Characterization of TX Active Cement

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1 Characterization of TX Active Cement Brett Trautman Field Materials Eng. Two-Lift Paving Open House Route 141, St. Louis County September 28, 2010

2 History Late 2008, Director heard a presentation on Green cement Materials Division asked to investigate Found company in United States Late 2009, Director requested that a trial section be constructed Early 2010, met with Essroc - Decided to use two-lift paving Early June 2010, laboratory batching done - To ensure similar performance

3 Aggregates Materials Coarse: Weber North, St. Louis L.S. Ledge 2-9 Fine: Capital Sand, Missouri River, Class A Admixture Air Entrainment: Euclid AEA-92 Water Reducer: n/a Hydraulic Cements Control: LaFarge, Type I Experimental: Essroc, TX Active

4 Mix Design Criteria Cement Content = 560 lbs/cu yd w/c Ratio = 0.44 Design Air Content = 6.0% Percent Fine Aggregate (by volume) = 40% Used for both mixes (control and experimental) MoDOT

5 Laboratory Batching Four mixes batched Evaluate Freeze/Thaw Resistance - Batched June 8, ) Control Mix w/type I 2) Experimental Mix w/tx Active Evaluate Scaling Resistance - Batched June 22, ) Control Mix w/type I 4) Experimental Mix w/tx Active

6 Appearance Concrete utilizing TX Active is much lighter in color than normal concrete - Reflects sunlight better - Retain less heat Concrete feels slimy to the touch

7 Fresh Properties: - Air Content - Unit Weight - Slump Testing

8 Testing Harden Properties - Compressive Strength - Flexural Strength - Rapid Chloride Permeability - Permeable Voids - Freeze/Thaw Durability - Linear Traverse - Salt Scaling Test

9 Modified Flexural Strength Concerns about chemical reaction and bonding potential between TX Active cement and regular Type I cement Bottom lift consisted of concrete using Type I cement; top lift consisted of concrete using TX Active cement 1 2 3

10 Modified Flexural Strength Excellent results - Achieved bond - No indication of a chemical reaction - No voids along interface - Great flexural strength (832psi)

11 Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing AASHTO T 161, Procedure B Molded 3 beams Beam Size - 3 ½ x 4 ½ x 16 Test started after 35 days of curing Beams cured in lime water

12 Determine durability factor Fundamental transverse frequency Oscilloscope Driver Variable Frequency Oscillator Pickup

13 Other Tests Length Change Weight Change Length Calibration Length Change Specimen Weight

14 Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens AASHTO T 22 Molded 3 cylinders Cylinder size - 6 x 12 3, 7, 28, & 56-day breaks

15 Flexural Strength of Concrete AASHTO T 97 Molded 3 beams 3 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 16 beams 35-day break; when freeze/thaw testing started Note: Testing freeze/thaw beams after testing

16 Microscopical Determination of the Air-Void System in Harden Concrete Determine the air void system of the harden concrete (bubble size and spacing) Concrete freeze/thaw durability effected by air void system ASTM C 457 Procedure A - Linear Traverse Molded 1 cylinder Cylinder Size: 4 x 8 Manual Method

17 Harden Concrete Testing Manual System 4 top 4 bottom 1

18 Electrical Indication of Concrete s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration: Determine permeability of concrete AASHTO T 277 Molded 1 cylinder Cylinder Size - 4 x 8 Test at 28 & 56 days

19 Test Procedures Chloride Penetration top middle bottom 4 2

20 Density, Absorption, and Voids in Harden Concrete Determine permeable voids of concrete ASTM C 642 Molded 1 cylinder Cylinder Size: 6 x 12 Tested at 28 & 56 days

21 Test Procedures Permeable Voids 2 4 top middle bottom - not tested

22 Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing ASTM C 672 Molded 2 panels Chemicals Panel Size: 12 x 12 x 3 50 cycles 14 days moisture curing & stored in air for 14 days

23 Test Procedures Scaling

24 Test Results

25 Fresh Concrete Properties Mix Air Content*, % Slump, in. Unit Weight, lbs/ft 3 Air Content**, % Control (Mix #1) / Experimental (Mix #2) / Control (Mix #3) Experimental (Mix #4) * Pressure Method ** Calculated from unit weight /

