High Performance Joinery Products for Scotland

Transcription

1 High Performance Joinery Products for Scotland Windows Doors Patio Doors Stairs 1

2 Contents Introduction 3 Tilt & Turn Range 4, 5 High Performance Reversible Range 6, 7 Fully Glazed Sliding Sash 8, 9 High Performance Low Uvalue Casement Range 10, 11 Enhanced Security Casement Range 12, 13 Window Options 14, 15 Oak Doorset Range 16, 17 Castle Composite Doorsets 18, 19 Clifton Doorsets 20, 21 Canberra Duo Patio 22, 23 Wellington Patio 24, 25 Stairs 26, 27 2

3 International Doors and Windows International Doors and Windows is Scotland s leading supplier of high quality, high performance doors and windows. We have extensive specialist experience in supplying products to all types of projects from commercial applications such as schools and hospitals through to new build homes and offices. Our staff are highly experienced in the specification and requirements to meet building regulations and can advise on windows and doors to meet the relevant building regulation including fire egress, mobility, security and energy efficiency. Experienced staff offer a full project planning and estimating service, always suggesting the most cost effective methods to complete the job. In addition we can advise on environmental, building and security requirements and regulations. Products shown in this brochure represent a selection of industry-leading specifications including windows with Uvalues down to 0.7Wm2k and A rated energy efficiency windows. Doorsets meet the security requirements of Secured by Design, the police preferred specification and we also can provide timber staircases for both residential and commercial applications. Contact us to discuss your requirements at either Aberdeen or Cumbernauld , or info@idaw.co.uk International Doors and Windows 9 Tollpark Road Wardpark Industrial Estate Cumbernauld G68 0LW TEL: FAX: info@idaw.co.uk International Doors and Windows Unit 3 Mugiemoss Road Aberdeen AB21 9US TEL: FAX: info@idaw.co.uk The Environment International Doors and Windows is committed to ensuring that the products we provide comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations. Timber used in the products in this brochure comes from Chain of Custody Certified sources, either FSC or PEFC and details for specific products can be provided upon request. 3

4 Tilt & Turn Range Guide Nominal size restrictions for 1 light frames: Minimum width Maximum width Minimum height 491mm 1402mm 651mm Thermal performance All timber softwood Aluminium clad timber Standard sizes Made to measure Secured by Design Fire escape Easy clean Colour options Concealed Vent Maximum height 2402mm Maximum sash weight 100kg W/m 2 k Turn the handle 180 and it will open the sash fully. Ideal for cleaning and maintenance. Also suits fire escape purposes* Turn the handle 90 and it will tilt inwards for ventilation. Internal view *dependent on window size 4

5 Tilt & Turn range One-handed Tilt & Turn in all timber and aluminium clad The Tilt & Turn range of windows is designed to International Doors and Windows high specification exclusively for the Scottish market. Tilt & Turn timber sectional detail The window range is externally beaded with an aluminium bottom bead, for improved durability. The Tilt & Turn window meets some of the highest performance ratings in the industry, making it suitable for high rise developments and can meet the requirements of BS6180. Operation & Security Features The window is designed with a one handle operating system, which when turned 90 allows the sash to tilt inwards.turn the handle 180 to open the sash fully, enabling both cleaning and maintenance. For secure ventilation, all windows in this range are Espagnolette locking as standard and tested to BS 7950 Weather Tightness The Tilt & Turn window meets high weather performance when exposed to extreme conditions. It is tested to BS6375 to meet the requirements of BS644. BS EN ISO :2006 Table B.1 Acoustic Performance Acoustic performance available to 38 db Rw Tilt & Turn aluminium clad timber sectional detail Finishing We supply softwood basecoat stained as standard, with primed available as an option. A wide range of colours are available with fully finished windows, benefiting from marketing leading guarantees. Glazing specifications Factory glazed as standard with 28mm low E argon filled units, giving a whole window Uvalue of 1.4W/m 2 K. This window is available with double or triple glazed units with different gas filled options. Obscure glass is available. Whole window Uvalue range available from 1.8 to 1.1W/m 2 K PEFC/ TilT & Turn Down to 1.1 whole window Uvalue Tested to BS6375, and BS7950 Multi-point Locking 5

