firm, unyielding foundation with no sudden, sharp, or abrupt changes or break in grades shall exist after compaction. No standing water or excess moisture shall be allowed. All soft or yielding areas will be excavated to a depth at which, when replaced with approved subsoil materials and recompacted at a moisture content not exceeding optimum, the subgrade will display minimal elasticity. D. If tests indicate work does not meet specified requirements, remove work, replace, compact, and retest at no cost to the Owner. E. Frequency of Tests: Perform field density testing at a rate of one test per lift per 50 linear feet of trench, or portion thereof. F. The Contractor shall give at least 24-hour notice to the Owner or his representative to allow sufficient time to coordinate testing. Any work performed by the Contractor prior to completion of the required testing will be performed at the Contractor s own risk. Any deficient work completed by the Contractor will be repaired and paid for by the Contractor PROTECTION OF FINISHED WORK. A. The Contractor shall be responsible for protecting and maintaining the trench bottom in a suitable condition. Should the Contractor fail to maintain this material in a condition suitable for trench foundation, he shall, at his own expense, excavate and dispose of this material and replace and compact the new subgrade foundation material to the required grade. If the trench bottoms become wet, all soft materials shall be removed and replaced with a suitable material and compacted to a density equal to that of the undisturbed soil. Trench bottoms shall be protected from frost or freezing. B. The Contractor shall be entirely and solely responsible for the adequacy and sufficiency of all supports and of all sheeting, bracing, shoring, coffer damming, etc. The Contractor shall assume entire and sole liability for damages on account of injury to persons, adjacent pavements, and public and private property including, but not limited to, the work under construction, buildings and other structures, which injury shall result directly or indirectly from the Contractor's failure to install or to leave in place adequate and sufficient supports, sheeting, bracing, shoring, coffer damming, etc. C. Reshape and recompact fills subjected to vehicular traffic during construction. END OF SECTION Trenching & Backfilling
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