FORENSIC ENGINEERING TESTING TECHNIQUES FOR STRUCTURAL ASSESMENT: A CASE STUDY ON PRE-STRESSED REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE AT KLANG VALLEY

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1 FORENSIC ENGINEERING TESTING TECHNIQUES FOR STRUCTURAL ASSESMENT: A CASE STUDY ON PRE-STRESSED REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE AT KLANG VALLEY GOPINATH MUNIANDY A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Science (Construction Management) Faculty of Civil Engineering UnNersiti Teknologi Malaysia APRIL 2010

2 ABSTRACT Integrity test on existing concrete structures is often being carried out to determine the assessment for the structure through several aspects such as to determine the whether the structure is suitable for its designed use, for proposed change of usage or extension of a structure, to enswe the acceptability of structure following to any deterioration or structural damage. The evaluation of integrity of existing concrete structures has been carried out through several testing methods and procedures such as non destructive test (NDT) and partially destructive test using sophisticated testing techniques. However, the criteria of selection for suitable testing method and techniques is still are being unclear depending types of structure that need to be tested. The criteria determination of most suitable codes and standards specification for Malaysia perspective is also unclear. Therefore, it is vital to study the reality in selecting most suitable testing method incorporated with most suitable codes and standardizations to carry out integrity test on existing concrete structures in Malaysia. This case study consisting testing on existing concrete structures using concrete core method, rebound hammer test and ultra sonic pulse velocity OJPV) on existing prestressed T-beam and concrete structures of an unnamed bridge in Klang Valley. Results obtained from testing tabulated for comparison between BS 1881& BS 6089 cube characteristic strength and BSEN 13791, 2007 cube characteristic strength. Selected civil and structural consulting engineers was interviewed using prepared questionnaire to identify the selection criteria and views in selecting appropriate testing method to evaluate integrity of existing concrete structures. Finally, the factors influencing selecting the most suitable testing method and comparison of selected standard code and practice identified.

3 Konkrit merupakan di antara bahan bina yang sering digunakan di dalam projek kejuruteraan awam di Malaysia. Di antara alasan penggunaanya adalah faktor ekonomi dan keperluan pembaik pulihan yang rendah sepanjang tempoh keboleh khidrnatannya. Walau bagaimanapun, konkrit mengalami beberapa kerosakan dan kemerosotan sepanjang hayatnya kerana kekurangan pengetahuan pada sifat dan kelakuannya. Dengan mengunakan teknik-tehik untuk pemeriksaan kualiti konkrit bagi struktur yang sedia ada ama ada ujian separa musnah ataupun tak musnah, kualiti konkrit yang hendak diuji boleh dikenalpasti. Namun, dalam persepti Negara kita, criteria untuk mengenalpasti ujian konkrit bagi tujuan kajian tertentu masih tidak ada definasi dengan mengambil kira kod-kod specifikasi yang tertentu. Maka, adalah pentingnya untuk membuat kajian untuk mengenalpasti criteria untuk pilihan ujian konkrit mengikut kodkod specifikasi tertentu untuk mengenalpasti ujian yang terbaik untuk pemeriksaan kualiti struktur konkrit yang sedia ada. Kajian ini termasuk membuan ujian konkrit yang dipilih iaitu "Schmidt rebound hammer", "Ultrasonicpulse velocity'' dan "core test". Kajian in telah dilalukan atas jambatan yang sedia ada di Pelabuhan Klang. Segala keputusan akan ditafsirkan mengunakan bentuk jadual dan graf untuk analysis. Data kajian juga telah dibezakan mengunakan kod-kod specifikasi yang dipilih untuk mendapatkan perbezaan dalam penerimaan data untuk tujuan analisis. Kajian juga dilalukan dalam bentuk temurah dengan pakar jurutera yang berpengalaman dalam bidang kajian konkrit mengunakan boring sod selidik. Segala keputusan temuramah di pamerkan dalam bentuk jadaul dan graf. MelaIui kajian ini, mendapat tahu bahawa, ujian "concrete core" memberikan data keputusan yang lebik relevan berbanding dengan keputusan ujian yang lain. Ujian "conaete core" juga disetujui oleh pakar-pakar jurutera yang terlibat dalam bidang kajian konkrit.

