British Columbia Carpenter Apprenticeship Program

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1 British Columbia Carpenter Apprenticeship Program Level 2 Line E Competency E-1 Use Ladders and Scaffolds

2 Ordering Crown Publications, Queen s Printer PO Box 9452 Stn Prov Govt 563 Superior St. 2nd Flr Victoria, B.C. V8W 9V7 Phone: Fax: crownpub@gov.bc.ca Web: Copyright 2012 Industry Training Authority This publication may not be reproduced in any form without permission by the Industry Training Authority. Contact Director, Crown Publications, Queen s Printer at

3 SAFETY ADVISORY Please note that it is always the responsibility of any person using these materials to inform him/herself about the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation pertaining to his/her work. The references to WorkSafeBC safety regulations contained within these materials do not / may not reflect the most recent Occupational Health and Safety Regulation (the current Standards and Regulation in BC can be obtained on the following website:

4 Competency E-1 Use Ladders and Scaffolds Contents Objectives...2 Learning Task 1: Describe (Temporary) Ramps, Walkways and Stairs...3 Learning Task 1: Self-Test Learning Task 2: Use Portable and Fixed Ladders...7 Learning Task 2: Self-Test Learning Task 3: Describe Scaffold Erection Procedures...16 Learning Task 3: Self-Test...27 Learning Task 4: Describe Erection Procedures for Wooden Scaffolds...29 Learning Task 4: Self-Test...35 Learning Task 5: Describe Erection Procedures for Steel Scaffolds...37 Learning Task 5: Self-Test...52 Learning Task 6: Describe Swing Stages, Suspended Power Platforms and Scissor Lifts...54 Learning Task 6: Self-Test...60 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 1

5 Competency E-1 Use Ladders and Scaffolds The safe use of ladders, scaffolds and powered platforms is required in all types of construction. A safely built scaffold provides a stable platform for carpenters to complete their work. WorkSafeBC has set minimum standards for the erection and use of scaffolds and ladders. Carpenters must completely understand these standards. Objectives When you have completed the Learning Tasks in this Competency, you will be able to: describe (temporary) ramps, runways and stairs describe in general terms all procedures required to erect and use ladders and scaffolds extract in detail specific requirements from the applicable safety regulations erect a scaffold and an access system describe swing stages and powered platforms Competencies Written: Use Ladders and Scaffolds You will be tested on your knowledge of the procedures required to erect and use scaffolds and ladders. The test will require you to extract some specific information from the Occupational Health & Safety Regulation. Practical: You will be required to erect a scaffold and an access system. Resources You will need to refer to the resources listed in this Competency. 2 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

6 Competency E-1 Learning Task 1 Learning Task 1 Describe (Temporary) Ramps, Walkways and Stairs Most construction projects require ramps, walkways and stairs to provide temporary access to floor levels and work areas. For simple one-storey projects, ramps are often needed before the foundation backfilling has taken place. Trenching for services can interfere with access, requiring the construction of temporary crossings. For concrete frame and high-rise construction, it is often impracticable to build permanent stairs at the same pace as the main construction, requiring the construction of temporary stairs. Regulatory Requirements British Columbia Building Code Although Part 8 of British Columbia Building Code requires construction sites to expose no person to undue risk, the building code does not specify requirements for temporary ramps, walkways or stairs. Nor does the code apply to temporary buildings. WorkSafeBC WorkSafeBC s Occupational Health and Safety Act, Regulation and Guidelines are the main sources governing temporary access requirements. Part 4 of the regulations states that there must be a safe way to enter and leave any area where work is being performed. This may require non-slip surfaces, handrails, guards and/or lighting. Stairs are required to be built to each new floor level before work starts on the new floor level. Ramps Ramps must be at least 500 mm (20 ) wide, although wider ramps are preferred for many reasons. A simple ramp consisting of two 38 mm 235 mm (2 10) planks should have a maximum clear span of 1.8 metres (6 ft). If planks are doubled up, spans can be increased to 3 metres (10 ft), but no more than two people should be on the same section of the ramp at any given time. Ramps may also be of framed construction and sheathed with 15 mm ( )or thicker plywood. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 3

7 Learning Task 1 Competency E-1 Ramps are not to be sloped more than one vertical to five horizontal (1:5). When a ramp is sloped, cleats or a non-slip surface is required. The maximum spacing for cleats is 400 mm (16 ) o.c. Walkways Elevated walkways and runways must be at least 500 mm (20 ) wide and have safe access provided by stairs, ramps or fixed ladders. Figure 4. Ramp with cleats Elevated runways for wheeling concrete and other materials must be constructed to handle heavy loads. Stairs Stairs must be safe and easy to use. Although temporary stairs do not fall under the jurisdiction of the building code, Part 20 of WorkSafeBC OHS Regulation requires the stairs to be framed and there are to be no tripping or slipping hazards created by the treads. Stairs should have a uniform rise and run, and at least 1950 mm headroom from the line of nosing. Unit rise should not be more than 200 mm (8 ) and unit run should not be less than 210 mm (8.25 ), with a minimum tread depth of 235 mm (9.25 ). When using 38 mm 235 mm (2 10) material for the treads, the clear span of supports should not exceed 900 mm (36 ) o.c. Stairs with more than four risers require continuous handrails. These must be between 760 mm and 920 mm (30 and 36 ) above the line of nosing. The height of the handrail above the nosing must not vary for any flight or succession of flights. Figure 5. Temporary stairs with handrail 4 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

8 Competency E-1 Learning Task 1 Guards Guards or fall protection are typically only required when working more than 3 metres (10 ft.) above grade. One exception to this is that temporary stairs, ramps and walkways require simple guards when more than 1.2 metres (4 ft.) above grade. Figure 6. Typical guardrail Guardrail construction requirements can be found in Part 4 of the WorkSafeBC OHS Regulation. Height of the top rail is to be 1020 mm to 1120 mm (40 to 44 ) above the travel surface. There should be a midrail midway between the top rail and the travel surface. Toeboards are also required in cases where materials or tools are placed on the travel surface and could fall off. Now complete Learning Task 1 Self-Test. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 5

9 Learning Task 1 Competency E-1 Learning Task 1 Self-Test 1. A stairway must be provided to each new floor level before work starts on that level. a. true b. false 2. Temporary access ramps must be at least wide with a maximum slope of. 3. A ramp that travels 6 3 horizontally and 15 vertically has a vertical to horizontal slope of. 4. The maximum spacing of cleats for a sloped ramp is a. 300 mm o.c. b. 400 mm o.c. c. 500 mm o.c. d. dependant on the slope of the ramp 5. Walkways must be a minimum of wide. a. 400 mm o.c. b. 500 mm o.c. c. 900 mm o.c. d. wide enough for two people to pass travelling in different directions 6. Temporary stairs require handrails when a. there are more than two risers b. there are more than three risers c. there are more than four risers d. total rise exceeds 1.2 metres (4 ft.) 7. Using Part 4 of O.H.S, the top rail of a guard must a. be able to withstand a point load in of 125 lbs in any direction b. span no more than 8 ft, or up to 10 ft for a scaffold c. be between 40 and 44 above the travel and work surfaces d. all of the above 6 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

