Concrete Block Machines Typical Fixed Block Machine
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1 SEAOG 2016 Masonry Workshop Concrete Masonry Units and Terminology Concrete Masonry in Georgia Georgia World Congress Center Reference: Inspector s Handbook Masonry Institute of America Roy Keck, FACI GMI Georgia Masonry Institute Georgia Dome Concrete Block Machines Typical Fixed Block Machine Machine travels on rollers Block Plant Layout ASTM C90 Controls: 1. Dimensions 2. Weight 3. Shrinkage 4. Strength 1
2 ASTM C90-11 changes ASTM C90-11 ASTM C90-11 TYPICAL CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS Precision Units - customary Figures 13.1 through 13.8 illustrate typical concrete masonry units used in construction and manufactured in accordance with applicable Standards. Slump Blocks - Western US Spanish adobe type slumped units are available in various sizes and colors. Mortar joints are larger than for precision units to allow for slump unit dimensional variations while maintaining bond. 3 5 / 8 1 min 3 5 / 8 Four Inch 3 5 / 8 4 x 4 x 16 Standard 4 x 4 x 8 Half. Six Inch 5 5 / 8 6 x 4 x 16 Standard 6 x 4 x 16 Open End 3 5 / 8 4 x 4 x 12 Corner 4 x 8 x 16 Standard 6 x 4 x 8 Half 4 x 8 x 8 Half 4 x 8 x 12 Corner Figure 13.1 Four-inch-wide concrete masonry units. 2 min 6 x 4 x 16 Bond Beam 6 x 4 x 14 Corner Figure 13.2 Six-inch-wide concrete masonry units. 2
3 1 min 7 2½ min Eight Inch 5 5 / 8 6 x 8 x 16 Standard 6 x 8 x 16 Open End 2½ Eight Inch Specials 4 min 8x8x16 Open End 4 min 8x8x16 Bond Beam 2 min 6 x 8 x 16 Bond Beam 6 x 8 x 16 Half 8x8x16 Open End Bond Beam Figure 13.2 Six-inch-wide concrete masonry units 5 5 / 8 6 x 8 x 16 Mortarless Head Joint 6 x 8 x 16 Offset Corner 8x8x16 Double Open End Bond Beam 8x8x16 Mortarless Head Joint Figure 13.3 Eight-inch-wide concrete masonry units 1½ min 7 5 / 8" 1½ min 1½ min 7 5 / 8" 1½ min Ten Inch 9 5 / 8" 10 x 8 x 16 Standard Twelve Inch 11 5 / 8" 12 x 8 x 16 Standard 7 5 / 8" 1½ min 6 min 10 x 8 x 16 Open End 2½ min 3 max 11 5 / 8" 12 x 8 x 16 Standard 12 x 8 x 16 Bond Beam 10 x 8 x 16 Open End Bond Beam Figure 13.5 Ten-inch CMU. 9 5 / 8" 10 x 8 x 8 Half 12 x 8 x 8 Half Figure 13.7 Twelve-inch CMU, eight inches high. Pilaster Units 12 min 12 min 15 5 / 8 Block Texture Smooth, Paintable / / 8 Figure 13.8 Pilaster block. Pilasters or "column" block units, may be readily available. The two most common pilasters used for 8" wide walls are the 12" x 16" and the 16" x 16". 3
4 Block Texture Rough, Stucco Custom Face or Architectural Units - ACMU The custom face units shown in Figure are a small sampling of the broad range of concrete masonry architectural units available from the industry on special order. One score Three score Split Face Units are manufactured as a single unit that is normally made double and is split apart on a splitter, a machine which resembles a guillotine. The splitter has blades at the top and bottom (and sometimes at the sides) which exert pressure on the blocks, breaking them apart. Five score Combed Burnished Hi-lite ¾ projection Double hi-lite ¾ projection Shadow wall 3 / 8 recess Left Right Figure Custom face units. The split face units shown in Figure are a small sampling of the broad range of concrete masonry architectural units available from the industry on special order. Depths and widths of scores will vary. Consult a local manufacturer for specific information. Split face Split face, one score Split face, three score Split face, five score Split face, three wide score Split face, six taper score Splitting process. Split face, four wide score Split face, four flute Figure Split face units. 4
5 Ground Faced (Burnished) Units Some manufacturers offer a ground faced block with a smooth texture which gives prominence to the aggregates. This type of unit can also be sealed which simulates a texture and appearance of natural stone. Sound blocks are made with slotted openings in one side of the face shells. This allows sound waves to enter the cell where the sound waves reflect back and forth. Figure Burnished block. Desirable acoustical ratings are then achieved, especially in high noise areas such as large equipment rooms, theaters or gymnasiums. Insulated Energy Blocks Energy efficiency can also be improved with special concrete masonry units that contain insulation inside the face shells, usually as an insert. The insulation helps reduce unwanted transfer of sound through the wall. Bedded Area - The area of the surface of a masonry unit which is in contact with mortar in the plane of the joint. Masonry Terminology Used in Construction Bedded area 5