6 High Performance Reversible Range Guide Nominal size restrictions for 1 light frames: Side Hung Top Hung Minimum width 517mm 517mm Maximum sash width 1025mm 1501mm Thermal performance All timber softwood Standard sizes Made to measure Secured by Design Fire escape Yale reversible hardware Easy clean Colour options Minimum sash height 671mm 425mm Maximum sash height 1387mm 1332mm Maximum sash weight 50kg 80kg W/m 2 k Side hung reversible Top hung reversible 6

7 High Performance Reversible Windows High performance, fully reversible windows The High Performance Reversible window system offers the architect and specifier total flexibility in window design and configuration. It combines a wide range of operational options with consistent looks and sight lines and promises great durability and easy maintenance. Modern housing schemes, particularly those in inner city regeneration areas, demand high performance windows that provide both security and convenience. This range is designed to satisfy long-term maintenance plans and commitments, with all external surfaces flush and the minimum of joint lines. Fully reversible configurations allow minor external maintenance to be carried out inside the building. Glazing Specifications This window is supplied as standard with 24mm Low-E Argon filled insulated glass units and a warm edge spacer. A centre pane UValue of 1.2W/m 2 K achieves a whole window Uvalue of 1.4W/m 2 K. Low E glass (low Emissivity) has a surface coating that improves substantially its energy efficiency. The coating lets the sun s rays through and reflects the heat back into the room. Other glass specifications are available by request, double or triple glazed, different gas filled options and design. Uvalue range for this window is W/m 2 K. Operation & Security Features The sash design allows for top hung or side hung fully reversible operation with restrictors for safety and security. This feature allows for easy cleaning and maintenance and suitability for medium rise buildings. If improved security is required, we can supply windows that are tested to BS7950. Weather Tightness The High Performance Reversible window is tested to BS6375 to meet the requirements of BS644. BS EN ISO 717-1:1997 Acoustic Performance Acoustic performance available to 36dB Rw. Finishing Windows are supplied in softwood, protected with an advanced preservative system as standard, base coat stained as standard, allowing either a stained or paint finish with options of base coat prime and a full range of fully finished paint and stain colours. Head section Jamb section Sill section PEFC/ high Performance reversible Down to 1.3 whole window Uvalue Tested to BS6375, and BS7950 7

8 Fully Glazed Sliding Sash Range Guide Nominal size restrictions: Minimum width 389mm Thermal performance All timber softwood Standard sizes Made to measure Glazing options Secured by Design Fire escape Colour options Maximum width Minimum height Maximum height 1500mm 750mm 2100mm W/m 2 k Sashes tilt inwards for cleaning and maintenance. 8

9 Fully Glazed Sliding Sash Modern design, traditional appeal Our sliding sash windows combine an authentic period feel with all the practical benefits of modern windows designed to enhance any development. This unique range of timber windows features stepped sashes for improved performance, yet retains traditional sight lines. All our top sashes have traditional horns as standard. A no-horn option is available. Operation & Security Features All windows are designed to open both sashes inwards by tilting to allow easy cleaning and maintenance. This is simple to do, by releasing two catches on the upper surface of the top rail of each sash and tilting the sash inwards. Restrictors support the bottom sash in the tilt position. The jambs are fitted with PVCu liners for easy operation and running of the sashes. Finishing Standard finish is a base coat prime, with base coat stain and a wide range of standard fully finished colours as an option. All our sliding sash windows are manufactured from softwood, certified by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Chain of Custody. Glazing Specification Our standard windows are supplied with a 24mm Low-E insulating glass units, which provides a center pane Uvalue of 1.4W/m 2 K achieving a whole window thermal transmittance of 1.8W/ m 2 K. The sliding sash windows have thermal performance range availability from W/m 2 K. Energy rated windows form part of the range with options of C-B ratings. Secured by Design compliant windows can be specified which are tested to BS7950. Weather Tightness The sliding sash window range is tested to BS6375 to meet the requirements of BS644. BS EN ISO 717-1:1997 Acoustic Performance Acoustic performance available to 30dB Rw. PEFC/ SliDing SaSh Down to 1.4 whole window Uvalue Head section Jamb section Sill section 9