26 3-day Compressive Strength Difference = 195 psi Compressive Strengtht, psi Control (Mix #1) Experimental (Mix #2) Freeze/Thaw Evaluation 3-day Compressive Strength Compressive Strength, psi Control (Mix #3) Experimental (Mix #4) Difference = 230 psi 3100 Scaling Evaluation

27 7-day Compressive Strength Difference = 95 psi Compressive Strength, psi Freeze/Thaw Evaluation Control (Mix #1) Experimental (Mix #2) 7-day Compressive Strength 3900 Compressive Strength. psi Control (Mix #3) Experimental (Mix #4) Difference = 10 psi 3850 Scaling Evaluation

28 28-day Compressive Strength Difference = 290 psi Compressive Strength, psi Freeze/Thaw Evaluation Control (Mix #1) Experimental (Mix #2) 28-day Compressive Strength Compressive Strength, psi Control (Mix #3) Experimental (Mix #4) Difference = 160 psi 4600 Scaling Evaluation

29 56-day Compressive Strength 5250 Difference = 370 psi Compressive Strength, psi Control (Mix #3) Experimental (Mix #4) Scaling Evaluation

30 Linear Traverse Test Results Air Spacing Specific Voids per Mix Content Factor Surface Inch Control (Mix #1) Experimental (Mix #2) Compressive strength low due to the number of voids per inch

31 35-day Flexural Strength 840 Difference = 29 psi Flexural Strength, psi Control (Mix #1) Experimental (Mix #2) Modified (Mix #1 & #2) Freeze/Thaw Evaluation

32 28-day Permeability Difference = 708 coulombs Permeability, coulombs Freeze/Thaw Evaluation Control (Mix #1) Experimental (Mix #2) 28-day Permeability Permeability, coulombs Control (Mix #3) Experimental (Mix #4) 1500 Difference = 782 coulombs 1000 Scaling Evaluation

33 56-day Permeability Difference = 196 coulombs Permeability, coulombs Control (Mix #1) Experimental (Mix #2) 56-day Permeability 2000 Freeze/Thaw Evaluation 3000 Permeability, coulombs Control (Mix #3) Experimental (Mix #4) Difference = 450 coulombs Scaling Evaluation

34 TX Active Study - Permeability (AASHTO T277) Control (#1) Experimental (#2) Control (#3) Experimental (#4) Permeability, Coulombs day 56-day Time, days

35 28-day Permeable Voids Difference = 0.6 % Permeable Voids, % Scaling Evaluation Control (Mix #3) Exoerimental (Mix #4) 56-day Permeable Voids Permeable Voids, % Control (Mix #3) Experimental (Mix #4) Difference = 0.9 % Scaling Evaluation

36 Freeze/Thaw Testing Difference = 0.4 % Durability Factor, % Control (Mix #1) Experimental (Mix #2) Freeze/Thaw Evaluation

37 Scaling Resistance Control Mix Rating = 0+ (40 cycles) Rating = 0+ (40 cycles)

38 Scaling Resistance Experimental Mix Rating = 0+ (40 cycles) Rating = 0+ (40 cycles)

39 Cement Test Results Physical Analysis Cement Fineness, Vicat, min. Autoclave, Compressive Strength, psi Type cm 2 /g Initial Set Final Set % 3-day 7-day Type I TX Active Required --- Min. 45 Max. 375 Max. 0.8 Min Min. 2760

40 Cement Test Results Chemical Analysis Cement Insoluble Silicon Aluminum Ferric Calcium Magnesium Type Residue, % L.O.I., % Dioxide, % Oxide, % Oxide, % Oxide, % Oxide, % Type I TX Active Required Max Max Max. 6.0

41 Summary Comparable freeze/thaw resistance Comparable scaling resistance TX Active yields lower permeability TX Active yields high early age strength TX Active yields lower strength at later age Comparable air void system produced Permeable voids slightly higher for TX Active Exceeds minimum requirements for PCCP

42 Questions (573)

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