6 Gross Cross-Sectional Area - The total area of a section perpendicular to the direction of the load, including areas within cells and within re-entrant spaces unless these spaces are to be occupied in the masonry by portions of adjacent masonry. Net Cross-Sectional Area - The gross cross-sectional area of a section minus the average area of ungrouted cores or cavities. This area is used in calculating unit strength. Net Cross-Sectional Area Gross Cross-Sectional Area UNIT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH The maximum load required to fracture the masonry unit by applying a compressive force to the upper and lower surface of the unit. Expressed as net compressive strength. Running Bond - The placement of masonry units such that the head joints in successive courses are horizontally offset at least one-quarter of the unit length. Placing vertical mortar joints centered over the unit below is called center bond or half bond, while lapping 1 / 3 or 1 / 4 is called third bond or quarter bond. Latest ASTM C90 requires 2000 psi net area strength. Running Bond Stack Bond - The placement of masonry units in a bond pattern so that head joints in successive courses are offset less than one quarter of the unit length. Typically, stack bond masonry is laid in a bonding pattern where no unit overlaps either the one above or below and all head joints form a continuous vertical line. Also called plumb joint bond, straight stack, jack bond, jack of jack and checkerboard bond. CAP - Masonry unit laid on top of finished masonry wall or pier. Metal caps are units formed of metal. Stack Bond 6
7 BOND BEAM A horizontal grouted element within masonry in which reinforcement is embedded, here over an opening. CAVITY WALL - A wall built of two or more wythes of masonry units arranged to provide a continuous air space within the wall. The facing and backing are tied together with noncorrosive ties. A cavity between the wythes allows moisture to drain in case of leak from wind driven rain. CELL or CORE The molded open space in a concrete masonry unit having a gross cross-sectional area greater than 1½ square inches (967 mm 2 ). Older Units may have three or four cells while modern units only have two. COLLAR JOINT - The vertical, longitudinal mortared or grouted joint between two wythes of masonry. Collar joint Collar joint OTHER CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS A-Block - A hollow unit with one end closed and the opposite end open, forming two cells when laid in the wall. It is also called a single open-end block. Beveled (mortarless) Block A masonry unit intended to be installed without mortared head joints. Depending on manufacturers configuration, unit may or may not be laid in mortared bed joint. A-Block (Single Open End) Beveled (mortarless) Block 7
8 Bond Beam Block - A hollow unit with cross webs depressed sufficiently to permit the forming of a continuous channel for horizontal reinforcing steel and grout. Bullnose Block - A concrete masonry unit that has one or more rounded exterior corners. Channel or U-Block - A hollow unit with portions slightly depressed to permit the forming of a continuous channel for reinforcing steel and grout. Bond Beam Block H-Block - A hollow unit with both ends open commonly called a double open end. Open-End Block New in the market, it makes the masons job easier when placing on reinforcing H-Block (Double Open End) Pilaster Block - Concrete masonry units designed for use in construction of plain or reinforced concrete masonry pilasters and columns. Return L Block - Concrete masonry unit designed for use in corner construction for various thickness walls. Open center pilaster or Banjo block Pilaster Blocks Pilaster alternate or C block Return (L) Block 8
9 Sash Block - A concrete masonry unit which has an end slot for use in openings to receive jambs of doors or windows or premolded expansion joint material. Scored Block - Block with grooves to provide patterns, for example to simulate raked joints, available in architectural face units. Sash Block Scored Block SillBlock - A solid concrete masonry unit used for sills or openings. Slumped Block - Concrete masonry units produced so they slump or sag in an irregular fashion before they harden to produce an adobe appearance. Sill Block Slumped Block Solid Unit - Masonry units in which the vertical cores are less than 25% of the cross-sectional area. SplitFaceBlock - Concrete masonry units with one or more faces having a fractured surface for use in masonry wall construction. Solid Concrete Brick Split Face 9
