25.August Guideline for planning floor coverings in open spaces

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1 25.August 2011 Guideline for planning floor coverings in open spaces

2 Guideline for planning floor coverings in open spaces ( ) Preamble When constructing paved areas in public places such as paths, squares, parking lots, it has to be decided which materials will be used for which purpose. As well as function, design, utilisation properties, life span, possibility of repair and costs, in the future ecological criteria will also need to be taken into account when making decisions. The basis for the planning guideline is the study Sustainability evaluation of path floor coverings from 2009, commissioned by ÖkoKauf Wien, in which the ecological criteria were examined and the calculation of the carbon footprint and the cumulated energy demand (CED) was made. Application categories In the study a comparison was made between the respective various coverings of an application category which have a comparable structure. The floor coverings require different structures depending on the type and intensity of application. This means that only the coverings of one application category are ever directly comparable. F Footways as usually built in parks Water-bound path surface (F1) Lime gravel surface (F2) Gravel turf (F3) Lava rock surface (F4) Wood chip (F5) Wooden deck larch (category I), 350 km transport path (F6) Wooden deck larch (category II), 4,000-4,500 km transport path (F7) Drain-asphalt (F8) Park path concrete (F9) Concrete blocks in sand (F10) Concrete blocks in mortar (F11) Natural stone paving, small stones (category I), km transport path (F12) Natural stone paving, small stones (category II), 20,000 km transport path (F13) 2

3 P Pavements as usually built in public areas Asphalt concrete on asphalt-coated gravel (P1) Mastic asphalt on asphalt-coated gravel (P2) Mastic asphalt on concrete underlay (P3) Mixed paving, joint filling (P4) Concrete block in sand (P5) S Squares as usually built in public areas Concrete blocks, unbonded roadbase (S1) Concrete blocks on paving underlay drainage concrete (S2) PA Parking areas Wiener Würfel natural stone paving (PA1) Permeable concrete paving (PA2) Lime gravel surface (PA3) Grass pavers (PA4) PZ Pedestrian zones Natural stone slabs, unbonded (PZ1) Concrete slabs, unbonded (PZ2) Criteria for selecting the covering Energy balance (cumulated energy demand - CED) and carbon footprint: Of those coverings suitable for application, the one with the lowest value from the column Ranking average in the table on page 4 must be chosen. Transport: The transport of materials the number of required HGV trips has a much bigger influence on energy demand and the production of CO 2 than all other necessary work steps. Careful organisation of the transport trips and the prevention of empty trips is therefore an essential step towards ensuring an environmental approach for the floor coverings. The criteria list Transport activities with HGVs of ÖkoKauf Wien must be taken into consideration in this regard. Structures: For the examined floor coverings with a structure of 22 to 69 cm, the mass of the materials plays the biggest role in the question of how much CO 2 and what energy demand is contained in this covering. Chemical substances and biological processes play a subordinate role in the manufacture, the period of use and the disposal. The informative value of the carbon footprint 3

4 and the CED is therefore very high for these products. Since mass plays an important role, the planned thicknesses need to be minimised for the respective case of application. Fuel consumption: The use of HGVs with lower fuel consumption and lower exhaust emissions would make a key contribution to reducing CO 2 emissions. The criteria list HGVs of ÖkoKauf Wien must be taken into consideration in this regard. Life cycle: Ensuring that the materials on-site are reused as much as possible saves on the number of trips and reduces the carbon footprint by around 30%. Basically, however, it is better to burn wood and wood chips after the period of use than to compost because the rotting process releases methane, a greenhouse gas with 14 times the effect of CO 2. With the thermal utilisation of wood, though, usable energy is released which, in terms of figures, can be credited at an amount of 50% to the covering. Runoff coefficient: With the exception of areas in which trees could be put at risk because of salt deposits, sealing types must be selected so that the runoff coefficients (Q = CiA) are kept as low as possible. This means that expenses for wastewater disposal can be reduced and there can be an improvement in the urban climate. 4

5 Table: Coverings according to [million MJ equivalents / 200 m²] and [t CO 2 equivalents / 200 m²] The figures are calculated on the basis of the assumptions described in the following. Application category Covering [Million MJ equivalents / 200 m²] [t CO2 equivalents / 200 m²] CED ranking CO2 ranking Ranking average of CO2 + CED Ranking average, rounded (F2) Lime gravel surface (F10) Concrete blocks in sand (F12) Natural stone paving (small stones) (cat. I) (F9) Park path concrete (F6) Wooden deck larch (cat. I) (F4) Lava rock surface (F3) Gravel turf (P4) Mixed paving, joint filling (PA3) Lime gravel surface (F1) Water-bound path surface (P5) Concrete block in sand (F7) Wooden deck larch (cat. II) (F8) Drain-asphalt (F11) Concrete blocks in mortar (PA2) Permeable concrete paving (PA1) Wiener Würfel natural stone paving (PA4) Grass pavers (F13) Natural stone paving (small stones) (cat. II) (F5) Wood chip (P3) Mastic asphalt on concrete underlay (S1) Concrete blocks, unbonded roadbase (PZ1) Natural stone slabs, unbonded