10 Competency E-1 Learning Task 2 Learning Task 2 Use Portable and Fixed Ladders Construction workers use ladders to do many jobs, and they must be familiar with the safe use of all types of ladders. Manufactured ladders are available in different CSA duty grades. Only Grade 1 and Grade 1A are allowed for construction use. Ladders will also have load ratings which should not be exceeded. A Grade 1 ladder may be rated as low as 115 kg (250 lbs) and a Grade 1A ladder at 135 kg (300 lbs). The combined weight of a worker, their tool belt and material being carried can easily exceed these limits. WARNING! Do not use metal ladders or wire-reinforced ladders near energized electrical equipment. Use fibreglass or un-reinforced wood ladders where there are electrical hazards. Equipment that might be dangerous if contacted by a metal ladder includes junction boxes, fuse panels, overhead lines and cable trays. Portable Ladder Safety The following rules apply to all portable ladders. 1. Inspect all portable ladders before use. 2. Do not use ladders with loose, broken or missing rungs, split side rails or other dangerous defects. 3. Ensure that aluminum ladders have all members true and straight. 4. Remove from use any aluminum ladder with bends, kinks or other damage. 5. Have damaged ladders repaired by an appropriate, reputable business before putting them back into service. 6. Do not use metal ladders or wire-reinforced wooden ladders near energized electrical equipment. 7. Use only transparent protective coatings or preservatives on wooden ladders, so that possible defects will remain visible on inspection. 8. Never reach more than one arm s length beyond the side of the ladder. 9. Do not carry heavy or bulky items while going up or down ladders. 10. Always face the ladder when climbing up or down. 11. Ensure that all ladders used bear the appropriate Canadian Standards Association (CSA) or American National Standards Institute (ANSI) label. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 7

11 Learning Task 2 Competency E-1 Ladder Types There are three basic types of ladder: the step ladder, single ladder and extension ladder. Step ladders and extension ladders are usually manufactured. Single ladders may be manufactured or built at the job site. Step Ladders Step ladders are for short duration work and should not be used as access to another level. They are self-supporting, meaning that they do not need to lean against a structure for use (Figure 1). They require a level surface to stand on, and for this reason are usually used indoors. Step ladders are available in a wide range of sizes, styles and materials. The longest stepladder readily available is 6 m (20 ft). They are hinged at the top, and can be folded flat for easy transport. Figure 1. A step ladder Take the following precautions when using step ladders: Fully spread the legs of the step ladder. Lock the spreaders at each side so that the legs cannot open or close during use. Never stand on the top two steps. Never use the fold-down shelf near the top of the ladder as a step. Extension Ladders An extension ladder is similar to a single ladder. The extension ladder has two or three sections that are overlapped, allowing it to reach variable heights. The lower sections support the higher extending sections. The area where the sections are still in contact with one another is referred to as the overlapped section. Longer extension ladders have a longer overlap. 8 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

12 Competency E-1 Learning Task 2 Extension Ladder Lengths Grade 1 extension ladders with two sections may be up to 18 m (60 ft) long. Grade 1 extension ladders with three sections may extend up to 22 m (72 ft). Minimum required overlap is 1 m (39 in) for ladders extending up to 11 m (36 ft). Minimum required overlap is 1.2 m (4 ft) for ladders extending to between 11 m (36 ft) and 15 m (48 ft). Minimum required overlap is 1.5 m (5 ft) for ladders extending to between 15 m (48 ft) and 22 m (72 ft). Using Ladders Single and extension ladders have the same basic requirements for safe use: Rest the feet of the ladder on a firm, level base. Choose a ladder of sufficient length to project at least 900 mm (3 ft) above the level of the landing to which it provides access. Do not stand on the top two rungs or cleats. In Figure 2, if A is 4 m, or 12 ft, then B should be approximately 1 m, or 3 ft. The ladders must have slip resistant safety feet or they must be secured to prevent slipping during use (Figure 3). 900 mm (36 in) Figure 2. Safe slope B A Figure 3. Securing the base of single or extension ladders BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 9

13 Learning Task 2 Competency E-1 Setting up Single and Extension Ladders It is important to use the correct methods for setting up ladders to avoid injury to the person or damage to the ladder. Check for overhead wires or other hazards before lifting the ladder. Setting Up Alone Following are the steps to take when setting up or taking down a ladder when you are alone. 1. Lay the ladder on the ground with the base resting against the wall and the top pointing away from the wall. 2. Starting at the top of the ladder, lift the end over your head and walk under the ladder toward the wall, moving your hands from rung to rung as you go (Figure 4). 3. If you find you are unable to raise the ladder enough, set it back down and get help. Figure 4. Setting up a ladder alone 4. Adjust the slope of the ladder so that when you climb up the ladder is not too steep that it will fall back and not to flat that the feet will slip out. To achieve this set up, the distance from the wall to the base of the ladder should be about the height of the ladder from the bottom of the wall to the top of the ladder or to the top of the wall, is in Figure If necessary, secure both the top and bottom to prevent dislodgment. 6. Reverse this process to take down the ladder and remember that you will be walking backwards, so check your path for obstacles before you start. 7. Lower the ladder slowly so that you keep it under control and prevent it from falling on you. 10 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

14 Competency E-1 Learning Task 2 Setting Up with a Helper Figure 5. Setting up a ladder with a helper Following are the steps to take when setting up or taking down a ladder with someone else s help. 1. Lay the ladder flat on the ground, with its feet at the point where they will be placed during use, and with its length parallel to the surface against which it will be placed. 2. With the helper holding the base of the ladder in place, lift the top of the ladder over your head (Figure 5). 3. Walk down the length of the ladder, lifting as you go and moving your hands from rung to rung and have your helper bear some of the weight of the ladder. 4. When the ladder is straight up, lower the top gently against the wall. 5. If necessary secure both the top and bottom to prevent dislodgment. 6. To take down the ladder, reverse this process. Remember to check your path for obstacles because you will be walking backwards. Gravity will tend to make the ladder fall, so do not lose control of the ladder. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 11

15 Learning Task 2 Competency E-1 Job Built Ladders Manufactured single ladders have rungs, but job built ones have cleats (Figure 6). Before using a job built ladder, make yourself familiar with the relevant WorkSafeBC OHS Standard. The following regulations apply: Lumber for all components shall be construction grade, No. 2 grade and better. Plywood may not be used for any ladder component. Side rails shall be mm (2 4) for ladders up to 5 m (16 ft) long. Side rails shall be mm (2 6) for ladders up to 7.3 m (24 ft) long. Cleats shall be mm (1 3) for ladders up to 5 m (16 ft) long. Cleats shall be mm (1 4) for ladders over 5 m (16 ft) to 7.3 m (24 ft) long. Do not notch the side rails to receive cleats. Nail the cleats to the narrow edges of the side rails. Fill the spaces between the cleats with close-fitting, well-secured fillers, of the same thickness as the cleats (Figure 6). The distance between side rails shall be between 380 mm (15 in) and 500 mm (20 in). Space the cleats at 300 mm (12 in) centers. Nail cleats made of mm (1 3) material with two 57 mm (2¼ in) nails at each end. Nail cleats made of mm (1 4) material with three 57 mm (2¼ in) nails at each end. Cleats Fillers 300 mm (12 in.) 19 mm 64 mm (1 3) Side rail 38 mm 89 mm (2 4) Figure 6. Cleats job built ladder 12 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

16 Competency E-1 Learning Task 2 Ladder-Jacks Ladder-jack scaffolds use heavy duty ladders, which must meet the requirements set out in the WorkSafeBC Occupational Health & Safety Regulation (Figure 7). Ladder-jack scaffolds are used extensively in construction for the installation of siding and for painting. They flex quite a bit during use, so it is common to feel uncomfortable at first. Take extra time to become familiar with the ladder-jack scaffold when using it for the first time. Only two workers are allowed on the scaffold at one time. Use the scaffold only for light duty work and short duration work. The work platform need be only 300 mm (12 in) wide, as opposed to the required 500 mm (20 in) wide for other scaffolds. If a manufactured scaffold stage (plank) is used, it may span up to 7.3 m (24 ft) between supports. If a lumber plank is used, it must be mm (2 12) and be supported every 3 m (10 ft). When using ladder-jack scaffolds higher than 3 m (10 ft), workers must use full body harnesses and life-lines. Figure 7. Ladder-jack scaffold supports Now complete Learning Task 2 Self-Test. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 13