10 COPING - pilaster. A unit used to form a cap on top of a wall, pier or Actual Dimensions refer to ASTM C90 for requirements The measured dimensions of a designated item used in the structure. The actual dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension by more than the amount allowed in the applicable standard. Coping or Cap Block Dimensions: Actual 7 ½ x 3 ½ x 15 ½ Nominal 8 x 4 x 16 Nominal Dimensions - equal to specified dimension plus the thickness of the joint with which the unit is to be laid. Specified Dimensions - The dimensions specified for the manufacture or construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or any other component of a structure. Unless otherwise stated, all calculations shall be made using or based on specified dimensions. Dimensions EFFLORESCENCE - A whitish powder resulting from the leaching of soluble salts deposited on the surface of masonry. FIRE WALL : Any wall that sub-divides a building to resist the spread of fire 10
11 FIRE-RATED UNITS GROUTING TERMS GROUT LIFT - An increment of grout height within the total pour. GROUT POUR - The total height of a masonry wall to be grouted prior to the erection of additional masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more grout lifts. GROUTED MASONRY - Masonry construction made with units that are filled with grout or the cavity between the units is filled with grout. High Lift Grouting - The technique of grouting masonry in lifts for the full height of the wall, subject to maximum height limitations imposed by the applicable building code. HOLLOW MASONRY UNIT - A masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing surface is less than 75% of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane. Low Lift Grouting - The technique of grouting as the wall is constructed. JOINTS: Cell Bed Joint - The mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the masonry units are placed. Head Joint - The mortar joint between units in the same wythe, usually vertical, sometimes called the cross joint. Web Face shell End shell Bed joint Face shell Head joint 11
12 JOINT REINFORCEMENT - Steel wire, bar or prefabricated reinforcement which is placed in mortar bed joint. Hollow Masonry Unit - A masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the bearing surface is less than 75% of the gross cross-section area in the same plane. Solid Masonry Unit - A masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the bearing surface is 75% or more of the gross cross-sectional area in the same plane. LINTEL - A beam placed over an opening in a wall. MODULAR MASONRY UNIT - A masonry unit whose actual dimensions are one mortar joint less than the modular dimension, i.e.: 8" x 8" x 16" (203 mm x 203 mm x 407 mm) is actually 7 5 / 8 " x 7 5 / 8 " x 15 5 / 8 " (193 mm x 193 mm x 397 mm) to allow for 3 / 8 " (10 mm) joints. PARAPET - The part of a wall that extends above the roof level. PARGING - The process of applying a coat of cement mortar to the back of the facing material or the face of the backing material. PILASTER - An integral portion of the wall which may project on one or both sides and acts as a vertical beam, a column, an architectural feature, or any combination thereof. POINTING - Filling mortar into a joint after the masonry unit is laid. PRISM - Units mortared together in stack bond, forming a wallette or assemblage to simulate in wall construction, grouted or ungrouted per specification requirements. This is the standard test sample for determination of the compressive strength of the masonry wall. 12
13 RACKING - A method of building the end of a wall by stepping back each course so that it can be built on to and against without toothing; also used in corner leads. SHELL - The outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in masonry. Racking STRINGING MORTAR - The procedure of spreading enough mortar on the bed joint to lay several masonry units. Cavity Wall - A wall containing continuous air space. Hollow-Unit Masonry Wall - That type of construction made with hollow masonry units in which the units are laid and set in mortar. Stringing mortar WEB - The cross member connecting the face shells of a hollow concrete masonry unit. WYTHE - The portion of a wall which is one masonry unit in thickness; also called tier. A collar joint is not considered a wythe. Questions? 13
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