An Introduction to Trenchless Technology

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1 An Introduction to Trenchless Technology

2 An Introduction to Trenchless Technology Steven R. Kramer William J. McDonald James C. Thomson m CHAPMAN & HALL New York London

3 DISCLAIMER-LEGAL NOTICE This book was prepared by Steven R. Kramer, William J. McDonald and James C. Thomson as an introduction and overview of the broad field of trenchless technology. None of the authors: a., Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the information contained in this book. b. Assumes any liability with the respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this book. c. References to trade names or specific commercial products, commodities, or services in this book do not represent or constitute an endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the authors of the specific commercial product, commodity, or service. Copyright 1992 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1992 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number ISBN-13: This edition published by Chapman & Hall One Penn Plaza New York, NY Published in Great Britain by Chapman & Hall 2-6 Boundary Row London SEl 8HN All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, induding photocopying and recording, or by an information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers II Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kramer, Steven R., An introduction to trenchless tec/mology I by Steven R. Kramer, William J. McDonald, James C. Thomson. p. cm, hlcludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / Trenchless construction. I. McDonald, William Jesse, II. Thomson, James C., III. Title. TABlS.K dc CIP

4 Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview NEED FOR TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY HORIZONTAL BORING TECHNIQUES GENERAL PROCEDURES SELECTION OF METHOD LIMITATIONS FUTURE OUTLOOK LOOKING AHEAD 15 Chapter 2 Background EARLY UNDERGROUND WORK THE STIMULUS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IS The Beginning of Utilities IS Developing Underground Methods Inventors Mechanical Drills EARLYTRENCHLESS METHODS-lS v

5 vi Contents 2.4 TRENCHLESS METHODS Sewer Installation Methods Installation Methods for Cable and Pressure Pipes Trenchless Rehabilitation 34 Chapter 3 Creating the Hole THRUST BORING Description of Equipment and Operation Specifications of Bore Selection/User Considerations Typical Applications IMPACT MOLING Description of Equipment and Operation Specifications of Bore Selection/User Considerations Typical Applications IMPACT RAMMING Description of Equipment and Operation Specifications of Bore Selection/User Considerations ROCK HAMMER Description of Equipment and Operation AUGER BORING Description of Equipment and Operation Specifications of Bore Application and User Considerations WET/SLURRY BORING Description of Equipment and Operation Specifications of Bore Selection/User Considerations Typical Applications FLUID JET CUTTING Description of Equipment and Operation Specifications Selection/User Considerations Typical Applications PIPE JACKING AND MICROTUNNELLING ROTARY/DIRECTIONAL DRILLING 63

6 Contents vii Description of Equipment and Operation Specifications Selection/User Considerations Typical Applications 65 Chapter 4 Steerable Horizontal Boring METHODS OF STEERING THE BIT AVAILABLE SYSTEMS Guided Impact Mole Impact Mole on Pipe Directional Rod Pushers Directional Fluid Jet Cutting Directional Drilling PLANNING THE JOB APPLICATIONS PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING PROBLEMS 83 Chapter 5 Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling PIPE JACKING Definition Background Pipe-Jacking Method Main Applications of Pipe Jacking Selection Criteria and Summary MICROTUNNELLING Definition Classification Pipe Installation Techniques Pilot Method Full-Face Method Performance Factors Main Applications of Microtunnelling House Conhection Systems Full-Face Machines Full-Face Microtunnelers 116

7 viii Contents Chapter 6 On-Line Replacement and Structural Renovation INTRODUCTION OPTIONS ON-LINE REPLACEMENT Background Extraction Bursting Hydraulic Bursters Excavation Replacement Melbourne System RENOVATION Background Conventional Slip Lining Modified Slip Lining Soft-Lining Systems/Cured-In-Place Pipe Alternative Systems Temporary Reduction Methods Diameter Reduction Collapsed or Folded Sections Spiral Winding Spraying 149 Chapter 7 Instrumentation Systems for Guided Boring UNGUIDED SYSTEMS GUIDED BORING Instrumentation Requirements Measurement Considerations GUIDANCE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS Pipe Locators EM Home-to-Target Steering Tool Laser Targeting System Single-Shot/Multishot Survey Tools Steering Tools Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) Systems 170

