H y a t t C e n t e r Chicago, Illinois (71 South Wacker Drive) Acoustics Study
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- Bartholomew Bradley
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1 8.0 Acoustics and Fire Rating Study Introduction An acoustics and fire rating study was performed on the Hyatt Center to establish an acceptable infill wall assembly for use in the proposed braced frame bays of the core. This study will highlight common wall assemblies used in high rise construction practices, focus on the acoustics design of the cavity walls for sound transmission, provide designs for a 2-hour fire rating and conclude with a suitable alternative wall assembly for use in the braced frame core of the Hyatt Center. To be classified as an acceptable alternative, wall assemblies must meet or exceed performance criteria and economics of the existing reinforced concrete wall system. Design Criteria Focused design criteria and goal outcomes are set to provide a baseline for comparing each wall assembly s effectiveness. Equipment room sound pressure levels were predicted to control the noise in the elevator shaft and therefore were used as the design sound pressure levels of the source room in the study. Common sound pressure levels caused by human conversation were also used as a secondary design sound pressure level. The architectural layout of the spaces around the core walls indicates a restroom, lobby and open-plan office spaces will be used as the design receiving rooms. Design data for the study is as follows: Sound Power Levels Shaft Speech/Conversation Office Background Noise Frequency Lp (s) Lp (s) NC-35 Curve Lp (s) db 57 db 45 db db 62 db 40 db db 63 db 35 db db 57 db 30 db db 48 db 25 db db 40 db 20 db Table 7.1: Design Sound Pressure Levels Room Type NC-Rating Open-Plan Office NC-35/40 Min. STC 50 Lobby NC-40/45 Min. STC 50 Restroom NC-35/40 Min. STC 50 STC-Rating (IBC 2003) Section (Air-borne sound) Table 7.2: Design Receiving Room Sound Levels Dr. Hanagan Spring 2005 Senior Thesis 46 Department of Architectural Engineering
2 Other Design Consideration: Fire Rating: Shaft Enclosures 2 Hours (IBC Section 707.4) Internal Wall Pressure: 10psf minimum Weight: Minimum weight system (less than 30psf wall load) Minimum STC Rating: STC 50 (IBC 2003 Section Air-borne sound) Constructability Cost/S.F. Acoustics Study Proposed Wall Solutions Elimination of the reinforced concrete core walls ultimately requires an infill wall assembly replacement to be designed with acoustical and fire rating performance similar to the original core walls. Masonry and gypsum infill wall assemblies were studied and compared with the design criteria stated above to find a wall assembly matching or exceeding the acoustics and fire rating code requirements. Each wall below was evaluated initially for total weight reduction on the braced frame. Code required 2 hour fire ratings for shaft enclosures were used to evaluate each system for acceptance. An acoustics design and evaluation concluded with final structural checks due to internal pressures and limiting wall height/thickness ratios. Masonry Concrete masonry units (CMU) walls historically have been used as infill walls due to the added in-plane rigidity and fast construction time of the wall among other considerations. If designed as a load bearing infill shear wall, the masonry would require reinforcement to resist cracking caused by shear racking of the wall. Masonry walls can also be used as non load bearing unreinforced walls. In this state the wall acts as a partition with anchorages to structural elements (Figure 7.1) causing no in-plane load to be transferred from the column to the CMU wall. Walls of this type are economical due to quick Figure 7.1: Masonry column anchor construction and cost effective materials, however, problems with fitting the last bond of blocks below the bottom beam flange can occur. Interior walls usually consist of 4 6 in block, if non load bearing, with full face shell bedding and ¼ inch bead of acoustical sealant to lessen sound transmission. Advantages of CMU walls include adequate sound transmission, fast construction, cost efficient materials (approximately $25.00/sf) and superior fire ratings for walls of 6-in block or greater. Primary disadvantages to this system are its overall weight, approximately 35 psf for 6-in block walls. CMU wall construction as infill walls is a wet construction practice meaning mortar needs to be mixed in the field and transported to the active construction area. This practice raises labor and equipment costs as well as proves to be very messy during interior shaft wall construction due to excess mortar dropping down the shaft. Dr. Hanagan Spring 2005 Senior Thesis 47 Department of Architectural Engineering
3 Metal Studs on Gypsum Metal stud wall partitions consists of light gage channel joists, H or J joists and light gage runners attached to the structure at top and bottom of the wall. This system is a very light system typically weighing between 6 and 15psf and yet is quite durable as well as sound and fire resistant, depending upon the construction. Metal stud partitions are currently used on many construction projects due to the wall weight, constructability and cost economics ($30.00/SF). This system can be designed as a load or non load bearing wall as well as provide for shear resistance if cross-members or diagonals are used. Due to the large shear forces resulting from the applied lateral loads, this study only considers non load bearing walls. Special metal stud partitions classified as Shaft Wall Systems can be used to enclose elevator and shaft spaces. A detail of this system can be seen in Figure XX at left. This type of system utilizes 1 or 2 liner