17 Learning Task 2 Competency E-1 Learning Task 2: Self-Test 1. The type of finish for a wooden ladder is: a. oil-based paint b. latex paint c. solid color stain d. clear finish 2. Which of the following ladders is freestanding? a. extension b. step c. single d. fixed 3. A full body harness attached to a life line must be used when working on a ladder-jack scaffold higher than: a. 2.1 m (7 ft) b. 2.4 m (8 ft) c. 3 m (10 ft) d. 4.9 m (16 ft) 4. The minimum width of a lumber plank used for a ladder-jack scaffold is: a. 235 mm (9 ¼ in) b. 286 mm (11 ¼ in.) c. 350 mm (14 in) d. 406 mm (16 in) 5. Spacing of the cleats on a single ladder is: a. 250 mm (10 in) b. 300 mm (12 in) c. 350 mm (14 in) d. 400 mm (16 in) 6. The correct slope for single or extension ladders is: a. 1 up the slope of the ladder to 4 horizontal b. 2 up the slope of the ladder to 4 horizontal c. 3 up the slope of the ladder to 1 horizontal d. 4 up the slope of the ladder to 1 horizontal 14 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

18 Competency E-1 Learning Task 2 7. Minimum size for the side rail of a 3 m (10 ft) job-built single ladder is: a mm (2 2) b mm (2 3) c mm (2 4) d mm (2 6) 8. The minimum distance that a single or extension ladder is required to project above the level to which it gives access is: a. 500 mm (20 in) b. 600 mm (2 ft) c. 900 mm (3 ft) d mm (4 ft) 9. The maximum allowable distance between supports for a manufactured plank used in a ladder-jack scaffold is: a. 2.4 m (8 ft) b. 3.0 m (10 ft) c. 4.9 m (16 ft) d. 7.3 m (24 ft) 10. The maximum depth allowed for notches in the side rails of a job-built ladder is: a. none b. 13 mm (½ in) c. 25 mm (1 in) d. 38 mm (1 ½ in) BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 15

19 Learning Task 3 Competency E-1 Learning Task 3 Describe Scaffold Erection Procedures WorkSafeBC OHS Regulation Working in an elevated situation can be very dangerous. Having a well-built scaffold or work platform provides the worker with the needed security. Spend the time to review all the WorkSafeBC Occupational Health and Safety regulations, standards and guidelines related to scaffolding before proceeding to construct a scaffold. Keep a copy of the regulation on the job-site and use it as the specifications for the scaffold you are building. Refer to the OHS Regulation if unclear about any part of the scaffold construction. Remember these regulations are the minimum requirements, do not reduce or relax any of the regulations in any situation. Except for job built scaffolding, all scaffolding must have manufacturer s specifications and instructions on site during use. Figure 1. Building wrapped with end-frame and arch scaffolding 16 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

20 Competency E-1 Learning Task 3 Scaffold Design WorkSafeBC s OHS Regulation includes specifications for the construction of most types of scaffolds. Scaffolds must be designed by a registered professional engineer if the specifications for its construction are not in the OHS Regulation. A professional engineer is also needed if the scaffold is partially or fully enclosed by a tarp. Scaffolding accessories are available that have passed CSA tests and are approved for use. Accessories that are custom built must be designed by a registered professional engineer and be certified that they are safe for use. A carpenter may design job-built wooden scaffolds, as well as tube and clamp scaffolds, provided specifications in the OHS regulation are followed. Construction and Use Scaffolds must be constructed and dismantled by qualified workers that are knowledgeable in scaffold design. Damaged materials or weakened scaffold parts are not to be used when erecting a scaffold. When dismantling a scaffold, carefully remove each component. Pass the removed parts down to the ground without damaging the components. Remove any nails or other fasteners that might be a hazard. Although it is the employer s responsibility to ensure that scaffolds used by workers are safe, a qualified worker should always inspect it before each use of any scaffold. Do not overload the scaffold. Scaffolds are designed to support only workers and a suitable amount of equipment and material. Stockpiling of material is not recommended unless the scaffold is specifically designed to support the additional load. Knowing how to assemble and use a scaffold safely does not guarantee freedom from accidents while working on one. Watch your step, and be prepared to grab onto something should you lose your balance. Erection Scaffolds are not permanent structures. Scaffolds need to be assembled and disassembled quickly. Despite the temporary nature of scaffolds, they are structures and must be erected on proper foundations, be laid out properly, and be built to specific tolerances. Layout Build or erect scaffolds to the specifications laid out in the OHS Regulation and per the manufacturer s specifications and tolerances, if applicable. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 17

21 Learning Task 3 Competency E-1 The layout of the base of the scaffold is critical. Tube and clamp or job-built wooden scaffolds are capable of being built to any dimension. Manufactured scaffolding is available in limited sizes and careful planning is needed at the design stage. Take into consideration roof and other projections. Allow for working room between the scaffold and the building. Scaffold layout must be square and the correct dimensions. All vertical members must be plumb and horizontal members level. The usual tolerance for out of plumb is 6 mm in 3 m (¼ inch in 10 feet) to a maximum of 38 mm (1 ½ ) overall. Foundations (Mudsills) A scaffold is a temporary structure. Excavation and concrete footings are not usually required for its foundation. Some scaffolds are very large and/or tall. The foundations must be able to bear the combined weight of the scaffold, workers, tools and materials. Soil bearing capacity will be a factor for foundation design. The foundation for a scaffold is usually a heavy wooden plank or plywood pad, called a mudsill. Foundations should never bear on frozen ground. Foundation (mudsill) planks should be no smaller than 38 mm 235 mm (2 10). If a mudsill is placed under a single upright it should be built from plywood with dimensions of 38 mm 300 mm 300 mm (1.5 in. 12 in. 12 in.) long or from similar sized piece of dimensional lumber. It is preferred to have continuous sills and, if not possible, use a sill supporting two uprights, or lastly, a single sill. Sills must be level. Use a base plate to spread the weight of the scaffold over the mudsill, as shown in Figure mm (12 in.) 38 mm (1 ½ in.) 300 mm (12 in.) Figure 2. Baseplate on a mudsill Ground Conditions Whenever scaffolds are erected, they must be level and on a firm base. Soil should be well compacted to remove any cavities. 18 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

22 Competency E-1 Learning Task 3 If the ground is uneven, use screw jacks or adjustable base jacks to level the scaffold (Figures 3 and 4). Screw jacks may only be extended to two-thirds of their length or 600 mm (24 ), whichever is less. Never use bricks, pallets, boxes or building blocks to level the base of a scaffold. Do not put mudsills directly onto frozen ground. Dig the frozen ground down to a firm bearing, or have an engineer approve the conditions. Figure 3. Screw jack Figure 4. Adjustable base jack Scaffold Stability Scaffolding collapses are not uncommon. Attention to details, along with proper bracing and tiebacks, is critical for safety. Figure 5. Scaffold collapse BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 19

23 Learning Task 3 Competency E-1 Tiebacks A free standing scaffold that is more than three times higher than its minimum base dimension must be tied back to the building. After the first set of tiebacks at or below three times higher than its minimum base dimension, scaffolding should be fastened to the building every 20 feet vertically. Horizontal spacing of tiebacks is at maximum intervals of 6.4 m (21 ft). The method and type of tieback will vary based on the material of the building being tied to and, to a lesser degree, the type of scaffolding. Each tieback must be able to resist a load of 4 kn (900 lbs) applied horizontally and perpendicular to the building. Figure 6. Scaffold tieback Bracing When erecting manufactured scaffolding, carefully follow the manufacturer s specifications for bracing. Do not use bent or damaged braces. Visually check brace to end-frame connections each time you access the scaffolding. Tube and clamp scaffolding requires face sway bracing and cross bracing. Bracing keeps the scaffold rigid by creating triangles. Set face sway bracing continuously from ground level to the full height, at about 45 to the horizontal. Or, if the whole scaffold is less than 24 m (80 ft) long, brace both end bays to full height. For longer scaffolds, brace the end bay and the other narrow sides of the bays to full height at least every 24 m (80 ft) along the scaffold. 20 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