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5 rrrr Z f i P w t Q r

6 Determination of Pulse Velocity Transducer Arrangement Determination of Pulse Velocity by Direct Transmission Determination of Pulse Velocity by Semi-Direct Transmission Determination of Pulse Velocity by Indirect or Surface Transmission Coupling the Transducer onto the Concrete Factor Influencing Pulse Velocity Measurements Determination of Concrete Uniformity Detection of Defects Examples of Relationships between Pulse Velocity and Compressive Strength Partially Destructive Test Concrete Core Test Cores vs. Cylinders Coring Direction Top-to-Bottom Strength Variation Consolidation Effects of Curing

7 2.4 Codes, Standards and Specifications General Considerations Different Categories of Standards Standards Codes and Specifications Other Types of National Documents Standardisation Organisations and Some of the Standards Relating to Testing of Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) British Standards Institution (BSI) 46 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Document Study Concrete Core Test Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test Interview with Civil and Structural Consulting Engineers Using Questionnaire Contents of the Questionnaire Comparison of Cube characteristic Strength using BS 1881& BS 6089 and BSEN 13791:2007 Euro Codes 56

8

9 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO TITLE PAGE Effect of temperature on pulse transmission Effect of specimen dimensions on pulse transmission Classification of the quality of concrete on the basis of pulse velocity 30 Rebound Hammer Test Results Measurement for Rebound Hammer UPV Test locations on the T-Beam Ultrasonic Puke Velocity Test Results Concrete Core Compression Test Results Estimated In-Situ Strength throughout Interpolation fiom Correlation Curve Estimated In-Situ Cube Strength for all three types of test Comparison of Cube characteristic Strength using BS 1881& BS 6089 and BSEN 13791:2007 Em Codes Variance between there types of test conducted Variance between BS 1881 and BSEN 13791

10 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE 1.1 Research Methodology Flow Chart 2.0 Schmidt Rebound Hammer 2.1 A cutaway schematic view of the Schmidt rebound hammer 2.2 Relationship between 28 day compressive strength and rebound number for limestone aggregate concrete obtained with Type N-2 Hammer 2.3 Correlation curves produced by different researchers. (Greene curve used Type N hammer; others used Type N-2). 2.4 Effect of gravel from different sources on correlation curves. 2.5 Comparison between correlation curves for crushed limestone and siliceous 2.6(a) Direct Transmission 2.6(b) Semi-direct Transmission 2.6(c) Indiuect or surface transmission 2.7 Pulse velocity determinations by indirect (surface) transmission 2.8 Relation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength for concretes of different mix proportions 2.9 Planes of weakness under coarse aggregate particles due to bleeding 2.10 Estimated within-member strength variations 2.11 Longitudinal resonance frequency of concrete cores 3.1 Photographs showing the process of concrete core sample testing

11 Photographs showing the process of Schmidt rebound hammer testing 51 Photographs showing the process of UPV testing 52 Top View of T-Beam L=PBiPC-S2-EX Side View of T-Beam L=PB/PC-S2-EX Correlation Curve of UPV against Estimated In-situ Cube Strength 62 Factors Influencing in Selecting Method of Testing 64 Proportions of nature of test by respondents 65 Responses on Partially Destructive Test Preference 65 Responses on Partially Destructive Test Preference 66 Responses on selection of standard codes and practice for structural assessment 67

12 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Integrity test on existing concrete structures is often being carried out to determine the assessment for the structure through several aspects such as to determine the whether the structure is suitable for its designed use, for proposed change of usage or extension of a structure, to ensure the acceptability of structure following to any deterioration or structural damage such as caused by fue, blast, fatigue or overload and to ensure the serviceability or adequacy of member known or suspected to contain material which does not meet specifications or with design faults. The fundamental of structural integrity and durability is to develop continuous monitoring concepts for structural concepts for structural components and for the global behavior. A structure is said to have general structural integrity if localized damage does not lead to widespread collapse. Structural integrity has to be guaranteed by the

13 structural safety under ultimate and serviceability conditions and by ductility as well as redundancy of load path. The integrity of concrete structures can justify by using several tests available for testing concrete range from completely non-destructive, where there is no damage to the concrete, through those where the concrete surface is slightly damaged, to partially destructive test, such as core test, and pullout and pull off test, where the surface has to be repaired after the test. The range of properties that can be assessed using nondestructive test and partially destructive test quite large and includes such fundamental parameters as density, elastic modules, and strength as well as surface hardness and surface absorbtionand reinforcement location, size and distance fiom the surface. At times, it is also possible to check the quality of workmanship and structural integrity by the ability of detects void, cracking and delamination. The assessment of integrity of existing concrete structures should also taken into consideration of requirements of several codes, standards, specification and procedures established by most countries national bodies and relevant organizations. Standards can play important role in international co-operation when they are used in contracts. The growth in international trade has resulted in a growth in the need for International Standards which can be acceptable compromise between different national standards. 1.2 Problem Statement Integrity test on existing concrete structures is being implemented widely in Malaysian concrete structures that deteriorate as the effects of structural and