8 Contents ix 7.4 EQUIPMENT SELECTION NEEDS AND FUTURE TRENDS 175 Chapter 8 Economics of Trenchless Technology ECONOMIC COSTS OPEN-CUT METHOD ECONOMIC STUDIES AND MODELS EFFECT OF DRILLING RATE SYSTEM UTILIZATION 181 Chapter 9 Investigation, Routing, and Location SELECTION OF TRENCHLESS EQUIPMENT PLANNING AND DESIGN OF PROJECT JOB IMPLEMENTATION AND PRECAUTIONS 192 Chapter 10 Case Histories CASE HISTORY 1: HORIZONTAL DRILLING Description CASE HISTORY 2: GUIDED PIERCING TOOL Description CASE HISTORY 3: MICROTUNNELLING Description CASE HISTORY 4: PIPELINE INSERTION MACHINE Description CASE HISTORY 5: UTILX GUIDEDRIL TUNNELLING MACHINE Description CASE HISTORY 6: MICROTUNNELLING Description CASE HISTORY 7: RENOVATION Description 203

9 x Contents Chapter 11 Future Needs THE FUTURE IN PERSPECTIVE ATTITUDES AND AWARENESS Lack of Awareness Resistance to Change Respon~ibilities for Social Costs Engine~ring and Planning Costs of Work TECHNICAL NEEDS Investigation Costs of Trenchless Methods Improved Technology Service Connections 210 Bibliography 211 Index 219

10 Preface In the past decade, the field of trenchless technology has expanded rapidly in products, equipment, and utilization. This expansion would not have occurred without a strong increase in economic incentives to the user. Because the operating environment has changed, trenchless technology is often the preferred alternative to traditional methods of digging holes and installing conduits. The infrastructure in which we live has become more congested and has to be shared by several users. In addition, the cost of restoring a road or landscaped area after construction may be higher than the cost of installing the conduit. These factors add to the need for trenchless technology-the ability to dig holes without disturbing the surface. In some ways, trenchless technology is a futuristic concept. Ruth Krauss in a children's book of definitions wrote, "A Hole...Is to Dig." But this statement is not necessarily true. Today, a hole could be to bore. Trenchless technology is not new. But it certainly has become the buzzword of the construction industry and it appears that it will have a growing impact in the way contractors, utilities, and others install new facilities. Methods to bore horizontal holes were practiced as early as the 18oos, but this technology has greatly changed. Today's tools include sophisticated drilling methods, state-ofthe-art power systems, and electronic guidance techniques. These tools can bore faster, safer, and more accurately, and in many instances more economically, than open-cut methods. Technology has played an important role in these advances, but economics has become the driving force in making these systems popular. When the idea of this book was first conceived, it was difficult to identify and select the specific topics to include. But as we began to look around, it became obvious that little information was available in a comprehensive format. Most of the information on trenchless technology was scattered among trade journals and proceedings of various technical symposiums. There was no single source for the contractor or engineer for general information or as a guide to the alternative methods. xi

11 xii Preface The purpose of this book is to provide a broad overview of the options for trenchless technology, including case histories and user economics. This book is intended to serve as a primer or as an introductory technical book. It is not expected to be a user handbook. It is written for utility engineers, consulting engineers, contractors, and municipal and state engineers. It provides an understanding of the options available for different situations in which trenchless technology could be used. The technologies for creating holes less than 36 inches (1 meter) are emphasized. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the reader to trenchless technology and include sections on its historical development. The remainder of the book describes the various options available (chapters 3 to 7). It is divided into a format that will allow you to skip sections that do not pertain to your situation. Special chapters are dedicated to guided boring and instrumentation. These technological developments are critical in the expanded use of trenchless methods. The technology descriptions are followed by chapters on economics, investigation, routing, and location and perhaps most important, case histories. It is hoped that the case histories will be especially helpful in understanding the advantages and limitations of the equipment. It was difficult to combine the thoughts, ideas, and writing styles of three authors who are scattered in different regions, but it is hoped that the diversity of perspectives will provide a thorough understanding of the various technologies. The authors, who are from the United States and Europe, bring a unique mix of background and experiences on trenchless technology-from contractor to user to researcher. Although it was not possible to describe all methods and systems, we have tried to give the reader the necessary information for making good decisions on when to use trenchless methods. Because this field continues to evolve rapidly, many changes will have occurred since this book was published. We would appreciate learning of any changes or inaccuracies in the material.

12 Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the following organizations who assisted the authors in the preparation of this book: GAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE JASON CONSULTANTS, S.A. MAURER ENGINEERING INC. With special appreciation to all our families and friends who inspired us and encouraged us in this endeavor. Also, many thanks to Gerry Barbeau for her perseverance in typing this manuscript. xiii

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