24 Competency E-1 Learning Task 3 For cross bracing, set end and internal braces at an angle of 60, at least every 6 m (20 ft) along each lift. Figure 7. Typical bracing patterns Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Guardrail and Toeboards Guardrails Whenever the work platform is more than 3.0 m (10 ft) above the surrounding grade, guardrails are required on all open sides of the scaffold platform. The guardrail unit consists of a top rail, and an intermediate rail. The top rail is placed 1020 to 1120 mm (40 to 44 in) above the platform; the intermediate rail is set half way between the top rail and the toeboards or work platform. Guardrails can be erected at the top of steel scaffolding using manufactured guardrail posts (Figure 8) and metal guardrails (Figure 9). Figure 8. Guardrail post Figure 9. Metal guardrail BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 21

25 Learning Task 3 Competency E-1 The standard guardrail shown in Figure 10 is for a steel frame scaffold, but the dimensions relating to this type of guardrail would apply to all scaffolds. Fibre or wire ropes may not be used as guardrails or intermediate rails unless permission has been received from WorkSafeBC prior to their erection. Cross braces do not provide the required protection to be used as a guardrail. Wooden guardrails may consist of 38 mm 89 mm (2 4) material for up to 2.44 m (8 ft) spans and 38 mm 140 mm (2 6) for spans up to 3 m (10 ft). Guardrails are to be fastened to the inside of the uprights and be able to withstand a force of 550 N (125 lbs) to 1120 mm (40 to 44 in.) Figure 10. Standard guardrail Guardrails may be omitted on the work side of the scaffold if the work platform is within 300 mm (12 ) of the building. Openings up to 762 mm (30 ) wide are permitted for access from a ladder. Toeboards Toeboards prevent tools, materials or equipment from falling off the scaffold platform. Figure 11 shows how they are installed around the open sides of scaffolds. Toeboards must extend 100 mm (4 in) in height above the work platforms and must have no more than 13 mm (½ ) clearance between their low edges and the work platforms. Toeboards may be omitted at the access openings, or if there will be no danger of material or equipment falling off the work platform. 22 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

26 Competency E-1 Learning Task mm (4 ) Toeboard Work pla orm (scaffold planks) Maximum 13 mm gap between toeboard and work pla orm Toeboard lashed to guardrail Figure 11. Toeboard on a steel frame scaffold Scaffold Planks Scaffold planks make up the work platform of the scaffold; they must be treated with care. Before being installed, each scaffold plank, new or old, must be inspected. If the strength of any planks is in question they must be tested. Lumber Specifications OHS Regulation requires that sawn wood scaffold planks be Douglas fir-larch, hemlock-fir, spruce-pine-fir, or coast-sitka-spruce. Sawn planks must be graded No. 2 or better and be 48 mm 251 mm (2 10 rough sawn) or 38 mm 235 mm (2 10 nominal). Hand pick scaffold planks for minimal knots and straight grain to ensure that they are suitable for use as scaffold planks. Lumber planks must extend beyond the supports by at least 150 mm (6 ) but not more than 300 mm (12 ). 3 m (10 ft) Span Use a double layer of mm (2 10) dressed planks graded No. 2 or better (they are not required to be nail or glue laminated). Precautions must be taken where scaffold-planking overlaps for continuous runs as the 75 mm (3 ) height differential may create a tripping hazard. or Use a single thickness of rough sawn plank having actual dimensions of mm (1 10 in). Rough lumber is stronger and provides a slip resistant surface. All planks must be of uniform thickness. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 23

27 Learning Task 3 Competency E m (6 ft) span Use a single thickness of mm (2 10) dressed graded No. 2 or better. Manufactured Planks Manufactured scaffold planks must be CSA approved. Job-built planks are not approved by WorkSafeBC unless a registered professional engineer certifies them. A single manufactured extension staging (Painters Plank, the type often used with a ladder jack scaffold) may be used provided it supports only one worker. Planks used for a work platform of a manufactured scaffold are often manufactured to match the steel scaffolding. The plank shown in Figure 12 hooks over the horizontal bars of the end frames, and usually has a minimum width of 500 mm (20 in). Manufactured planks must be designed to meet the WorkSafeBC OHS Regulation. Figure 12. Manufactured scaffold plank Work Platforms Minimum work platform width is two planks or 500 mm (20 in). Only one opening is allowed in a work platform and it cannot be more than the width of one plank (250 mm). If the work platform is sloped it must be slip resistant. Maximum slope is 1:5. Plank Support Scaffold plank supports must be placed at least every 3 m (10 ft) for light work, and at least every 2.1 m (7 ft) for heavy work such as bricklaying and masonry. A light duty scaffold may have only two working platforms in use at the same time. Light duty scaffolds are intended to support workers, their personal hand tools as well as material for immediate use. Heavy-duty scaffolds may have more than two working platforms in use at the same time. Heavy-duty scaffolds are intended to support both workers and stored or stacked materials, such as bricks and masonry. 24 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

28 Competency E-1 Learning Task 3 Ladder Access Safe access to scaffold work platforms must be provided from the building or by a ladder. Ladders must comply with WorkSafeBC OHS Regulation. Every ladder shall stand on a firm and even base, and be supported only by the stiles or vertical supports. If possible, set an inclined ladder at a slope of four vertical to one horizontal length, measured from the point of contact with the scaffold. Secure the ladder at the top and, if possible, at the bottom. If positioned incorrectly, inclined ladders pushing against a scaffold can cause instability. Ladders shall extend at least 900 mm (36 ) above the platform or landing and be fastened to the scaffold. Consult manufacturer s instructions for the maximum distance between platforms and the requirements for ladder heights. WorkSafeBC requires a guarded rest landing every 9 m (30 ft) for vertical ladders. At least 150 mm (6 ) of clear toe room is required behind each rung. Every landing platform shall have guardrails, mid-rails and toeboards. If landings are offset from the working platform, they must be at least mm (24 48 in). Openings in the landing platform guards shall not exceed 762 mm (30 in). Do not use landing platforms as work areas, and do not store materials on them. Rolling Scaffolds A rolling scaffold is a steel scaffold fitted with casters (Figure 13) so that it can be moved easily. Even a heavy unit two or three frames high is easy to move if equipped with casters. Rolling scaffolds must be used only on floors that are within three degrees of level, and free of depressions and obstructions. Casters must be installed on steel scaffolds so that they cannot fall out if one end of the scaffold is lifted. All casters must be bolted to the frame. Casters must be fitted with locking devices or brakes to be used when workers are on the scaffold more than 3 m (10 ft) above floor level. Because the casters allow the basic unit to shift from corner to corner, a horizontal cross brace, called a sway brace, is installed to give the unit rigidity. Figure 13. Caster The most common violation by users of rolling scaffolds is failing to install locking pins to secure the wheels in place. The pins are required to hold the wheels in place. Accidents have happened because one of the wheels fell out when the scaffold was rolled over a depression in the ground. All vertical frames must also be equipped with locking pins on the top and bottom of the coupler. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 25