6 9 (S2) Concrete blocks on paving underlay drainage concrete Mastic asphalt on asphalt-coated (P2) gravel (PZ2) Concrete slabs, unbonded Asphalt concrete on asphalt-coated (P1) gravel Legend for application category F P S PA PZ Footways Pavements Squares Parking areas Pedestrian zones 6

7 Calculation method The aim is to create a comparison of the sustainability with the use of various common floor coverings. The quantitative key figures energy balance (cumulated energy demand - CED) and carbon footprint were chosen as criteria. The assessment focuses on the type of application and required function of the floor coverings. This means the following criteria were also taken into consideration indirectly: inclusion of use intensity, advisability, care and maintenance, durability, reusability of the materials. The carbon footprint is indicated in kg CO equivalents per 200 m 2 2 of path (park paths, pedestrian zone, and pavements) or square and parking area and is calculated on the basis of life cycle inventories (ecoinvent), literature data and manufacturer information. The carbon footprint comprises the entire life cycle (production, transport of raw materials from various countries of origin, manufacture, use, recycling and/or disposal). The results enable a direct calculation of the (saved) CO 2 emissions depending on the selection of various materials and countries of origin. The energy balances are indicated in MJ per 200 m 2 of covering area and are calculated on the basis of current life cycle inventories, literature data and manufacturer information. The energy balance also comprises the entire life cycle (production, transport of raw materials from various countries of origin, manufacture, use, recycling and/or disposal). The calculations are based on the assumption that a continuous area of 200 m 2 will be newly built and that this is freely accessible for HGVs and construction machines. The calculations are based on information on the individual materials in the database ecoinvent (version 2.01) of the Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. To ensure comparability with the testing phase in 2008, version 2.01 from 2007 was used. All life cycles were calculated for each floor covering. These comprise: Excavation of the substrate to the required level and removal of the excavation material Material for required bases, surface layers and possible joint fillings Mixture and preparation of the components Delivery of the materials to a notional construction site in Vienna Installation in the required manner and also installation thickness Care and maintenance for 30 years Excavation work for 30 years if it is a matter of pavements or squares Removal and disposal and also utilisation of all required materials All coverings have been calculated with two variants: 7

8 Disposal of all arising materials in the corresponding building waste landfills Reuse, utilisation or recycling of the arising materials Assumptions Excavation and removal of the substrate When creating floor coverings it was assumed that the substrate has to be prepared beforehand, i.e. excavated to the required level. The excavated material has to be removed and disposed of. Since these are heavy materials, the transport in particular plays an important role here. The number of required HGV trips has a decisive influence on the balance. Even if very different HGVs are used in the daily construction site operation, in the calculations a 3-axle crane truck with a payload of 14 t was assumed as a means of transport for all trips to aid comparability. The structure and materials of the floor coverings The materials and structures of the individual floor coverings correspond with the information of existing rule details of the Municipal Department for Parks and Gardens (MA 42) and the Municipal Department for Road Management and Construction (MA 28) and also the information of various companies and associations. If different variants exist, a common variant used in practice was selected. The entire energy demand for manufacturing all necessary materials in the factory and at the construction site is included in the calculation. Delivery of the materials When transporting the materials, the access routes were assumed to be from the usual sources of supply in the surrounding area of Vienna to the construction site and also the return trips (empty trips). Since floor coverings are heavy materials, the transport plays an important role. The number of required HGV trips has a decisive influence on the balance. Even if very different HGVs are used in the daily construction site operation, in the calculations a 3-axle crane truck with a payload of 14 t was assumed as a means of transport for all trips to aid comparability. The journey to the site made by the work force required for the work is not included in the calculations. Installation of the floor coverings The installation thicknesses correspond with the information of existing rule details of MA 42 and MA 28, and are typical of use in Vienna. As well as all required materials, the effective machine use necessary for the installation was also included in the calculations by means of the required litres of fuel (front loaders, medium-sized dumper trucks and tandem rollers, etc.). Work carried out by hand is not included in the calculations. Care and maintenance 8

9 For the care and maintenance of a covering, it was determined or estimated together with MA 42, MA 28, and with the inclusion of information of various companies, how much material will usually have to be replaced in the course of the assumed 30 years with which machine use. With some coverings, the CO 2 effect is relatively high in the use phase and impairs the balance of these coverings if they need a lot of care. The effect is higher when more material has to be transported and the more often this is necessary within the 30-year service life. If material is replaced during the care work, the use of new materials is included in the calculation, apart from with concrete blocks and natural stones. Here it is assumed they will be reused. With pavements it is assumed that, because cables are laid, 25% of the covering will be dug up and put back again every 5 years. This increased maintenance requirement is taken into account with all pavement coverings. Life cycle of the floor covering All selected coverings were calculated for a service life of 30 years. The period of 30 years as a basic assumption of the calculations roughly corresponds with the time after which a public space is basically redesigned. The calculations included how often the coverings are completely replaced on account of wear and tear within this period of time, according to their individual life cycle estimated based on empirical values. The anti-frost layers were assumed to have a life cycle of 100 years. Use of materials after the end of the life cycle In the last life cycle of use and disposal there was differentiation between disposal in the respective necessary category and reuse or recycling. Here the energy demand so that the material can be used again on another construction site was also included in the calculations. 9

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