Volume 1. HOW TO MAKE A DREAM HOUSE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT Contents

Transcription

1 Preparation of Seismic Design Manuals for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Volume 1 HOW TO MAKE A DREAM HOUSE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT Contents Part I: A house and its behavior during earthquake A House? How a house is built? How does an earthquake affect the house? Why does a house damage during an What type of failure may occur in a house? What are the possible ways of damage in a house during Why are the masonry houses more vulnerable to earthquake forces? Part II: Possible ways to increase the earthquake resistant capacity of a house Can a house resist How does a house resist earthquake loads acting on it? What are the main components of a house to resist the How floor and roof systems behave during How do wall systems behave during How important is the roof/floor wall connection for resisting How far wall to wall connection important for resisting earthquake forces? How each non-structural component is affected by an

2 Part III : Planning consideration of a house to improve the seismic behavior How far construction site affects house stability during How much depth of soil can affect the stability of a house during Which type of foundation is suitable for a house? What is the ideal plan of a house for resisting What may be the ideal elevation for a house for resisting What type of wall layout is desirable from earthquake point of view? Are some considerations needed in the planning of exterior walls? Are some considerations needed in the planning of openings in exterior walls? Is a gap required between nearby houses to avoid hitting against each other during What additional measures are to be considered in roof and floor systems of a house for resisting Part IV: Effect of Workmanship and Construction Practices on the Seismic Performance of a Masonry House Do the workmanship and construction practice affect the seismic performance of a house Does the seismic performance of a house depend on level and alignment of masonry? Which type of unit is preferable in earthquake resistant construction? Which type of mortar is preferable in earthquake resistant construction? Part V: Effects of other Parameters excluding Earthquake on the performance of a Masonry House What are the main causes of cracking in the house? What may be additional causes of cracking in a house? How the cracks developed due to foundation movement differ from earthquakes?

3 What are the common locations of cracking in a house due to foundation movements? Can houses crack due to environmental reasons? How much cracking is vulnerable to a house? Do trees or vegetation near a house may be the cause of cracking? Is it possible to eliminate the cracking due to foundation movement? What is underpinning and how is this technique used for repairing the existing foundation of a house? What precautions have to be considered in laying the foundation of the extension of a house? Part VI: Earthquake Resistant Provisions in a Masonry House What are the criteria for earthquake resistant provisions in masonry houses? What are the general provisions laid by the BIS codes for the earthquake resistant house? What are the provisions for masonry unit and mortar for the earthquake resistant house? What are the provisions for openings in walls of an earthquake resistant masonry house as per BIS codes? What are the seismic strengthening provisions laid by the BIS codes for the earthquake resistant house? What is the life safety band in a house to protect from What are the details of life safety bands in a house to protect from How to provide vertical reinforcement in a house to protect from What do International Codes recommend for the earthquake resistant house? What are the other options to construct a high rise masonry building in severe seismic zones? What are the construction details of confined masonry? How does the reinforced masonry be constructed?

4 Part VII: Strengthening and retrofitting of a seismically deficient house before the next earthquake strikes Why strengthening and retrofitting is required in case of existing undamaged masonry houses? Can an existing house be made earthquake resistant? How to know whether the house is seismically deficient or not? How far the seismic performance be improved in case of flexible roof/floor or diaphragm? How can a good connection be provided between roof/floor and walls? How to increase the thickness of wall or shear area of walls by using Ferrocement to resist earthquake forces? Can FRP be useful to increase the in-plane and out-of-plane capacity of a masonry wall? What is Shotcrete and how it can be applied to increase the in-plane capacity of masonry walls? How the external buttress may be helpful to increase the in-plane capacity of masonry walls? How can out of-plane capacity of the walls be enhanced by using steel sections? Can cross tie members increase the out of-plane capacity of the walls? How to strengthen the large openings of the walls? How to improve wall-to-wall connection in a house to resist earthquake forces? How external jacketing may be useful to integrate all the walls of a house to resist earthquake forces? How to integrate all the walls of a house to resist earthquake forces by using steel ties? How can the multi-layer walls be integrated to acts as a unit thickness? How to provide vertical elements in the existing system to transfer the earthquake forces efficiently? How to integrate a house at foundation level? How can the foundation of existing house be strengthened? How to protect parapet wall and other non-structural elements from earthquake damage?