29 Learning Task 3 Competency E-1 Height of a rolling scaffold must not exceed three times the base dimension. Use outriggers to increase the base dimension, and to allow for a higher freestanding scaffold. Moving Rolling Scaffolds If the height of the work platform is less than 1 ½ times the minimum base dimension, a worker on the platform may reposition the platform. If the height of the platform exceeds 1 ½ times the minimum base dimension of a rolling scaffold, a worker on the work platform must not move the scaffold, but may stay on the platform while it is being moved by others. If the height of the platform exceeds 2 times the minimum base dimension of a rolling scaffold, a worker must not remain on the scaffold while it is being moved. Always cover floor openings and use curb protection when using rolling scaffolds. WARNING! To prevent accidents, follow the manufacturer s instructions precisely when erecting manufactured scaffolds. Now complete Learning Task 3 Self-Test. 26 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

30 Competency E-1 Learning Task 3 Learning Task 3: Self-Test 1. What is the minimum width of a wooden scaffold plank? a. 140 mm (5 1/2 in) b. 184 mm (7 1/4 in) c. 235 mm (9 1/4 in) d. 286 mm (11 1/2 in) 2. What is the minimum height of a guardrail? a. 600 mm (24 in) b. 750 mm (30 in) c. 900 mm (36 in) d mm (40 in) 3. Above what height does a scaffold require a guardrail? a mm (4 ft) b mm (7 ft) c mm (8 ft) d mm (10 ft) 4. What is the maximum amount that a scaffold plank may project beyond its support? a. 100 mm (4 in) b. 150 mm (6 in) c. 200 mm (8 in) d. 300 mm (12 in) 5. What is the maximum span for a wooden guardrail? a. up to 8 ft for 2x4 and up to 10 ft for 2x6 b. 550 N (125 lbs) c. 2.1 m (7 ft) d N (250 lbs) BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 27

31 Learning Task 3 Competency E-1 6. What is the maximum slope, vertical to horizontal, that is allowed for a work platform? a. 1:3 b. 1:5 c. 1:6 d. 1:10 7. What is the maximum gap allowed under a toeboard? a. none b. 6 mm (1/4 in) c. 13 mm (1/2 in) d. 19 mm (3/4 in) 8. What is the minimum width allowed for a work platform? a. 1 plank width b. 2 plank widths c. 600 mm (24 in) d. 750 mm (30 in) 9. What is the minimum amount that a scaffold plank may project beyond its supports? a. 100 mm (4 in) b. 150 mm (6 in) c. 200 mm (8 in) d. 300 mm (12 in) 10. What is the maximum spacing allowed for the supports of scaffold planks if the scaffold is to be used by a bricklayer? a mm (6 ft) b mm (7 ft) c mm (8 ft) d mm (10 ft) 28 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

32 Competency E-1 Learning Task 4 Learning Task 4 Describe Erection Procedures for Wooden Scaffolds Erecting a safe wooden scaffold depends on two factors: 1. an adequate supply of the correct size and grade of lumber 2. qualified workers to construct the scaffold The wrong size or poor quality materials weaken the scaffold. Scaffolds require a surprisingly large amount of lumber. It is economically wise to re-use this lumber if possible. It may take longer to build a scaffold than to complete the job for which the scaffold is used. The temporary nature of scaffolds occasionally prompts workers to take less care in their construction. This can be a fatal error. Uses of Wooden Scaffolds A job-built wooden scaffold is used when the area to which access is required is relatively close to the ground. In residential construction, wooden scaffolds are often used where heights are small and the ground is seldom level. They are very useful on sloping ground or in other situations where steel frame scaffolds cannot be used. WorkSafeBC OHS Regulation allows wooden scaffolds up to 15 m (50 ft) high, but they are rarely used for work platforms above 6 m (20 ft). Lumber Specifications Wooden scaffold framing components must be graded Number 2 or better. The only species to be used are Douglas fir-larch, hemlock-fir, spruce-pine-fir or coast- Sitka-spruce. When constructing a wooden scaffold, use lumber that is at least as large as the following specifications. Uprights Bearers Ledgers Uprights are used to support bearers or ledgers. Use mm (2 4) wooden posts for uprights up to 6 m (20 ft) long and use mm (4 4) posts for uprights 6 to 15 m (20 to 50 ft) long. Support planks with mm (1 6) bearers for.9 m (3 ft) spans and mm (2 6) bearers for spans of 1.5 m (5 ft). Ledgers are mm (1 6) horizontal braces used to connect the uprights and support the bearers. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 29

33 Learning Task 4 Competency E-1 Single Pole Scaffolds There are two basic types of wooden scaffolds: single-pole and double-pole. They are very similar in design and construction (Figures 1 and 2). The single-pole scaffold is for light duty work only, but the double-pole scaffold can be used for both light and heavy-duty work. 1. Upright 2. Bearer 3. Ledger 4. Brace 5. Plank 6. Toeboard 7. Hand Rail 8. Mid Rail 9. Mud Sill 10. Bearer Block Figure 1. Single-pole scaffold 30 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

34 Competency E-1 Learning Task 4 Double Pole Scaffolds The double-pole scaffold can be used for both light and heavy-duty work. Figure 2. Double-pole scaffold Parts of a Wooden Scaffold Uprights, Bearers and Ledgers Assemble uprights, bearers and ledgers in a rectangular framework, with the uprights parallel and the bearers level. Keep the ledgers tight under the bearers to give additional support. Stick to the specified sizes of lumber for ledgers, braces and bearers. Under no circumstances should mm (2 4) lumber be substituted for the mm (2 6) bearers. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 31

35 Learning Task 4 Competency E-1 Cross Bracing After four uprights are connected as described above, brace them. Connect the braces to the uprights at the bearers as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Brace the frame in both directions. Planks Use a double layer of mm (2 10) planks (this allows common framing lumber No.2 & better to be used). Two of these double planks make up the work platform. Nail the planks onto each bearer so that their ends overlap the bearer. Use common nails to fasten the planks so that their heads will not protrude and trip workers. Guardrail and Toe-boards If the work platform is higher than 3 m (10 ft), install a standard guardrail. Midrails should be centred between the toerails and guardrails. For uprights spaced up to 2.4 m (8 ft) use a mm (2 4) guardrail. For uprights spaced over 2.4 m (8 ft.) and up to 3 m (10 ft) use a mm (2 6 in). Fasten guardrails to the inner edges of the uprights (Figures 1 and 2). Mudsills The purpose of mudsills is to distribute the load of the scaffold over a large enough area that the scaffold does not settle into the ground. If the ground is soft, the mudsill should be continuous. Nailing In permanent structures, beams are supported directly on posts, but in temporary scaffolds, the beams are nailed into the sides of the posts. The nailing is critical to the safety and effectiveness of the scaffold. Remove any nails that split the wood or that will not hold for any other reason. Use duplex nails to facilitate easy removal without damaging the wood. The two sizes of nail generally used are 57 mm (2 ¼ ) duplex and 83 (3 ¼ ) mm duplex. Use the 57 mm (2 ¼ ) nail to attach 19 mm (¾ ) boards, and the 83 mm (3 ¼ ) nail to attach 38 mm (1 ½ ) boards. 32 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

36 Competency E-1 Learning Task 4 Erection Procedures 1. Lay out the position of the mudsills. Make them level; dig them into the ground if necessary. 2. Lay out the position of the uprights. Remember the uprights will determine the span of the planks. 3. Nail the uprights into the mudsill to prevent accidental movement. Temporarily brace the uprights plumb. 4. Attach the ledgers to the uprights making sure they are level. Opposing ledgers must also be level so that the bearer on top of them will be level. 5. Attach the bearers to the uprights. Make sure the bearers are on top of and snug to the ledgers. This will provide additional support to the bearers. 6. Check all uprights for plumb and adjust if necessary. 7. Install cross bracing from the base of the uprights to the connection of the ledger with the upright. 8. Install cross bracing in both directions, along and across the scaffold. 9. Notice in Figure 2 that there is a ledger at the base of the scaffold. This ledger, sometimes called a ribbon, is used to hold the bottom ends of the uprights in place. If there is any chance of the uprights moving, install this additional ledger. 10. Install the planks on top of the bearers. Nail them in place. 11. Build the second level of the scaffold or install the guardrail. Each level of the scaffold requires bracing in both directions. 12. Inspect the whole scaffold, looking for missed fastenings or members, before using it. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 33