10 High Performance Low Uvalue Casement Range Guide Nominal size restrictions for 1 light frames: Double Glazed Side Hung Top Hung Minimum width 500mm 500mm Thermal performance All timber softwood Aluminium clad timber Standard sizes Made to measure Secured by Design Fire escape Easy clean Colour options Maximum sash width 874mm 1274mm Minimum sash height 450mm 450mm Maximum sash height 1555mm 1605mm W/m 2 k Aluminium Clad Timber sectional drawings: Jamb section Head section Sill section 10

11 High Performance Low Uvalue Casement Range High performance range in timber and aluminium clad timber An exceptional looking flush timber window, incorporating the latest window engineering technology. The attractive slim profile and flush sash design will suit any dwelling type with the benefits of a high performance product. The range is designed to offer architects and developers a window solution to meet the requirements of zero carbon homes. Two attractive external finishes are available: all timber or aluminium cladding wrapped externally on a traditional timber frame. Both styles offer a low maintenance window with the added features that the frame is manufactured from wood, the only truly environmentally friendly renewable building material. Timber sectional drawing: Head section Operation & Security Features The window is designed with projecting hinges for either top hung or side hung sashes. Fire egress options are available to comply with current building regulations Part B. As an option, Secured by Design compliant windows can be specified which are tested to BS7950. Weather Tightness All windows are tested to BS63750 to meet the requirements of BS644. BS EN ISO :2006 Table B.1 Acoustic Performance Acoustic performance available to 38 db Rw Finishing This window range is supplied to the highest specifications that are available in today s market. With fully factory paint or stain finish as standard in a range of standard colours. The aluminium clad powder coat is available in any RAL colour offering a market leading 30-year guarantee. Glazing Specifications The high performance window range has no standard specification and depends on the requirements that are dictated from design and planning. With a Uvalue range available from W/m 2 K, using a range of double or triple insulated glass units fitted to achieve the thermal performance requested. Sill section Jamb section PEFC/ low UValue casement Down to 0.7 whole window Uvalue Tested to BS6375, and BS7950 Espagnolette Locking System 11

12 Enhanced Security Casement Range Guide Nominal size restrictions for 1 light frames: Side Hung Top Hung Minimum width 450mm 334mm Thermal performance All timber softwood, hardwood and oak Standard sizes Made to measure Glazing options Fire escape Ventilation Colour options Maximum sash width 730mm 1231mm Minimum sash height 450mm 355mm Maximum sash height 1441mm 1200mm W/m 2 k 12

13 Enhanced Security Casement Range Traditional casement with enhanced security features The Enhanced Security Casement range are designed to International Doors and Windows high specification exclusively for the Scottish market. The high security casement range is designed with a traditional stormproof casement window appearance but with all the added features of a product that will comply with the Secured by Design (SBD) scheme. An elegant timber window that will suit any type of housing development or bespoke home, this window range offers a wide variety of styles and specifications. Our SBD windows provide enhanced security, to meet the requirements of BS7950:1997 for security performance of casement windows in domestic applications. Operation & Security features This window range offers flexible specification, with butt or projecting hinges fitted to the sashes and fire escape options if required. Window styles are available in plain casement or any simulated bar detail that fits your design needs. BS7950 windows will be fitted with a espagnolette locking system. All handles fitted have a night vent position. Weather Tightness All windows are tested to BS63750 to meet the requirements of BS644. BS EN ISO 717-1:1997 Acoustic Performance Acoustic performance available to 37dB Rw. Finishing All windows are supplied as standard in base coat stain, with a range of colours available including base coat prime, fully finished stain or a wide range of fully finished paint options. Glass Specifications As standard the windows are supplied factory glazed with 24mm Low-E insulating glass units, giving a whole product Uvalue of 1.8W/m 2 K. Where required and specified laminated glass will be fitted, depending on the SBD scheme requirements. A range of obscure glazing is available upon request. Double or triple glazed units can be fitted with Uvalues ranging from W/m 2 K. A selection of A-E energy rated windows can be specified with a BS7950 also available Jamb section Head section PEFC/ enhanced SecuriTY casement Down to 1.1 whole window Uvalue Espagnolette Locking System Easy clean hinge newvu 13

