Cooling Tower Noise Control
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1 Providence, Rhode Island Acoustical Society of America 5-9 June 2006 Cooling Tower Noise Control Tom Paige, P.Eng. Products Application Engineer Kinetics Noise Control, Inc. Vibron Products Group Mississauga, Ontario Canada VIBRON PRODUCTS GROUP
2 Presentation Overview Induced-Draft Cooling Towers Cooling Tower Noise Sources Noise Control Options Silencers for Cooling Towers Vibration Isolation Case Study - Silencing
3 Induced-Draft Cooling Towers Most common type Large propeller fan located on top of unit discharging upward Air is drawn into the intakes on the sides of the unit and passes through a stream of water Some water evaporates into the airstream causing cooling
4 Cooling Tower Basic System From ASHRAE Publication - HVAC Simplified
5 Cooling Tower Noise Sources Fan noise - low frequency Blade passage tone below 63 Hz Spraying and splashing noise of water - higher frequencies Motor, belts or gearbox noise Intake noise level typically 5 db less than discharge Noise increases with fan speed
6 Typical Noise Spectrum 80 Sound Pressure Level (db) Octave Band (Hz) 800-Ton Induced-Draft Propeller-Fan Cooling Tower 50 from Air Inlet
7 Directivity Induced-Draft Propeller-Fan Cooling Tower Directivity Index (db) Octave Band (Hz) Front (Air Inlet) Side (Enclosed) Top (Discharge) From ASHRAE Publication - Application of Manufacturers Sound Data
8 Noise Ratings Cooling Technology Institute Acceptance Test Code ATC-128 Sound pressure level readings are taken on 4 sides and top at distances 5 (1.5 m) and 50 (15 m) Sound power levels calculated from the 50 SPL readings
9 Cooling Tower Typical Sound Data From ASHRAE Publication - Application of Manufacturers Sound Data
10 Noise Control Options Location and orientation Over-sizing (expensive) Low noise fans Motor control options Noise barrier walls Silencers
11 Low Noise Fans Aerodynamically shaped blades Lower tip speed Larger diameter blades More blades Larger chord blades 12 dba reduction possible
12 Low Noise Fan Blades Standard Blades Wide-Chord Blades From ASHRAE Publication - A Practical Guide to Noise and Vibration Control for HVAC Systems
13 Motor Control Options Two-speed motor Variable frequency drive Day-night operation On-off cycling noise annoying Reducing fan speed by 50% reduces noise by 8 to 10 dba
14 Noise Barrier Walls Close as possible to unit Clearance for air movement (restriction or recirculation) Maintenance access Sound absorbing material facing noise source Barrier must at least block lineof-sight at receptor
15 Roof-Top Noise Barrier Wall
16 Cooling Tower Silencing Fan discharge silencers on top Intake silencers on sides Plenums for access and servicing Pressure drop very low System effects
17 Materials for Silencer Construction Discharge air is 100% saturated with water vapor G 90 Galvanized steel 304, 316 Stainless steel (costly) Fiberglass reinforced polyester Budget, life expectancy, environment
18 Structural Considerations Cooling tower cell not usually strong enough to support weight of silencers Separate structural frame needed Wind-loading on silencers
19 Vibration Isolation Required on cooling towers on building rooftops Provide structural beams at base Use vertically-restrained spring isolators with 2 to 4 deflection Seismic considerations
20 Restrained Spring Isolator
21 Case Study - Large Casino Large casino located adjacent to Niagara Falls 3 double-cell cooling towers Each unit 1970 tons of cooling Cooling tower environmental noise impact on natural waterfall sound a major concern Also noise impact on hotel
22 Cooling Tower Assembly Begins
23 Cooling Tower Assembly Complete
24 Silencers - Design Requirements Discharge silencers installed on propeller fans on top of cells Fan diameter 3300 mm (11 ft) Intake silencers installed over air intakes on front and back Pressure drop to be very low Separate structural framework Access for maintenance
25 Silencer Installation Begins
26 Intake Silencers - Design Criteria Two intake silencers per cell Total 12 intake silencers 3500 x 5200 mm (11.5 x 17 ft) Length 900 mm (3 ft) Standard rectangular silencers Airflow 54,250 L/s (115,000 cfm) Design pressure drop 3 Pa (0.01 wg)
27 Cooling Tower Intake Silencers
28 Discharge Silencers - Design Criteria Total 6 discharge silencers Rectangular with circular bullet 3500 x 3500 mm (11.5 x 11.5 ft) Length 3000 mm (10 ft) Bullet diameter 900 mm (3 ft) Airflow 108,500 L/s (230,000 cfm) Design pressure drop 15 Pa (0.06 wg)
29 Discharge Silencer Assembly
30 Discharge Silencer Assembly
31 Discharge Silencers Installed
32 Cooling Tower Silencers Complete
33 Design Insertion Loss Discharge Silencers Octave Band (Hz) Insertion Loss (db) Intake Silencers Octave Band (Hz) Insertion Loss (db)
34 Maintenance Issues Short plenums provided between cooling tower fans and silencers for access Silencer material - galvanized steel Zinc-rich paint on exposed welds Acoustic media - fiberglass
35 Casino Cooling Tower Silencers
36 Cooling Tower Silencing Overview
37 Summary There are several strategies for reducing cooling tower noise. Properly designed silencers can reduce noise levels by about 10 to 20 dba without affecting cooling tower operation. Silencers can easily be adapted to induced-draft cooling towers.
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