5 How to repair existing cracks in a masonry house? How do the quality of existing unit and mortar be improved? Part VIII: Repair and Retrofitting of a house after the earthquakes How to retrofit a house after damage during How to repair minor cracking occurred in house after How to repair moderate vertical cracks occurred in a house after How to repair moderate diagonal/inclined cracks occurred in a house after How to repair Loss of connection among the multi-wythe masonry walls occurred in a house after How to repair loss of connection between intersecting walls in a damaged house after How to repair severe damage at the corner region occurred in a house after Are the repairing techniques of different types of cracking sufficient for a house in case of a future

6 Preparation of Seismic Design Manuals for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Volume 2 HOW TO ENSURE THE SEISMIC SAFETY OF MULTISTORY REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS Contents Part I: Earthquake and its effects on building response What is the earth and how earthquakes occur? Why the ground and the buildings shake during How earthquakes are recorded and located? How earthquakes are measured? What is intensity and how is it different from magnitude? Does every earthquake create disaster? Where do earthquakes occur in the World? Where do earthquakes occur in India? What are strong earthquakes and their main characteristics? How do strong earthquakes affect buildings? What are characteristics of the building affecting damage during How do the building characteristics affect the earthquake forces acting on itself a concept of design spectra? Can earthquake forces acting on the building be estimated? What is the concept of earthquake resistant design and how to achieve it? What are the other effects of earthquakes responsible for causing damage to buildings?

7 Part II: Planning and design considerations for seismically safe construction of RC buildings What type of the structural system is suitable for earthquake resistant design of multi-storied RC buildings? How do the moments resisting framing system resist the earthquakes? What is the dual system for a multi-storied building and how does it differ from moment resisting frame system? What are the guiding principles to design an efficient structure to perform well during an How does the configuration of an RC moment resisting framing system makes it more vulnerable for earthquake forces? How do the discontinues in load path affect the performance of an RC building during What is soft storey and how its effect can be minimized during What is mass irregularity in multi-storied RC buildings and what are the possible ways to reduce it? What is vertical setback and how it can be avoided? Why the pounding in two RC buildings occur and how it can be avoided? What is a horizontal irregularity in a building and how it influences performance of building? What are nonparallel systems? Why corner columns/ corner buildings are more susceptible to earthquake forces? Why the mixed construction system with RC columns and masonry walls is not advisable for earthquake forces? What is diaphragm discontinuity and how it influences the seismic performance of a building? Part III: Proportioning and detailing considerations in building components during earthquakes Why the proportioning and detailing of building components are more important for an efficient seismic design? What ductile detailing is required in beams of a multi-storied reinforced concrete building? What type of damage may be possible in columns of a multi-storied RC building and how it can be avoided? What proportioning and detailing considerations are required in column to avoid flexure and shear failure? Why the strong column- weak beam design is preferred in reinforced concrete buildings? Why the beam - column joints are vulnerable to earthquake forces?