37 Learning Task 4 Competency E-1 Dismantling a Wooden Scaffold To safely dismantle a scaffold requires organization and care to keep the workers from being hurt and the materials from being damaged. Start to dismantle the scaffold from the top, taking apart the members in the reverse order to the way they were installed. Pull all the duplex nails with a goose-neck wrecking bar or a claw hammer. Pass the material to the ground; do not throw it. Remove the common nails that fasten the planks with a nail puller. Never hit the planks upward to remove nails, as this will damage the planks. Remove uprights, bearers and ledgers one by one in reverse order from their construction. Do not allow the whole scaffold framework to fall to the ground. Now complete Learning Task 4 Self-Test. 34 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

38 Competency E-1 Learning Task 4 Learning Task 4 Self-Test 1. The type of nail used in the construction of wooden scaffolds is: a. phosphorus-coated box b. galvanized c. duplex d. Ardox (spiral) 2. The best length of nail to use if the ledger is 19 mm is: a. 89 mm (3 ½ ) b. 83 mm (3 ¼ ) c. 75 mm (3 ) d. 57 mm (2 ¼ ) 3. The best location for the mm (2 4) guardrail is on the: a. inside faces of the uprights b. outside faces of the uprights c. outside edges of the uprights d. inside edges of the uprights 4. The maximum span that a mm bearer may have in light-duty work is: a. 900 mm (3 ft) b mm (4 ft) c mm (5 ft) d. 100 mm (7 ft) 5. The minimum size that a bearer block is allowed to be is: a mm (1 6) b mm (2 6) c mm (2 10) d. two pieces, mm (1 6) 6. The minimum size of lumber used for toeboards is: a mm (1 4) b mm (2 6) c mm (2 10) d. two pieces, mm (1 6) BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 35

39 Learning Task 4 Competency E-1 7. An mm (4 4) upright is required: a. for heavy duty scaffolds b. when the height of the scaffold exceeds 6 m (20 ft) c. when joining two scaffolds at an outside corner d. when mm (2 4) bearers are used 8. The maximum distance between the horizontal building ties is: a. 1.5 m (5 ft) b. 3.0 m (10 ft) c. 4.5 m (15 ft) d. 6.4 m (21 ft) 36 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

40 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 Learning Task 5 Describe Erection Procedures for Steel Scaffolds Manufactured scaffolds of steel and aluminum are widely used as work platforms because they are: strong lightweight easily assembled and dismantled portable Scaffold Types There are three basic types of tubular steel and aluminum scaffolding: welded steel frame system modular systems (Cuplok and Allround ) tube and clamp system Steel Frame Scaffolds On construction sites, welded steel frame scaffolds are the most widely used. The contractor for a specific job often rents them. When a large amount of scaffolding is required, there may be a separate contract for the erection and dismantling of the scaffolds. Figure 1 shows a typical welded steel frame scaffold being assembled. Figure 1. Erecting a welded steel scaffold frame BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 37

41 Learning Task 5 Competency E-1 Assembly A welded steel scaffold has two parts, the end frame and the cross-brace (Figures 2 and 3). Figure 2. End frame Figure 3. Cross-brace Assembling two end frames and two cross-braces forms a single basic unit, as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. The basic unit of a welded steel scaffold The scaffold can be expanded upward or sideways by assembling several basic units adjacent to each other. Use coupler pins to align and secure the units as shown in Figures 5 and 6. It is important that the scaffold frames be level in both directions. Use leveling screw jacks if required. When the scaffold is more than one unit high, coupler pins are inserted through the end frames. This secures the basic units to each other. Bolts may be needed to secure the pins in place (Figure 5). The entire scaffold should be able to be lifted with a crane without the frames coming apart. 38 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

42 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 Figure 5. Coupler pin Figure 6. Frame coupling Cross bracing helps to keep the scaffold rigid. Basic units placed next to each other can be connected by cross bracing to form longer or higher units. Cross braces do not provide the required protection to be used as a guardrail. If the work platform is above 3 m (10 ft) from the surrounding grade, guardrails that meet the OHS regulation must be installed. Secure steel scaffolds to the building structure at 6.4 m (21 ft) intervals horizontally. The first vertical attachment to the building must be within 3 times the minimum base dimension, usually 4.6 m (15 ft), and then every 6 m (20 ft) after that. Figure 7. Frames connected by bracing to form a long scaffold BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 39

43 Learning Task 5 Competency E-1 WARNING! There is a danger of electric shock when using metal scaffolds near energized electrical equipment. The structure must be grounded or equipped with resilient non-conductive tires. Allround Scaffolding System The Allround system is made up of four fundamental components based on a patented rosette and wedge joint. The basic parts are the standard, the ledger, the diagonal brace and the adjustable base plus collar. This system allows workers to build any size or shape structure without separate fittings or loose parts. Standards Standards have patented eight-position rosettes spaced at 500 mm (20 in) intervals. The rosette allows for up to eight connections at any angle on the same level, so that the Allround system adapts to almost any site conditions. The rosette is shown in Figure 8. Ledger Ledgers are the horizontals of the Allround system. The wedge action joint shown in Figure 9 gives quick, rigid and safe connection. The design prevents loss of wedges. Figure 8. Allround rosette Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Figure 9. Ledger and standard connection Diagonal Brace Diagonal bracing provides stability. Using the same wedge action as the ledger, the diagonal brace connects to a standard at a rosette, transferring the load to the standard. Figure 10 shows this connection. The wedge connector is at an angle of 45 degrees to the brace. This allows the brace to be in the same plane as the ledger but still connected to the rosette. 40 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

44 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 Figure 10. Diagonal brace Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Figure 11. Adjustable base collar Adjustable Base and Collar The bases are adjustable by means of a fast thread. With the base collar in place, the vertical position of standards or ledgers can quickly and easily be changed. In addition to the four basic components, there are other more complex or larger pieces. Figure 12 shows the available array of Allround components. Figure 12. Allround components Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 41

45 Learning Task 5 Competency E-1 Procedures for erecting an Allround scaffold are as described in the following eight steps: Step l: Laying Out After laying out the required ledgers and bases, attach the ledgers to the rosettes on the collars of the adjustable bases (Figure 13). Do not tighten the wedges now. Use the small slots on the rosettes for rectangular structures, and the larger ones for circular structures. Figure 13. Laying out Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Step 2: Leveling the Ledgers Level the horizontal ledgers by adjusting the screw bases and checking with a spirit level (Figure 14). The hand level that is used is a torpedo level. The level has a magnetic strip to allow it to be used to plumb the standards giving the worker two free hands. Figure 14. Leveling the ledgers Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Step 3: Installing Aluminum Planks A bay is the horizontal distance between any pair of standards. It has a length and width in a rectangular scaffold layout. Place two aluminum planks in each bay, spanning the ledgers (Figure 15). The ends of the planks hook to ledgers. Square up the system, and then drive home the wedges. Figure 15. Installing the planks Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. 42 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

46 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 Step 4: Positioning the Standards When all bases are complete, the standards are positioned into the base collars (Figure 16). Figure 16. Positioning the standards Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Step 5: Placing Ledgers Place the ledgers at the required next level (Figure 17). Figure 17. Placing ledgers Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Step 6: Attaching Diagonal Bracing Fix diagonal braces across the faces of the bays between levels (Figure 18). Figure 18. Attach diagonal bracing Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 43