14 environments loading take place over time. The evaluation of integrity of existing concrete structures has been canied out through several testing methods and procedures such as Non Destructive Test WT) and partially destructive test using sophisticated testing techniques. However, the criteria of selection for suitable testing method and techniques is still are being unclear depending types of structure that need to be tested. The criteria determination of most suitable codes and standards specification for Malaysia perspective is also unclear. Therefore, it is vital to study the reality in selecting most suitable testing method incorporated with most suitable codes and standardisation to carry out integrity test on existing concrete structures in Malaysia. 1.3 Research Objectives The main objectives of this study are as per listed below:- i. To identify the factors that influences in selecting the most suitable testing method and procedures to conduct integrity test on existing concrete structures. ii. To analyse and compare on selected codes of practice and standardization for integrity test on existing concrete structures

15 1.4 Research Scope This case study scope will be focusing on testing methods and techniques on existing concrete structures incorporated with comparison of codes of practice and standardisation established by BS 1881, BS 6089 and BSEN This case study is based on several concrete core results obtained from testing carried on existing bridge concrete structures and pre-stressed concrete beams located in Klang Valley. The details of the project will not be illustrated because the project contains certain confidential statements. 1.5 Research Methodology This case study will be consisting testing on existing concrete structures using concrete core method, rebound hammer test and Ultra sonic Pulse Velocity (WV) on existing concrete structures of an unnamed bridge in Klang Valley. Results will be tabulated for comparison between BS 1881, BS 6089 and BSEN Results will be analyzed using calculation for cube characteristic strength and design requirement and acceptability of the results obtain from the tabulation and wrapped out with conclusion and recommendations. Recommendations will be an overview on options for strengthening the affected structures. The methodology flow chart are shown as below as in Figure 1.1.

16 I DEFINE THE PROBLEM I SPECIFY THE OBJECTIVES 4 LITERATURE REVIEW I COLLECTING DATA I DATA STUDY -Data obtained form Rebound Hammer Test, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Concrete Core Sample will be analyzed and presented. INTERVIEW -Interview five experiences C&S consulting engineers using prepared questionnaire. COMPARISON - BS 81 10&BS 6089 cube characteristic strength and BSEN cube characteristic strength. I ANALYSIS AND RESULTS I CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEND A TION Figure 1.1: Research Methodology Flow Chart

17 REFERENCES British Standard Institution, Non-destructive methods of test for concrete- Electromagnetic cover measuring devices, British Standard 4408, London, 1. BS EN 12504:1:2000 Part 1. Testing concrete in structures. European Committee for Standardisation. BS 1881: Part 5 Methods of determine concrete core strength. British Standards Institution, London. BS : (1983). Testing concrete in structures. British Standards Institution, London. Bungey, J.H and Millard, V.S. (1982). The testing of concrete for structural assessment. Christ, A.K. (1992). Standard test for repair materials and coating*& 1.CIRIA. Facaoaru, I. (1984). Romania achievements in non-destmctive strength of concrete. American Concrete Institute, special publishes Vol. SP Fleischer, C.C. and Chapman-Andrew. (1993). Guide for evaluation of concrete structures. American Concrete Institute Material Journals, special publish Vol. SP Gallan, A. (1976). Estimate of concrete strength by ultrasonic pulse velocity and damping constant. American Concrete Institute Journal, special publish Vol

18 Leshchinsky, A.M. (1990). Variability of non-destructive methods for determination of strength of concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, British Structural Engineers Counsel. Vol65b Malhotra, V.M (1984). The iduence of reinforcement on ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. American Convrete Institute, special publish Vol Morey, T.F and Kovacs-John, L.L. (1977). Determination of concrete wre strength for structural assessment. American Concrete Iistitute Journal, special publish Vol Peterson, C.G and Poulsen, E. (1996). In-situ partially destructive methods to determine concrete strength. Reynolds, W.N. (1984). Measuring concrete quality non-destructively. British Journal of NDT. Vol665 Russell Fling, S. (1977). Pull-out test. Handbook on Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete. CRC Press, Boston, USA. Tame, L.K and Lambotte, S.S. (1991). Determination of concrete strength for existing structure.

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