Crawl Spaces and Basements: Defining the Building Envelope

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1 Crawl Spaces and Basements: Defining the Building Envelope Rich Jones: INCAA, Charlie Smith: Kentucky Housing Corporation, Albert McMahon: NYSWDA 1

2 By attending this session, participants will: Identify various foundation types. Understand crawl space moisture dynamics. Learn criteria for placement of thermal and pressure boundaries. Become aware of crawl space retrofit options. Identify methods and techniques for crawl space retrofits. Identify diagnostic procedures associated with weatherizing crawl spaces. 2

3 How to weatherize a basement crawl space? Does it depend on the type of basement or crawl space? What climate zone are you in? Where are the pressure and thermal boundaries? Where should they be located? Even if the choice is clear, are the retrofits cost effective? What about moisture problems? 3

4 Foundation Types Basements Intentionally or unintentionally conditioned Unconditioned Crawl Spaces Vented Unvented Conditioned Pier and beam (exposed floor) Concrete Slabs Insulated Uninsulated 4

5 Basement or Crawl Space Foundation Slab on Grade Foundation Photo courtesy of Wikipedia Photo courtesy of PA WTC Photo courtesy of PA WTC Pier and Beam Foundation 5

6 6

7 Regional Differences : Based on climate not just temperature t 7

8 8

9 New England = Cold and Dry or Warm and Wet 9

10 Mid-Atlantic = Hot or Cool and Wet 10

11 Gulf Coast = Hot and Wet 11

12 Southwest t = Hot and Dry 12

13 Western Mountains = Cold and Dry 13

14 Foundation spaces account for the vast majority of moisture and indoor air quality (IAQ) issues in houses: Standing water is often caused by poor exterior or interior drainage. Many homes don t have sump systems; many homes have sump systems that don t work. Condensation on cool surfaces during warm, humid periods can cause moisture problems. Saturated building and cellulose- based materials lead to mold problems. Resolve all major moisture issues before weatherizing a home. Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy What s the difference between a basement and a pond? Sometimes very little. 14

15 Photo courtesy of PA WTC 15

16 Moisture Diagnostic Tools Photos courtesy of PA WTC 16

17 Basement Condensation Symptom Condensation evident on basement walls. Mold on cool interior corner. Reason Light to moderate interior moisture source. Interior surface is below the dew point or mold threshold of the adjacent surface. Photo courtesy of PA WTC 17

18 Control Strategy t Control moisture sources and remove susceptible materials. Educate occupants to: Mechanically dehumidify Increase air flow in basement (fans) Close basement openings during hot humid periods 18

19 Crawl Space Condensation Symptoms Wet wood. Condensation on foundation surfaces. Possible Reasons High ground moisture source. Warm humid air entering vents from outside. Crawl space surfaces are below the dew point or mold threshold h of the outside air. Photo courtesy of PA WTC Water droplets of condensation on AC ducts 19

20 Control Strategies Install a ground vapor retarder. Control moisture sources and susceptible materials. Consider converting to a conditioned crawl space. 20

21 Crawl Space Conditioning? 21

22 22

23 Air Barrier Thermal Barrier Conditioned Main Level ABOVE GRADE Conditioned Main Level Conditioned Basement Conditioned Basement BELOW GRADE Unconditioned Basement Unconditioned Basement 23

24 Guidelines Conditioned More than 50% below grade. Relatively tight or Leaky, vented, or severely degraded unvented foundation. foundation. A living space. Not a living space. Intentional or unintentional space conditioning. Unconditioned Less than 50% below grade. No intentional or unintentional space conditioning. 24

25 Basement Diagnostics Zonal Pressure Diagnostics (ZPD) Determine interconnectivity of basement or crawlspace WRT house. Pressure Pan Testing Determine relative leakiness of ducts to outside. CAZ Testing Diagnose problems caused by negative pressures. Photo courtesy of PA WTC 25

26 Basement Retrofit Options Unconditioned Basements Air seal all air pathways between the basement and house. Seal all return and supply ppyducts. Insulate all duct work to the recommended R-value. Insulate open floor joists to the recommended R-value with fiberglass batt insulation. Be sure to fit insulation batts tightly to the bottom of the subfloor and attach them with wire supports. Insulate enclosed floor cavities with dense-pack insulation. Pressure pan measurements on duct registers should read close to 0 Pa. 26

