American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers

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1 ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Terminology for Combines and Grain Harvesting American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as "ASAE", regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as "ASABE." Standards designated as "ANSI" are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml , USA, phone , fax , hq@asabe.org

2 ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Revision approved June 2015 as an American National Standard Terminology for Combines and Grain Harvesting Developed by the ASAE Grain Harvesting Committee; approved by the Power and Machinery Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE as a Tentative Standard February 1971; reclassified as a full Standard December 1971; reconfirmed December 1977; revised April 1981; reconfirmed December 1985; revised March 1988; approved as an American National Standard August 1988; revised April 1990; revision approved by ANSI January 1991; revised editorially March 1991; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1994; revised editorially February 1995; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1995, December 1996; reaffirmed by ANSI March 1998; reaffirmed by ASAE December 2001, February 2004; reaffirmed by ANSI March 2004; reaffirmed by ASABE and ANSI February 2009, editorial revision and reaffirmed by ASABE December 2013, reaffirmed by ANSI January 2014; revised and approved by ANSI June Keywords: Combines, Grain, Harvesting, Terminology 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 The purpose of this Standard is to establish terminology pertinent to grain combine design and performance. It is intended to improve communication among engineers and researchers and to provide a basis for comparative listing of machine specifications. 2 References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies unless noted. For undated references, the latest approved edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies." ANSI/ASABE AD5687:1999, Equipment for harvesting Combine harvesters Determination and designation of grain tank capacity and unloading device performance ANSI/ASAE S396, Combine Capacity and Performance Test Procedure USDA 810, Official United States Standards for Grain ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content Reference method 3 Combine Components 3.1 Header: The portion of the combine comprising the mechanisms for gathering the crop Gathering width: The distance between the centerlines of the outermost divider points; expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. Where adjustable dividers are used the maximum and minimum dimensions shall be stated Grain header width: The distance between the side sheets of the header measured immediately above the forward tips of the sickle sections; expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1

3 3.1.3 Maize (ear corn) header width: The average distance between the centerlines of adjacent picking units multiplied by the number of units. Where the header width is adjustable, maximum and minimum distances between centerlines shall be stated, expressed in centimeters. The maximum and minimum header widths shall then be expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth, and the number of picking units shall be stated. 3.2 Primary cutting mechanism: That device on the header for severing the plant stalks. May include reciprocating, rotary, continuous, scissor-type, or other mechanisms for severing, and lies primarily in a horizontal plane Secondary cutting mechanism: Any other cutting device that does not serve as a primary cutting device Knife: A reciprocating member of a header used for severing crop. Sometimes called a sickle Knife frequency: The number of cycles which the sickle makes in a given period of time. One cycle is the full movement of the sickle in one direction and its return to the starting point. Frequency shall be expressed in hertz Knife stroke: The distance that a point on the knife nearest to the driver travels with respect to the centerline of a guard in one half cycle; expressed in millimeters. 3.3 Pickup attachment: A device for gathering a crop from a windrow or laid position, and does not contain a primary cutting device Pickup width: The minimum distance including the width of the outermost conveying elements but not including the gather of flared side sheets; expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. 3.4 Cutting mechanism height: The height of the forward tip of any cutting blade or sickle section above the plane on which the machine is standing, measured under the following conditions and expressed in centimeters: The maximum and minimum dimensions shall be in the highest point and the lowest point to which the cutterbar can be raised or lowered with the standard lift mechanism Tire and wheel equipment and axle height position shall be stated, and tires shall be inflated to the field operating pressures recommended by the combine manufacturer Header pitch if adjustable will be stated The plane on which the combine is standing shall be substantially level The header installed at the time of measuring shall be stated The grain tank shall be effectively empty in accordance with ANSI/ASABE AD5687:1999 JAN2014, Equipment for harvesting Combine harvesters Determination and designation of grain tank capacity and unloading device performance. 3.5 Rotating threshing or separating elements Threshing cylinder: A rotating element, which in conjunction with a stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to promote threshing. The crop being threshed is contained between rotating and stationary elements for less than Threshing and/or separating rotor: A rotating element similar to a threshing cylinder except that the crop is contained for 360 and may pass around the rotor axis one or more times Separating cylinder: Defined as for threshing cylinder or rotor, except that the terms separating and separated replace threshing and threshed. ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2

