Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges

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1 Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges to Eurocodes Ioannis Vayas and Aristidis Iliopoulos CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an Informs business A SPON PRESS BOOK

2 Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Authors xvii xix xxi xxiii 1 Introduction General List of symbols 2 2 Types of steel-concrete composite bridges General Composite bridges: The concept Highway bridges Plate-girder bridges with in situ concrete deck slab Plate-girder bridges with semiprecast concrete deck slab Plate-girder bridges with fully precast concrete deck slab Plate-girder bridges with composite slab deck with profile steel sheeting Plate-girder bridges with partially prefabricated composite beams Double-girder bridges Ladder deck bridges Bridges with closed box girders Open-box bridges Arch bridges Cable-stayed bridges Suspension bridges Railway bridges General Half-through bridges Plate-girder bridges Box-girder bridges SO Filler-beam bridges Pipe-girder bridges 51 vii

3 viii Contents Arch bridges Lattice girder bridges Construction forms General Simply supported bridges Continuous bridges Frame bridges Integral and semi-integral bridges Erection methods General Lifting by cranes Launching Shifting Hoisting Segmental construction Concreting sequence Execution Innovation in composite bridge engineering 62 References 63 3 Design codes Eurocodes General EN 1990: Basis ofstructural design EN 1991: Actions on structures EN 1998: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1994: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1993: Design of steel structures EN 1992: Design of concrete structures National annexes 71 References 71 4 Actions Classification of actions Permanent actions Variable actions Accidental actions Seismic actions Specific permanent actions and effects in composite bridges Creep and shrinkage Actions during construction Traffic loads on road bridges Division of the carriageway Vertical loads on the carriageway Load model 1 (LM1) Load model 2 (LM2) 78 into notional lanes 75

4 Contents ix Load model 3 (LM3) Load model 4 (LM4) Vertical loads on footways and cycle tracks Horizontal forces Braking and acceleration forces Centrifugal forces Groups of traffic loads on road bridges Actions for accidental design situations Collision forces from vehicles moving under the bridge Collision of vehicles with the soffit of the bridge, for example, when tracks are higher than the clear height of the bridge Collision of vehicles on piers Actions from vehicles moving on the bridge Vehicles on footways or cycle tracks up to the position of the safety barriers Collision forces on kerbs Collision forces on safety barriers Collision forces on unprotected structural members Actions on pedestrian parapets and railings Load models for Vertical loads Horizontal loads Traffic loads on railway bridges 89 abutments and walls in contact with earth General Vertical loads Load model Load models SW/0 and SW/ Load model "unloaded train" Eccentricity of vertical loads (load models 71 and SW/0) Longitudinal distribution of concentrated loads by the rail and longitudinal and transverse distribution by the sleepers and ballast Transverse distribution of actions by the sleepers and ballast Dynamic effects (including resonance) Horizontal forces Centrifugal forces Nosing force Actions due to traction or braking Consideration of the structural interaction between track and superstructure Other actions and design situations Groups of loads Temperature General 103

5 x Contents Uniform temperature component ATN Temperature difference component ATM Combination between ATN and ATM Nonuniform temperature component ATK Temperature effects during erection Wind General Wind force in bridge transverse direction y Basic wind velocity Exposure factor Force coefficient Cfy Reference area Arcfy Wind force in bridge vertical direction z Earthquake 114 References Basis of design General Limit state design Ultimate limit state (ULS) Design formats Combination of actions Safety factors and combination values Basic combinations Accidental combinations Seismic combinations Serviceability limit state (SLS) Safety factors of resistances ym Durability Concrete cover Structural steel 142 References Structural materials Concrete Strength classes Normal concrete Lightweight concrete Time-dependent deformations due to creep General Time-dependent deformations due to shrinkage General Time-dependent deformations due to time-dependent development of the modulus of elasticity of concrete 162