14 Window Accessory options Tilt & Turn Range Available in Chrome effect, Gold effect & White High Performance Low Uvalue Casement Range Available in Chrome effect, Gold effect & White High Performance Reversible Window Range Chrome Effect Handle Gold Effect Handle Enhanced Security Casement Range Brown Handle White Handle Brass Effect Handle Chrome Effect Handle Sliding Sash Range Gold Effect Handle White Effect Handle Chrome Fitch Latch Gold Fitch Latch White Fitch Latch Chrome Sash Lift Gold Sash Lift White Sash Lift 14

15 Window Accessory options Glazing Options Building Regulations and Glazing We have designed ScotVu windows to accept 24mm insulating glass units, using Low E glass to comply with the amended Building Regulations Approved Document L Low E glass (low emissivity) has a surface coating that improves substantially its energy efficiency. This coating lets the sun s rays through and reflects heat back into the room. Ice Effect Leaf Effect Tulip Effect All glazing must comply with the requirements of Part N of the Building Regulations, 1998 edition and Part P2.2 of the Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations, 1990 edition or later. Anyone specifying glazing should refer to these. For windows more than 1350mm in height, we supply low level glazing units as tempered safety glass to satisfy BS 6262: Part 4: Dew Effect Diamond Leaded Rectangular Leaded Stain Options Paint Options Standard Basecoat Stain for site finishing (softwood only) Hardwood Harmonising Basecoat Stain Stain for site finishing Hi-Build Stain Hardwood Hi-Build Stain Softwood Primed (Cream) for site finishing Optional Finishes Hi-Build Paint (White) fully finished as standard Hi-Build Buttermilk (softwood) Dusky Grey Fully Finished (matching ventilators available at extra cost) Gardenia Fully Finished 15

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17 Oak Doorset Range Single entrance doorsets Eversley FF Thornbury FF This range of distinctive Oak external doorsets features original glazing designs with subtle colours from taupe, soft charcoal grey to the palest rose to complement any décor. The door is factory finished in a Oak tinted lacquer complete with a 2-year guarantee on finish. The Lancaster range is certified by the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council). This means that timber used to manufacture these doors comes from forests which are well managed according to strict environmental standards. Construction Sturdily built from high quality veneered Oak, these engineered 44mm doors will create a striking impression for any entrance. Practical as well as beautiful, complete with 5 stiles to take a wide range of locking mechanisms. The frame is PEFC certified softwood finished in base coat stain as standard, complete with a silver effect mobility threshold. Optional extras: Factory finished frame only Right hand hung door Letter plate, security chain and viewer in gold and silver effect Handle and cylinder thumbturn handle available in gold or silver effect White adjustable hinge Secured by Design Hardwood Frame Doorset actual sizes available: Height 2095mm x Width 927mm Height 2095mm x Width 1003mm Fully Finished Frame Colour Options Hi-Build Stain Baltic Harlequin FF Croft FF Operation This doorset is supplied as standard with brown adjustable hinges (white as a option). The door is left hand hung (viewing from outside). A multipoint locking system is fitted. Hi-Build White Buttermilk Doorframe sectional drawing: Dusky Grey Gardenia PEFC/ oak DoorSeTS Down to 1.9 whole Doorset Uvalue 4 styles of door Triple glazed Multi-point locking system 17

18 Castle Composite Doorset Range Guide Thermal performance Composite material door with softwood frame Standard sizes 10 door styles Colour options for door slabs Factory finished options to frame Secured by Design W/m 2 k 18

19 Dunster Clifford Walden Tilsbury Barnard Upnor Rising Cottage Keep Strand Castle Composite Doorsets Energy efficient doorset, high security performance The composite door is best described as a combination of the top attributes of all types of modern door materials. Unlike some other doors composite, sometimes known as GRP, will not splinter, dent or rust assuring you of a good investment in your property and up to six times greater heat insulation than a comparable timber door. With today s emphasis on energy conservation this can only be better news both for your home and your heating bills. This doorset is suitable for residential and public sector applications and with a wide range of designs available, can fit either modern or traditional buildings. Construction The environmentally friendly polyurethane core is 100% CFC-free and offers enhanced sound and heat insulation. The thermoset manufacturing process means that the panel will not expand or contract with changing temperatures. The skin of the door is manufactured from GRP (Glass Reinforced Polymer) making it resistant to any high impact situation. The wood grain skin is pre-pigmented enabling it to be waterproof and scratch resistant. Operation All doorsets are fitted with an espagnolette locking system, tested to the requirements of BS7950 as standard and white adjustable hinges that fit internally. Looking from outside the door is hinged to the left and opens in to the property. The standard silver effect fittings include; letter plate, security viewer and handle. Available Doorset Sizes (nominal): Height 2100mm x Width 856mm Height 2100mm x Width 932mm Height 2100mm x Width 1008mm Optional extras: Gold fittings Brown adjustable hinges Gold or silver effect security chain Glazing clear or obscure effects Hardwood frame Recycled composite frame 170mm sill Down to castle DoorSeTS 1.15 whole Doorset Uvalue Door Finishes Through Colours Black Blue White Red Green Door Finishes Stained Effect Light Oak Mahogany 19