4 3.5.4 Rotary separator: An alternative term for a rotary device, similar to a cylinder, which is fitted to promote separation only Cylinder or rotor threshing or separating diameter: The diameter of the circle generated by the outermost point of the appropriate rotating element as it rotates normal to its rotational input axis, dimension D, Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, expressed in millimeters. Figure 1 Cylinder or rotor diameter Figure 2 Cylinder, rotor, and concave dimensions ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3

5 Figure 3 Laterally-disposed cylinders or rotors Figure 4 Longitudinally-disposed cylinders or rotors, viewed from rear Cylinder or rotor threshing or separating length: The length of the cylindrical volume generated by the outermost points of the cylinder or rotor elements with a primary purpose of threshing and/or separating, as the cylinder or rotor rotates about its rotational input axis, and as appropriate to its threshing or separating section, dimension L, Figure 2, expressed in millimeters Single or multiple cylinders or rotors may be disposed laterally (see Figure 3) or longitudinally (see Figure 4) within the combine. If multiple cylinders or rotors are used, the number shall be stated and the dimensions given as in Figures 3 and Concave: A concave-shaped stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or rotor fitted primarily to promote threshing. In the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow, either in whole or in part, there is the secondary important function of separation Concave width or length: The outside dimension of the concave, measured parallel to the axis of its associated threshing cylinder or rotor, dimension W, Figure 2, expressed in millimeters Concave arc length: The arc length dimension of the concave, including the first and last bars. This shall be measured in a plane perpendicular to the axis of its associated cylinder or rotor and around the contour formed by the inner surfaces of the concave bars, dimension A, Figure 5. Concave arc length shall be expressed in millimeters. This measurement will not change with concave position. ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4

6 Figure 5 Concave arc Concave arc: A common way of defining concave wrap in degrees. It shall be measured from the outside of the first bar to the outside of the last bar in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the associated cylinder or rotor, dimension a, Figure 5. If the concave wrap varies with concave position, then position must be stated. This measurement may change with concave position Concave area: The product of the concave width, or length, and arc length, expressed in square meters to the nearest hundredth If more than one concave is used, this shall be so stated, and the dimensions and areas shall be given separately Concave grate: That portion of the concave which is permeable for separation Concave grate width: As for concave width, W, Figure 2, expressed in millimeters Concave grate length: Dimension d A, Figure 6, expressed in millimeters. Figure 6 Concave grate arc length Concave grate arc: That portion of the concave arc that corresponds to the concave grate length in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the associated cylinder or rotor dimension d a, Figure 6. If the concave grate arc varies with concave position, then position must be stated Concave grate area: The product of concave grate width, W, Figure 2, and length, d A, Figure 6, expressed in square meters to the nearest hundredth. 3.7 Concave grate extension: A permeable element, approximately concentric to the associated cylinder or rotor and generally forming an extension to concave, Figure 4. This may exist merely as a gap between the concave and the transition grate shown as dimension G in Figure 7. ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5

7 Figure 7 Typical walker-type combine: (1) cylinder, (2) concave, (3) beater, (4) transition grate, (5) walkers, (6) shoe Concave extension width: As for concave width, W, Figure 2, measured in millimeters Concave extension length: Dimension G, Figure 7, measured in millimeters Concave grate extension area: The product of the concave width, W, Figure 2, and the concave grate extension length G, Figure 7, measured in square meters to the nearest hundredth. 3.8 Transition grate: A permeable element that provides transition from the concave grate extension to the next separating device Transition grate width: As for concave width, W, Figure 2, measured in millimeters Transition grate length: The contour length of the upper surface of the transition grate, dimension B, Figure 7, expressed in millimeters Transition grate area: Product of transition grate width, W, Figure 2, and length, B, Figure 7, expressed in square meters to the nearest hundredth. 3.9 Further separating devices Straw walker: Multiple, permeable platforms mounted on rotating cranks which together fill the width of the separating body of the combine, dimension R, Figure 8, expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. These platforms shake and transport the straw rearward in the combine, separating the grain from the material other than grain (MOG). ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 6