27 Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy 27

28 Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy 28

29 BASEMENTS & CRAWL SPACES Basement Retrofit Options Conditioned Basements Air seal perimeter mud sill, band joist and all air pathways between the basement and the house. Seal return rn plenum and all return rn ducts for safety. Seal major leaks in supply ducts by mechanically reconnecting boots to register transitions. Insulate band joist area to recommended R-Value. Consider insulating basement walls. Use ZPD to verify that the conditioned crawl space with reference to the house is close to 0 Pa. 29

30 Heat Loss by Soil Manual J HTM (Btu/hr/sq /sq ft) Depth Butte, Montana Kokoma, Indiana Tampa, Florida 2 ft ft >6 ft

31 Basements and Crawlspaces Photo courtesy of INCAP 31

32 Crawl Space Characteristics Vented - Most below-grade crawl spaces in existing houses. Non-vented Growing consensus not to vent crawlspaces. Conditioned Non-vented plus a little supply air from the heating and cooling system. Supply air during cooling season most important. Pier and beam (exposed floor) Grade under house same as surrounding yard. Often not considered a crawl space. 32

33 Conditioned More than 50% below grade. Relatively tight or unvented foundation. A living space. Intentional or unintentional space conditioning. Unconditioned Less than 50% below grade. Leaky, vented, or severely degraded foundation. Not a living space. No intentional or unintentional space conditioning. 33

34 Crawl Space Retrofit Considerations Retrofitting for energy performance, moisture control or both? Should foundation walls be a defensible perimeter against outdoor ambient conditions, pollution and moisture intrusion? A conditioned crawl space may be justifiable for health and safety reasons. It may be less justifiable on the energy performance side due to cost and increase in conditioned space of the home. Conditioned crawl spaces should not be considered in flood prone areas or poorly drained spaces with standing water or polluted soil. 34

35 Unconditioned Crawl Space Retrofit Air seal perimeter mud sill, band joist and all air pathways between the basement and the house. Seal all return and supply ducts. Install ground vapor retarder (6 mil plastic). Seal foundation vents. Insulate duct work to recommended R-Value. Insulate floor joists to recommended R-Value. Floor becomes the pressure and thermal boundary. Pressure pan test supply and return registers. 0 Pa is goal. 35

36 Photo courtesy of INCAP 36

37 Conditioned d Crawl Space Re trofit Consult local codes. Remove debris and resolve moisture issues. Install a well-sealed vapor retarder on the crawl space soil. Seal off existing foundation vents. Foam and seal band joist areas and around cracks in the foundation, access door, etc. Seal bypasses and leaks through the floor of house. Duct runs may be left uninsulated. Seal all returns and supplies. Insulate foundation walls with two-part foam. Use ZPD to verify that the conditioned crawl space with reference to the house is close to 0 Pa. 37

38 38

39 Photo courtesy of INCAP 39

40 Basements and Crawlspaces Photo courtesy of INCAP 40

41 Photos courtesy of INCAP 41

42 Photo courtesy of the US Department of Energy 42

43 Slab-on-Grade Foundations No practical way to determine if the underside of a slab has been insulated. Only cost effective to add perimeter slab insulation in very cold climates. Rigid sheet insulation must be sealed. House siding must overlap the insulation. Some regional building codes prohibit exposed exterior perimeter slab insulation. 43

44 Pier and Beam Foundations Floor is completely exposed. Typical Measures are: Seal floor to house penetrations. Loose fill insulation: Attach an air barrier to the underside of the floor joists. Dense pack loose fill fiberglass or cellulose insulation into floor cavity. Or Btti Batt insulation: Install fiberglass batts to recommended R-Value. Cover with a continuous air barrier. 44

45 Summary Control or mitigate basement and crawl space moisture problems. Determine how the basement or crawl space will be used. Decide where to place the air and thermal barriers. Determine the retrofit strategy. Use cost-effective materials and methods. Air seal between conditioned and unconditioned spaces. Employ pressure diagnostics to assure safety and energy efficiency. 45

46 Special Thanks to and support material from: (and they are really good resources if you want to learn more!!!) David Hales Advanced Energy Bill Van der Meer Home Energy Magazine A Copy of this presentation will be available at: 46

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