20 Clifton Single & Double Doorset Range Guide Thermal performance All timber softwood Standard sizes Made to measure Glazing options Colour options Ventilation W/m 2 k 20

21 Clifton Single & Double Doorsets Softwood doorset available in a wide choice of designs The Clifton Single & Double doorsets are designed to International Doors and Windows high specification for the ScotVu market. Offering a choice of six door styles, the Clifton doorset is a versatile option to suit most external joinery designs and styles. The single and double doorsets are available with matching sidelights that can be supplied to both sides of the door opening or specified with one, when looking from outside. These are supplied with a continuous head and sill to maintain clean sight lines. As part of providing a wide range of designs, with clear glazed and simulated bar designs, Secured by Design approved doorsets are available. Available standard size product nominal height is 2100mm with widths of: Single - 856mm Double mm Single - 932mm Double mm Double mm Sidelight width sizes - 300mm, 450mm, 600mm Bespoke sizes available with continuous head and sill - up to 3600mm width - up to 2400mm height Head section Construction The Clifton doorsets are manufactured from engineered, fingerjointed knot-free clear timber. With a 54mm door leaf thickness and 24mm Low-E insulating glass units fitted, this product provides compliance with today s building requirements. The doors come with a loose ironmongery pack, supplied in silver effect as standard including; handle and threshold. Hinges are supplied in white for primed or Hi-Build paint finished products, with brown for basecoat stain and Hi-Build stain finish. Inward opening Outward opening Operation The single and double doorsets are available as open in or open out designs, with a multi-point locking system, shoot and finger bolt. The right hand door opens first on the double doors when viewed from outside. Sill section The single doors are supplied standard with the door hung from the left hand, with right hand hung by request. Finishing Basecoat stained as standard with primed available as an option. A wide range of colours are available with fully finished paint or stain options, benefiting from market leading guarantees. Inward opening Outward opening PEFC/ clifton Down to 1.3 whole Doorset Uvalue 21

22 Canberra Duo Folding Sliding Patio Range Guide Thermal performance Engineered Oak Standard sizes Made to measure Glazing options Colour options Ventilation W/m 2 k Canberra Duo Door Configuration Options (Doors open out) Interior 2L * 2R* 4L1R 1L4R 2L1R 1L2R 3L2R 2L3R 5L1R 1L5R 2L2R* 4L2R* 2L4R * 3L1R Exterior 1L3R 3L3R * These door configurations can be locked from the inside only 22

23 Canberra Duo More space, more light A modern concept in patio doors, the Canberra Duo combines the style and elegance of a classic French door with the space-saving benefits of a folding sliding door. The sliding and folding mechanism lets you open the doors fully and when closed, the full height glazing lets in maximum light. So even on cold and wintry days you ll feel the benefits of the Canberra Duo. Canberra sectional sizes: Construction Manufactured in attractive Oak on an engineered timber core, the doors can simply be stained, or painted to match your colour scheme. The door leaf thickness is 54mm and fitted with a multi point lock. Operation The hardware used is top hung and requires a suitable lintel to be fitted. The weight is all held in the head of the frame allowing the doors to run smoothly. A wide range of door configurations are available, with doors opening outwards. Features Weather resistant and tested to BS6375 part 1. Design exposure rating 1200PA Low level bronze anodised aluminium combination sill fitted for ease of access Key lockable drop bolts Doorset Uvalue of 1.9W/m 2 K Bespoke sizes available to special order Finishing Unfinished as standard with basecoat stain or primed available as an option. A wide range of colours are available in fully finished paint or stain options, benefiting from market leading guarantees. Available standard size product nominal height is 2100mm with widths of: 1800mm, 2100mm, 2400mm, 3000mm, 3600mm & 4200mm Bespoke available height from 1950mm to 2700mm Bespoke available width from 1800mm to 4200mm Down to canberra 1.3 whole Doorset Uvalue Vertical section Jamb section Triple Glazed and Gas filled Options are available for Canberra Duo. Integral Blinds - optional extra Insulating glass units with integrated Venetian blinds available. 23