8 Figure 8 Width of straw walkers Straw walker length: The distance from the front to the rear of the walker, dimension P, Figure 7, expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. If there are adjustable sections at the rear of the walkers, they should be in the fully extended position Straw walker area: The product of the width of the straw walker body, dimension R, Figure 8, and the length of an individual walker, dimension P, Figure 7, expressed in square meters to the nearest hundredth Axial or other rotary separating grates: A concave-shaped element adjacent to the separating portion of a threshing and separating rotor fitted primarily to allow additional separation of grain from MOG by centrifugal forces Separating grate length: Dimension L s, Figure 2, expressed in millimeters. Where there is more than one rotor and associated grate, this shall be noted Separating grate arc length: Dimension A, Figure 5. The method used to measure the concave arc length (see paragraph and Figure 5) shall be used to measure the separating grate arc length Separating grate area: The product of separating grate length and arc length expressed in square meters to the nearest hundredth. If there is more than one rotor with associated threshing and separating grates, this shall be stated. The threshing grate areas are additive as are the separating grate areas. NOTE: The area that results from this calculation shall not be compared to the separating area that might be associated with a walker-type combine. The factors that cause separation to take place are radically different in the two systems, and presently there is no generally accepted factor, either empirical or theoretical, that can be used to relate the two Secondary separation grate area: Area of permeable grate under rotating elements which are downstream of the primary separation and return separated grain to the cleaning system. The area is calculated in a similar fashion to concave area, and is to be included in total separation area Auxiliary separating devices: All devices such as rotors, forks, fingers, etc., that purport to augment the separating process may be mentioned but may not be used in calculating the walker or separating area of a combine Conveying devices: Devices that only convey material within the combine (e.g., grain pans, augers, paddles and other non-permeable conveyors. Their areas may not be classified as separating areas or added to the other separating areas as described in paragraphs 3.6.4, , 3.7.3, and Cleaning devices: The main cleaning device is historically referred to as the shoe. Apparatus with primary function to clean grain by separating MOG, returns (tailings), and other foreign material from the clean grain. Delivers clean grain to handling system, and returns (tailings) into re-processing system Pneumatic cleaning area: Where chaff and other MOG are removed by aerodynamic means only, pneumatic cleaning area shall be calculated as the product of the width and depth of the air stream at the point of contact of air with the crop material. The area plane shall be normal to the mean direction of the air stream, and shall be expressed in square meters to the nearest hundredth. The location of the place where true pneumatic cleaning takes place is normally at the front of the shoe, prior to the point where the crop hits the top (or chaffer) sieve. ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 7