47 Learning Task 5 Competency E-1 Step 7: Planking A lift is the vertical distance between any pair of ledgers. If the first lift is to be the working level, move the planks up to it (Figure 19). Put the decking in place as in Step 3. If this lift is not to be the working platform, continue assembling. Use Steps 5 and 6, until the working level is reached. Figure 19. Planking Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Step 8: Making the Working Platform Safe Complete the working platform of the scaffold by adding ledgers, mid rails, handrails and toeboards (Figure 20). Note that the handrail is automatically positioned because of the rosette spacing. Scaffold erection is now complete. Figure 20. Making the working platform safe Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. The diagrams in Figure 21 show typical patterns made by the cross bracing of Allround scaffolds. Figure 21. Typical bracing patterns Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. 44 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

48 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 Figure 22 shows the positioning of the ledgers for handrails and midrails on the working platforms of Allround scaffolds. They are automatically positioned at regulation height on every lift. Handrails and mid rails are required only on the working platform. Figure 22. Location of handrails and mid rails Courtesy of UMACS Canada Inc. Tube and Clamp Scaffold System This highly versatile scaffolding system consists of aluminum tubes connected with various clamps and fixtures (Figure 23). Long lengths of the tubing are available, which makes this scaffolding useful on sloping ground and in other special situations where a fixed frame scaffold system cannot be used. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 45

49 Learning Task 5 Competency E-1 Figure 23. A typical tube and clamp scaffold Spacing of Members The tubing comes in long lengths. The clamps will attach to the tubing in any location. This factor makes it important to consider the span of the members being connected. If the horizontal tube is supporting a work platform, the tube s span must be carefully designed. The same applies to uprights; they must be supported at close enough intervals to prevent them from bowing out of plumb while under load. WorkSafeBC OHS Regulation requires: (1) If 48 mm (1.9 in) outside diameter aluminum or steel tube components are used in a tube and coupler scaffold: (a) the spacing of uprights must not exceed 3 m (10 ft), (b) uprights must be connected with runners and ledgers at a vertical spacing not exceeding 2 m (6.5 ft), and (c) ledgers constructed from 48 mm (1.9 in) outside diameter aluminum or steel tubing must be limited to 1.2 m (4 ft) bearing length. (2) A tube and coupler scaffold system not meeting the requirements of subsection (1) must be constructed in accordance with the design of a professional engineer. Although it is not stated in the OHS Regulation, the above specifications are for light duty scaffolds only. 46 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

50 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 Tubing Members Aluminum tubing 48 mm (1.9 in) in diameter is available in various lengths up to 6 m (20 ft) long. Typical standard lengths are in even foot increments from 900 mm (3 ft) to 3600 mm (12 ft). The following are definitions of tubular members, scaffold clamps or fittings and other terms in common use. They are shown in Figure 24. Standard (upright) Transom (ledgers) Ledger (runners) Tie Face-sway brace Standard to standard Guard and midrails Puncheon Putlog Raker or Spur A vertical, load-bearing member. A tube spanning across the standards to secure the scaffold transversely (widthwise). It may also support planking. A tube spanning across the standards to secure the scaffold lengthwise. It does not support planking. A member used to tie the scaffold to the structure. A tube diagonally joining two or more standards in a scaffold and giving them stability. A horizontal tube diagonally joining two vertical standards, acting as a brace to increase scaffold stability. A member (usually tubular) incorporated into the structure to prevent the fall of a worker. A short vertical tube that is not supported from the ground level. A prefabricated bridging member used where it is necessary to span between supports. An inclined loadbearing tube also known as a knee brace. Figure 24. Tubes fastened with clamps BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 47

51 Learning Task 5 Competency E-1 Fittings Right Angle Clamp A right angle clamp connects tubes at right angles (Figure 25). This clamp is the primary way for a ledger or transom to be attached to the uprights. The two tubes being connected are overlapped and the wedges of the clamp hold them secure and at a right angle. Figure 25. Right angle clamp End-to-end Clamp This is an external clamp for connecting two tubes end to end. (Figure 26). End-to-end clamps can be used to extend uprights or ledgers. Swivel Clamp A swivel clamp will connect two tubes at any angle where a rightangled clamp cannot be used (Figure 27). These clamps are usually used for installing sway braces. Figure 26. End-to-end clamp Figure 27. Swivel clamp All clamp wedges should face down and out. Horizontal wedges should always be on the top side of the clamps. This will lock the tube even if the wedge comes loose. All connections of transoms, ledgers and braces should be to standards (uprights). 48 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

52 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 Erecting Tube and Clamp Scaffolds Tube and clamp scaffolds are used for light duty work. With heavier loads, the spacing of standards must be smaller. The following procedures are for the construction of all metal tube and clamp modular scaffolding systems. Foundations Never construct a scaffold on unprepared foundations. If supporting the scaffold on earth, ensure that there are no cavities in the soil, and that it is well compacted, before erecting the scaffold. To spread the load suitably, use wood sills at least mm (2 10), long enough to support two standards. If the foundation is another structure, check the strength and suitability of the structure to support the scaffold. Base plates Standards Transoms Ledgers Bracing Planks Ties Use base plates on all scaffolds erected on ground. Center them on the wood sills and secure them with nails. Place the standards on the base plates. Stagger the joints in standards so that adjacent standards do not have joints in the same lift. Connect transoms to standards with a right angle clamp (or fitting) so that they are horizontal. Do not exceed spans of 1.22 m (4 ft) if planks are to bear on the transom. Connect ledgers to standards with a right angle clamp (or fitting) so that they are horizontal. Stagger the joints in ledgers so that joints in adjacent ledgers are not in the same bay. Make the joints, preferably with end-to-end clamps. If joint pins are used, place them at about one quarter of the span between the standards, not at mid-span. Connect bracing to the standards by swivel clamps. Make the connection as close as possible to the ledger connections (node points). Set standard to standard braces, or internal braces, at an angle of 60, at least every 6 m (20 ft) along each lift. Set face sway bracing continuously from ground level to the full height, at about 45 to the horizontal. Or, if the whole scaffold is less than 24 m (80 ft) long, brace both end bays. For longer scaffolds, brace the end bay and the other narrow sides of the bays to full height at least every 24 m (80 ft) along the scaffold. Planking requirements are as described for other types of scaffold. Tie requirements are as described for other types of scaffold. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 49

53 Learning Task 5 Competency E-1 Cuplok Scaffold System The Cuplok system (Figure 28) is very similar to the Allround scaffolding system. The Cuplok system consists of adjustable base units (base jacks), horizontal ledgers (the ledgers on the end of the scaffold are referred to as transoms), vertical uprights (standards) and diagonal sway braces (swivel face braces). The standards have rosettes at 500 mm (20 ) on center to attach the ledgers, transoms and sway braces. The main differences between Cuplok and Allround is that the Cuplok system has four locations to attach ledgers at the rosettes while the Allround has eight. And secondly, the Cuplok connection system incorporates a cup that the ledger fits into. Erection Procedure Before commencing the erection of the Cuplok scaffold, great care should be taken to see that the ground is stable. If the base plate of the standards bear on soil, then mudsills must be used. Bricks or concrete blocks must never be used. Begin the erection on the highest point of the ground, this will make leveling easier as the scaffold progresses horizontally. Check to see if an inside work platform is necessary, as this will determine the distance for the standards from the building. Lay out the ledgers and transoms for the first bay in their approximate locations. Stand up a pair of standards with base jacks in place. Connect the standards with a transom in the lowest cup joint position by inserting the blades into the cups. Level the transom. Always start with a 3 metre (10 ) standard on the outside and a 2 metre (7 ) standard on the inside to stagger the joints in the standards. With a helper holding the first pair of standards, insert the base jack into another standard and position with the ledger. The upper cups can now be dropped, locking the three sides temporarily together. The structure is now self-supporting and the fourth standard can now be connected by a further ledger and transom. The bay is now leveled using the base jacks. The first bay of Cuplok scaffolding is now completed by locating the upper ledgers and transoms. It is now a simple matter to extend the scaffold by connecting ledgers, transoms and standards to the existing bay. The upper fixing cups can now be secured with a hammer. The work platforms can now be installed and guardrails erected. Sway bracing is installed using the swivel-faced braces. The spacing of the sway bracing should be the same as specified for the Allround scaffolding. Figure 28. Cuplok Scaffold System 50 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