8 What are the seismic design deficiencies in short column and how can they be protected? Is the flat-slab construction advisable in seismic areas? Is the foundation failure a threat to a building? What are nonstructural elements in an RC building and why are they seismically vulnerable? Why the consideration of infill wall in a multistoried MRF building is necessary for efficient seismic design? Why the seismic safety of building content is a must in case of severe earthquakes? What is the influence of incorrect detailing of reinforcement on the seismic performance of a building? What is the influence of construction deficiencies on the seismic response of an RC building? How the poor constructional materials affect the performance of an RC building during Does the soil at construction site affect the performance of a building during Part IV: Seismic evaluation and retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete buildings What is seismic evaluation? Why the seismic evaluation of a building is a must? What are the procedures for seismic evaluation? Why seismic retrofitting is required? How the retrofitting is defined? What are the causes that make a building seismically deficient? What are the problems associated with retrofitting? What are the concepts of retrofitting? What is the classification of retrofitting techniques? What are the considerations in retrofitting of buildings? What are considerations for retrofitting of a building using shear walls into/onto the existing frames? How far steel bracing is effective as retrofitted technique? What are considerations for retrofitting of a building by infill walls into/onto the existing frames? How far external buttresses help to reduce the seismic vulnerability of an RC building? How can seismic capacity of a foundation system be increased?

9 What is seismic base isolation technique and how can it be used in retrofitting of buildings? What are energy dissipating devices and how they can be used in retrofitting of buildings? What are the member level (or local) retrofit methods? What is jacketing and how it is effective to increase the strength and ductility of structural members? What are types of reinforced concrete (RC) jacketing of columns? What are the constructional details of one sided reinforced concrete (RC) jacketing of existing columns? What are the constructional details of four sided reinforced concrete (RC) jacketing of columns? What are the constructional details in reinforced concrete (RC) jacketing of circular columns without beams What are the constructional details in steel or strap jacketing of columns? What are the possible ways to carry out beam jacketing? How to carry out four sided RC jacketing of beam? How to increase the gravity load capacity of existing beam? What are the possible ways to carry out jacketing of staircase slab? What are the possible ways to increase the thickness of an existing slab? Is beam column joint jacketing also possible? How to retrofit the existing footing of a retrofitted column? How to retrofit the existing footing of an un-strengthened column? What is the procedure for retrofitting of a reinforced concrete building? Part V: Post earthquake evaluation and retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings Why do the repair and retrofitting of earthquake damage buildings essential? What are the causes of column failure in an RC building and in what manner? What is the cause of beam failure in a building and in what manner? What is the cause of beam -column joint failure in a building and in what manner? What is the cause of slab failure in a building and in what manner? What is the cause of shear wall failure in a building and in what manner? What is the cause of infill failure in a building and in what manner? Why is repair necessary before retrofitting of earthquake damaged structure? What should be the aim of post earthquake damage evaluations? What are the considerations for emergency measures in temporary protection? What are the methods for supporting vertical loads?

10 What are the methods for providing lateral support? How to carry out retrofitting process for a damage building? What type of materials can be used in Repair and Retrofitting Project? How to repair minor/ moderate cracking in a structural member? How to repair severe cracking in a structural member? Are the repairing techniques sufficient for a building in case of future

11 Preparation of Seismic Design Manuals for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Volume 3 How to Analyze, Design, Evaluate and Retrofit Multistoried RC Framed Construction for Earthquake forces Contents Part I: Estimation the earthquake forces by equivalent static method and modal dynamic analysis? How to estimate the earthquake forces for a regular building? How to carry out modal dynamic analysis of a building with irregular configuration? Part II: Consideration the effect of structural and non-structural components in the seismic performance of RC building How to create a mathematical model of a multi-storied RC building to determine its seismic response? How do the various structural and non-structural components of a multi-storied building influence its modal characteristics? Part III: Earthquake resistant design of an RC frame building and shear walls How to carry out seismic design of a multi-storied RC framed construction? How to carry out seismic design of a RC shear wall? Part IV: Procedures for the seismic evaluation of an RC building How to carry out seismic evaluation of existing building by Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) Procedure? How to evaluate the seismic resistance of an existing RC building by simplified ATC-14 methodology?

12 How to carryout post earthquake safety evaluation of RC buildings - Visual Inspection Method? Part V: Determination of the seismic capacity of an existing RC building for retrofitting How to evaluate the seismic capacity of RC frame buildings using non-linear static pushover analysis? How to evaluate the seismic capacity of an existing RC building before and after retrofitting?