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25 Wellington A softwood or hardwood sliding folding patio door The Wellington folding sliding patio has been introduced into the range to provide a competitive standard product, available in hardwood unfinished or softwood fully finished in white. It is functional and practical and the full height glazed door panels ensure the maximum amount of light is brought into the home all year round. Construction Constructed from 44mm hardwood or engineered softwood components for improved stability. The frame is weather-stripped and tested to BS6375 Part 1. Operation Reversible doors allowing for on site preference to configuration. With top hung hardware providing effortless finger tip smooth sliding operation. Locking bolts on the panel enable the Wellington doorset to be used as a single entrance door leaf. Features 44mm door leaf Factory glazed 16mm Low-E argon filled insulating glass units Whole product Uvalue 1.9W/m 2 K Trickle ventilation Brushed stainless steel fittings Silver effect handle Multi-point locking Wellington door configuration options 3L 3L1R 5L 5L1R 3R 1L3R 5R 1L5R 3L3R Hardwood Un-finished Softwood Factory Finished White CODE BRICKWORK OPENING FRAME SIZE HEIGHT X WIDTH HEIGHT X WIDTH WELL18HU 3L OR 3R 2105 X 1805mm 2095 X 1795mm WELL21HU 3L OR 3R 2105 X 2105mm 2095 X 2095mm WELL24HU 3L OR 3R 2105 X 2405mm 2095 X 2395mm Whole Product Uvalue 1.9 W/m2K wellington Down to 1.9 whole Doorset Uvalue CODE BRICKWORK OPENING FRAME SIZE HEIGHT X WIDTH HEIGHT X WIDTH WELL18SW 3L OR 3R 2105 X 1805mm 2095 X 1795mm WELL21SW 3L OR 3R 2105 X 2105mm 2095 X 2095mm WELL24SW 3L OR 3R 2105 X 2405mm 2095 X 2395mm WELL30SW 3L1R OR 3R1L 2105 X 3005mm 2095 X 2995mm WELL36SW 5L OR 5R 2105 X 3605mm 2095 X 3595mm WELL42SW 5L1R OR 5R1L 2105 X 4205mm 2095 X 4195mm WELL42SW 3L3R 2105 X 4205mm 2095 X 4195mm Whole Product Uvalue 1.9 W/m2K 25

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27 Stairs Made-to-measure staircases from International Doors and Windows We offer a complete service design including site survey and manufacture of custom made staircases. Stairs are available in a variety of softwoods and hardwoods and we supply every design from straight flights to specially designed custom made installations We also can supply communal flights for multi-occupancy buildings and fire-retardant stairs to comply with building regulations. Whether you re renovating, refurbishing or building a new property we have a staircase to suit. Timbers include FSC chain of custody materials and many styles of handrails, newel posts and spindles, now available part finished or fully finished to save valuable time on site. Stock Flights sturdily built from clear laminated softwood or whitewood composite closed riser flights, 13 up a standard choice of 2574, 2600 or 2639mm rise finished floor to finished floor a choice of 855 or 905mm width over string open riser versions Common Stairs cladding for concrete stairs Made to Measure huge choice of options huge choice of timbers including Oak choice of spindles & newels in traditional or contemporary designs full design service Whatever your stair needs International Doors and Windows can offer the complete service. 27

28 International Doors and Windows Unit 3 Mugiemoss Road Aberdeen AB21 9US TEL: FAX: info@idaw.co.uk International Doors and Windows 9 Tollpark Road Wardpark Industrial Estate Cumbernauld G68 0LW TEL: FAX: info@idaw.co.uk International Doors and Windows Ltd has designed this ScotVu range of windows and doors in partnership with JELD-WEN specifically for the demanding Scottish climate. JELD-WEN have extensive experience in manufacturing high performance external joinery products and staircases backed by industry leading guarantees. SS/MF/JWG653/??k/ISSUE01/APRIL09 28