9 Cleaning sieve area: The area of each sieve shall be the product of its exposed length and exposed width to crop, measured in square meters to the nearest hundredth. These areas shall be additive to give the total cleaning sieve area of a combine. The sieve area is the area of the opening if the louvers are removed. If the sieve does not have louvers then it is the product of the exposed length and exposed width to crop of the permeable region of the sieve Other cleaning areas: Dirt screens, re-cleaners, and other auxiliary cleaning devices provide cleaning areas. This area may not be used in the calculation of cleaning sieve area of the combine For purposes of reporting combine specifications, the areas defined in paragraphs 3.6.4, , 3.7.3, 3.8.3, , , , , and shall be listed separately and individually. Areas should not be used singly or in combination as a measure of a combine s capacity, performance or value Combine residue spreading and chopping systems Straw spreader: Device for spreading the material discharged from the separator without further cutting and when the chaff and straw streams are separate Straw chopper: Device for cutting material discharged from the separator. A straw chopper may or may not spread the material Chaff spreader: Device for spreading material discharged from the cleaning device when chaff and straw streams are separate Straw and chaff (total harvest residue) spreader: Device(s) for spreading material from both the separator and cleaning systems Engine power: The corrected gross, rated, brake power in accordance with Society of Automotive Engineers Standard J1995, Engine Test Code Spark Ignition and Diesel, at the governed engine RPM which shall be stated. Where particular markets require the use of a different test code for determining engine power, the engine test code shall be stated Engine displacement: Engine displacement shall be expressed in liters to the nearest hundredth Turning radius: The distance from the turning center to the center of tire contact of the wheel describing the largest circle while the vehicle is executing its shortest turn without turning brakes in operation. The measurement shall be made on a hard, level surface. The wheel base and guide wheel tread width shall be stated. If left hand and right hand turn radius is not equal, both shall be stated. Turning radius shall be expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. The Combine shall be in transport configuration Clearance radius: The distance from the turning center to the outermost point of the combine executing its shortest turn without brakes in operation. If equipment options or attachments affect this dimension, such equipment shall be specified. The measurement shall be made on a hard, level surface. The wheel base and guide wheel tread width shall be the same as in paragraph The combine shall be in transport configuration. Clearance radius shall be expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth Combine weight: The weight of a combine with the header/front attachment removed, with the grain tank empty and with the fuel tank and diesel exhaust fluid if applicable empty (or deduct weight of fuel/def). All accessories fitted, e.g., chopper, second cleaner, etc., shall be identified and their weight stated in kg Combine length: The overall dimension from the foremost point to the rearmost point measured parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the combine. The header installed shall be stated, and if other equipment options or attachments affect the length, such equipment shall be specified. The feederhouse will be in the stored position with the safety lock engaged. Combine length shall be expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth Field length: Length of vehicle in a typical field operating mode Transport length: Length of vehicle in a typical road transport mode. ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 8

10 3.18 Combine height: The vertical distance from the plane on which the combine is standing to the highest point on the combine. The height shall be measured under the conditions specified in paragraphs 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.4.4, and The height with all components in position for transport and the height with all components in position for field operation shall be specified. Combine height shall be expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth Discharge height of unloader: The vertical distance from the plane on which the combine is standing to the lowest rigid point of the discharge opening with the unloader in operating position as shown in Figure 9. The height shall be measured under conditions specified in paragraphs 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.4.4, and Discharge height shall be expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. Figure 9 Grain tank unloader specifications 3.20 Clearance height of unloader: The vertical distance from the plane on which the combine is standing to a point on the underside of the unloader located at a horizontal distance of 1 m (3.3 ft) from the lowest point of the discharge opening as shown in Figure 9. This height shall be measured under the conditions specified in paragraph 3.18, and expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth Reach of unloader: The horizontal distance measured perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the combine, from the lowest rigid point of the unloader discharge opening to the outermost point of the header on the unloader side as shown in Figure 9. The reach shall be measured under conditions specified in paragraph 3.18, and expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. For detachable heads, specify based upon the widest header recommended by manufacturer Length of unloader: The horizontal distance measured perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the combine, from the lowest rigid point of the unloader discharge opening to the centerline of the combine as shown in Figure 9. The reach shall be measured under conditions specified in paragraph 3.18, and expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. 4 Crop Terminology 4.1 For the purposes of this Standard, the term grain shall be taken as the general term of reference for the whole range of grains, seeds, legumes and fruits which are capable of being recovered from crops by a combine harvester. 4.2 Grain damage: For the purposes of this Standard, grain damage refers only to that attributable to the machine. It shall be expressed as the percentage by weight, to the nearest one-tenth, of damaged kernels in the sample. ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 9