panels on the inside of the shaft inserted into C-H channels and layers of gypsum wallboard on the interior wall surface. An advantage of this system is how construction of the wall is from the interior spaces by smaller crews eliminating scaffolding in the elevator core which allows elevator installation to proceed below with erection continuing above. Wall assembly constructions can be varied to easily match required acoustics and fire ratings with very little extra costs in materials. The shaft wall system was chosen to be analyzed for the remainder of this study mainly due to its Figure 7.2: USG Shaft Wall System proven effectiveness in high-rise construction projects such as the Sears Tower, Petronas Towers and the former World Trade Center. Design Process The acoustic performance of a wall partition is measured by a Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating system. STC is a single-number rating system of the effective sound transmission loss through a wall construction at the standard thirdoctave band frequencies. The more efficient an assembly is at reducing air-borne sound transmission the higher the STC rating of the wall construction. Sound transmission loss (TL) is calculated for different wall assemblies for given sound pressure levels then graphed at the standard third-octave band frequencies. The STC rating of the wall is found by moving the STC contour up as high as possible but following the guidelines: a.) no one TL deviation can be greater than 8 db and, b.) the sum of deviations is no more than 32 db. The intersection of the STC contour and the TL curve read at 500 Hz is the STC rating of the wall assembly. Gypsum wall assemblies were evaluated based on the design criteria and each assembly s STC rating was found and graphed. Based upon the design criteria and the required STC ratings of each room, a wall design is chosen to meet the code required 2-hour fire rating, STC ratings and which is economical for both cost and constructability. Dr. Hanagan Spring 2005 Senior Thesis 48 Department of Architectural Engineering
4 Receiving rooms for the study included a restroom, lobby and the open-plan office space. Equipment sound pressure levels from the shaft were used as the noise in the source room. Sound transmission losses (TL s) were calculated through each wall and are presented in Table 7.3 and Figures 7.3a-c with design calculations in Appendix E. Results Summary Required TL (db) Required STC Rating IBC 2003 Freq. Office Restroom Lobby Office Restroom Lobby Min STC Table 7.3: Required STC ratings System 6" Masonry Shaft Wall Metal Stud Shaft Wall Figure 7.3a: Office STC Figure 7.3b: Restroom STC Figure 7.3c: Lobby STC UL Design 906 U415C U419 U438 Advantages Economical wall assembly; Transmission Transmission; Constructability Excellent Fire Rating, Sound Transmission Transmission; Constructability Disadvantage Very Heavy, Wet & Messy Construction, Constructability, Labor & Material Intensive, Elevator Delayed Slightly Costly, Susceptible to mold in air-shafts, Finishing is expensive STC > 45 requires costly construction, Two-side construction, Scaffolding Slightly Costly, Susceptible to mold in air-shafts, Finishing is expensive Weight (psf) Fire Rating Hr. Table 7.4: Comparison Summary Dr. Hanagan Spring 2005 Senior Thesis 49 Department of Architectural Engineering STC Cost/ SF Hr Hr Hr
5 Design Conclusion Based upon the design criteria and the results of the acoustics study, the wall assembly described as UL Design U438 was determined to be the most economical for use as the braced frame infill wall design as seen in Table 7.4. This wall resulted in the least cost alternative, neglecting finishing, and also presented a reduced weight on the structural framing as compared to masonry systems. This wall does have a possible mold problem due to moisture in mechanical air shafts; however, this issue can be resolved with early coordination with MEP engineers. This design is a shaft wall design as described previously and consists of a 1 thick shaft liner panel on the shaft-side, 2-layers of 5/8 thick Fire-code gypsum wallboard on 4 20 gage C-H studs and J-channels 24 o.c. with 20 gage runners as seen in Figure 7.4 below. The wall meets a 2-hour fire rating and an STC of 50 with the inclusion of 3 mineral fiber insulation and provides economical and less complex construction as compared to the other alternatives. USG design manuals are used to determine the required stud properties based on an L/240 deflection criteria required as per the project specifications. To resist a 10psf internal wall pressure caused by elevator pressures over a wall height of 13-6, 4 20-gage studs at 24 o.c. are required. The allowable wall height for this pressure and stud property is 14-5 which is less than Figure 7.4: Wall Design UL Design U438 USG Shaft Wall System Project Cost Impact Addition of a gypsum wall assembly as compared to the existing concrete core wall will result in increased costs involved with the project. The existing concrete core wall has the advantage of being the main structural element of the building and also doubling as the partition wall between the office and core spaces, therefore, only elevator access walls are required to be constructed of a partition wall assembly. The total infill wall area of the Hyatt Center including elevator access partitions is approximately 323,300 square feet. Accounting for bare material and labor costs only without finishing, from R.S. Means 2000 Building Construction Cost Data, a cost of $3.57 per square feet of wall would produce an additional $1,154,000 cost for the project. Dr. Hanagan Spring 2005 Senior Thesis 50 Department of Architectural Engineering
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