54 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 General Requirements for Scaffolds The following specifications apply to all scaffolds: Scaffolds shall be erected, maintained and dismantled under the direct personal supervision of an experienced, competent worker. Use a spirit level to set standards and ledgers accurately horizontally and vertically at each lift. All wood planks shall be unpainted, and regularly inspected for defects. Place the inner row of standards as close as possible to the wall. If they are more than one plank width from the wall, install an inside guardrail and mid rail. The work platform must be fully planked. Standards shall be spaced no more than 3 m (10 ft) apart for light work. Now complete Learning Task 5 Self-Test. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 51

55 Learning Task 5 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 Self-Test 1. What are the two basic structural components of steel scaffolding? a. screw jack and end frame b. coupler pin and cross-brace c. end frame and cross-brace d. plank and end frame 2. Bolts or pins must be placed through the end frames when the scaffold is higher than one unit. a. true b. false 3. The Allround scaffolding system uses a: a. clamp connection b. rosette and wedge c. coupling and bolt d. standard and bracket 4. The Allround system requires a/an: a. adjustable base and collar b. wooden pallet or block c. side-by-side clamp d. swivel clamp 5. Handrails and midrails in the Allround system: a. must be calculated at each lift b. are automatically set by the rosettes c. is not required at the working platforms d. can be made of any materials handy 52 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

56 Competency E-1 Learning Task 5 6. Tube and clamp scaffolds are made of: a. fixed units that stack up b. tubular units with rosettes attached c. wooden members with clamps d. metal tubes and adjustable clamps 7. In a tube and clamp system, the planks are supported by: a. ledgers b. transoms c. putlogs d. puncheons 8. To stabilize tube and clamp scaffolds, use: a. guardrails and midrails b. ledgers and transoms c. face-sway braces and internal braces d. standards and ties BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 53

57 Learning Task 6 Competency E-1 Learning Task 6 Describe Swing Stages, Suspended Power Platforms and Scissor Lifts Swing Stages Swing stages are work platforms suspended on ropes from thrust-out beams, cornice hooks or other solid anchorage. Many trades use them to work on the exterior of buildings. They are raised and lowered by hoisting equipment operated by the workers on the stage. The safe working load of the stage must be permanently marked and never exceeded. Minimum stage width is 500 mm (20 ). The design must include guardrails and meet the WorkSafeBC OHS Regulation. Job-built swing stages require certification by a registered professional engineer. The stage is inspected daily and a full body harness with lifeline must be used if the stage is 3 m (10 ft) or more above grade. All suspension supports, such as cornice hooks and thrust-out beams, must have a safety factor of four and tie-backs must be secured to the structure to prevent their dislodgement. Appropriate protection against cutting or abrading the tiebacks or lifelines must be provided. Thrust-out beams are counterbalanced with securely attached weights enough to support four times the expected static load. All hooks other than cornice hooks must be moused or fitted with safety latches. Because the swing stage is used for workers, the safety factor for suspension ropes must be 10:1 (maximum load on any rope must not exceed one tenth its breaking strength). Fibre ropes must be synthetic fibre rope, with a breaking strength of at least 22 kn (5000 lbs). Wire rope must be of a type recommended for such use by the rope manufacturer, and recommended for the use by the hoist manufacturer. Hoisting devices must be equipped with automatic locking mechanisms to prevent the suspension ropes from running free or slipping. Hangers or stirrups supporting the stage must be securely attached to the swing stage platform and must be made from mild steel or similar material (not wire rope) with a safety factor of BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

58 Competency E-1 Learning Task 6 Figures 1 and 2 show details of cornice hooks and a typical swing stage. Figure 1. Cornice hooks Figure 2. Swing stage suspended from thrust-out beams with counterweights BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 55

59 Learning Task 6 Competency E-1 Suspended Power Platforms Suspended power platforms are swing stages raised or lowered by means other than manual. Some, such as window cleaning platforms, are permanently attached to buildings. Others have parts that are not permanently attached and can be relocated as required. All WorkSafeBC OHS regulations for swing stages also apply to suspended power platforms. In addition: Lines must be long enough to provide a safe lower landing. Controls for separately controlled hoists must be located so that they can be activated at the same time from one position on the platform. Powered platforms must not be used above or below another powered platform without prior WorkSafeBC permission. When the platform has four or more suspension ropes, lanyards and full body harness must be attached to secure anchorage on the platform. Special WorkSafeBC permission must be obtained to bridge between platforms, to use two or more working platforms at different levels, or when suspension height exceeds 91 m (300 ft). A log book is required for permanent power platforms, to record the maintenance history and any structural modifications. Regular, legible entries must be made, signed and dated. Lifeline Systems Scaffolds and suspended work platforms are built, rigged and maintained in the safest manner possible. Despite this, there is a possibility of something going wrong. Some causes for falls are: hidden damage or wear in cables or blocks mechanical failure of power devices slippery material on the platform a sudden gust of wind a misstep momentary dizziness Always use a secondary safety measure when people are working from elevated platforms. These devices include lifelines, lanyards, full body harness, and fallarresting or controlled descent apparatus. Figure 3 shows a basic lifeline system in place before and after an accident. 56 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

60 Competency E-1 Learning Task 6 Full body harness a ached to lifelines This man is not using a full body harness Full body harness holding this man Hitch or hook failed Lifelines extending to the ground Before the accident A er the accident Figure 3. A basic lifeline system Scissor Lifts A scissor lift is a self-propelled work platform that raises and lowers only in an up and down manner. They may be powered by electricity, propane, gas or diesel. When renting a lift, ensure a detailed maintenance check has been recently done and that the maintenance and operator s manuals are included. Check that all controls are properly marked. Operator training is needed from a qualified person experienced with the particular lift. Training should include electrical, fall and other hazards, load capacities and contents of the manufacturer s operators manual. The person being trained should then be required to demonstrate that they can properly operate the lift. BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2 57

61 Learning Task 6 Competency E-1 Before Operating a Scissor Lift Make sure surfaces are within required slope limitations. Check for holes, drop-offs, bumps and debris. Look for electrical lines and other overhead obstructions. Check safety devices and controls. There two main types of scissor lifts: slab-type (hard rubber tires) rough terrain-type (pneumatic tires) The slab-type (Figure 4) are mainly used indoors. They often have slope alarms. Rough terrain scissor lifts are designed for outdoor use and in addition to slope alarms, they will have outriggers and/or stabilizers. Figure 4. Slab-type scissor lift All scissor lifts must have caged controls and double switching (hold to run) so that controls aren t accidently activated. Accidents Most accidents involving scissor lifts involve falls and electrocutions. Falls Tipovers cause about one-third of deaths from falls. Most involved hitting a hole, bump or debris while repositioning the lift. About one-fifth of deaths from falls involve being struck by an object, and knocked off the lift. Other causes include removal of chains and standing on or leaning over railings. Tipovers can be prevented by: staying within manufacturer-rated load capacity limits lowering the lift before repositioning setting up proper work zone protection when working near traffic maintaining a safe distance from drop-offs and holes not raising platforms on uneven or soft surfaces not raising platforms on sloped surfaces not raising platforms in windy or gusty conditions not creating excessive horizontal forces when working on elevated scissor lifts 58 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM LEVEL 2

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