11 4.2.1 Visible grain damage: Kernel damage where the seed coat appears broken to the naked eye Invisible grain damage: Kernel damage which requires instrumentation or special procedures for determination The applicable grain standard for the United States is Official United States Standards for Grain Part 810 published by the United States Department of Agriculture. Similar standards may apply in other countries. 4.3 Unthreshed heads: Any head, pod, cob, or part of same from which all or part of the seed has not been detached. 4.4 Returns (Tailings): The material from the grain cleaning mechanism which is re-circulated for reprocessing. 4.5 Material other than grain, MOG, to grain ratio: The total weight of material other than grain, MOG, divided by the total weight of grain in a sample. 4.6 Moisture content: Moisture content of the crop shall be expressed on the wet basis. The percentage moisture of the grain shall be determined from samples taken from the grain flow into the grain tank during the test runs. The MOG samples shall be taken from the swath behind the combine applicable to a test run just made. Both samples shall be sealed in air-tight containers prior to moisture analysis as per ISO Plant length: The length of the plant from its base at ground level to its tip when the plant is straightened, expressed in millimeters. 4.8 Stubble length: The length of the straightened plant stalk still attached to the ground after the crop has been harvested expressed in millimeters. Where the stubble is lying flat, both its length and the height at which it was cut should be reported. 4.9 Harvest residue: Material discharged post processing from the combine Chaff: Chaff is the harvest residue discharged from the cleaning systems Straw: Straw is the harvest residue discharged from the separating device(s). 5 Combine Performance 5.1 Threshing: The detaching of seed from the head, cob or pod. 5.2 Separating: The isolating of detached seed, small debris, and unthreshed material from the bulk. 5.3 Cleaning: The isolating of desired seed from chaff, small debris and unthreshed material. The various stages in the cleaning process are listed in the order in which they occur Chaffing: The primary process of separating the grain from chaff and other MOG on the primary sieve by a combination of pneumatic and mechanical means Sieving: The isolation of desired seed by a mechanical device where the desired seed penetrates the device and the undesired material is carried over the device. Sieving is usually done on a lower sieve and may include the use of air Screening: The isolating of desired seed by a mechanical device, where the desired seed is carried over the device and the undesired material passes through it. 5.4 Feed rates Grain feed rate: The weight of grain, including processing loss, passing through the combine per unit of time expressed in metric tons per hour (include leakage loss, if measured). ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 10

12 5.4.2 Material other than grain, MOG, feed rate: The weight of material-other-than-grain passing through the combine per unit of time expressed in metric tons per hour Total feed rate: The sum of grain feed rate and material-other-than-grain feed rate expressed in metric tons per hour. 5.5 Grain losses. Grain losses shall be classified according to their source, and shall include all losses attributable to the combine. Grain which is broken or shrunken in the loss sample may or may not be included in the loss value and must be stated. Method for classification of grain which is broken or shrunken shall be conducted per USDA grain grading standard Part Gathering loss: The weight of grain and unthreshed grain that has been missed or dropped by the header or pick-up expressed as a percent of the sum of the grain feed rate and gathering loss feed rate. Care shall be exercised that natural losses caused by weather, birds, etc., prior to the harvesting of the crop, are not included in the gathering loss Processing loss: The weight of threshed and unthreshed grain remaining in the material-other-thangrain, after the completion of the threshing, separation, and cleaning processes expressed as a percent of the grain feed rate Leakage loss: Any involuntary loss of grain from the combine, other than those described above, expressed as a percent of the grain feed rate. 5.6 Capacity Combine capacity: The maximum sustained MOG feed rate at which the processing loss level, with the combine in field operation on level ground, is as stated in Table 1. Capacity shall be expressed in metric tons per hour. Tests for determining combine capacity shall be conducted in accordance with American National Standard ANSI/ASAE S396, Combine Capacity and Performance Test Procedure. For crops with a range in Table 1, processing loss level used in calculations shall be stated Grain output capacity: The maximum sustained rate of grain discharged from the combine s clean grain elevator at which the processing loss level, with the combine in field operation on level ground, is as stated in Table 1. Capacity shall be expressed in metric tons per hour. Table 1 Crops and conditions for capacity testing Acceptable Range of Range of Moisture Content, percent Processing Loss Level, Crop MOG to Grain Ratio Grain MOG percent Wheat Barley Rice Sorghum Corn/Maize Rape/Canola Soybeans NOTE: If crop and/or climatic conditions do not permit test data to be obtained to the above standards, the circumstances shall be reported, and the actual results shall be recorded. * Loss levels to determine capacity recognize that higher yielding crops generally require a lower loss level to be acceptable. Certain producers may require lower loss levels, especially in higher yielding crops, but table values are to be used as representative for combine capacity comparison purposes. ANSI/ASAE S343.4 JUN2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 11