6 Contents xi Time-dependent deformations due to hydration of cement Cracking of concrete General Structural steel Steel grades Fracture toughness and through thickness properties Material toughness Lamellar tearing Other material properties for structural steel Reinforcing steel Prestressing steel Bolts Stud shear connectors 181 References Modeling and methods for global analysis Global analysis models Introduction Beam models Bridges with two main girders Bridges with multiple main girders and stiff cross girders Box-girder bridges Bridges with two main girders and horizontal bracing between the lower flanges Grillage models General Simply supported plate-girder bridges Continuous plate-girder bridges Skew bridges Curved bridges Box-girder bridges D models General Representation of steel and composite I girders Slab representation D model implementation Analysis during the concreting stages Analysis at final stage Models for other types of bridges Effective width of wide flanges due to shear lag General Effective5 width of concrete flanges Effective5 width of steel flanges Cross-sectional properties 232

7 xii Contents 7.4 Effects of the theological behavior of concrete on structural systems General Creep in statically determinate systems Creep and shrinkage in statically indeterminate systems Creep due to movements of supports Shrinkage Models for slab analysis and design in transverse direction General Distributed permanent and variable loads Wheel loads from traffic Finite element models Finite element models for global analysis 249 References Buckling of plated elements Introduction Elastic critical stress Introduction Unstiffened panels Stiffened panels Stiffened and unstiffened panels: Combined loading conditions Strength of plates General Postbuckling plate behavior: Plate buckling curves Column-like behavior Design by the reduced stress method Effective width method General Unstiffened panels Longitudinally stiffened panels Member verification for axial compression and bending Resistance to shear Resistance to concentrated transverse forces Interaction Interaction N, M, V Interaction N,M,FS Flange-induced buckling Design of stiffeners and detailing Introduction Intermediate transverse stiffeners in compression panels Shear in transverse stiffeners Torsional requirements for open section stiffeners Discontinuous longitudinal stiffeners Splices of plate sheets 326

8 Contents xiii Cutouts in stiffeners Transverse stiffeners Web to flange welds 327 References Ultimate limit states Classification of cross sections Resistance to tension: Allowance for fastener holes in bending capacity Resistance of steel members and cross sections to compression Resistance to shear due to vertical shear and torsion Resistance to bending of steel cross sections Interaction of bending with shear for steel cross sections Class 1 and 2 cross sections General Sagging bending Hogging bending Cross sections with class 3 webs that may be treated as class 2 sections (hole-in-web method) Class 3 cross sections Class 4 cross sections that are treated as class 3 cross sections Class 4 cross sections Class 4 cross sections composed of the flanges Lateral torsional buckling Introduction General method Simplified method: Rigid lateral supports Verification during concreting stages Verification at hogging moment areas of continuous plate-girder bridges Simplified method: Flexible lateral supports Resistance and rigidity of supporting members Design of the concrete deck slab 414 References Serviceability limit states Introduction Stress analysis and limitations Structural steel Reinforcement Concrete Cracking of concrete General Minimum reinforcement 421

9 xiv Contents Limitation ofcrack width Thermal cracking during concreting (determination of cracked regions) Web breathing Deflections General Filler-beam decks Vibrations 439 References Fatigue General Fatigue resistance to constant amplitude loading Fatigue resistance to variable amplitude loading Detail categories Fatigue load models and simplified fatigue analysis Fatigue verification for structural steel Simplified fatigue assessment Road bridges Railway bridges Stress range and fatigue Road bridges 457 assessment Railway bridges Fatigue verification for headed studs General Stress range and fatigue assessment Fatigue verification for reinforcing Fatigue assessment 463 steel Road bridges Railway bridges Stress ranges Fatigue verification for concrete Possibilities of omitting fatigue assessment Residual stresses and postweld treatment 484 References Shear connection Introduction Resistance and detailing of headed stud shear connectors General Shear resistance of vertical studs Tensile loading Detailing ofshear connectors Horizontal arrangement of studs 491

10 Contents xv 12.3 Longitudinal shear for elastic behavior Longitudinal shear for inelastic behavior Longitudinal shear due to concentrated forces Longitudinal shear in concrete slabs Shear connection of composite closed box bridges 516 References Structural bearings, dampers, and expansion joints General Reinforced elastomeric bearings General Check of distortion Check of the tension of the steel plates Limitation of rotation Stability Safety against slip Modeling for global analysis: Provision of seismic isolation Spherical bearings Pot bearings Seismic isolation High-damping reinforced elastomeric bearings Lead rubber bearings Anchorage of bearings Calculation of movements and support reactions Bearing schedules, support plans, and installation drawings Fluid viscous dampers Friction devices Expansion joints 546 References 548 Index 551

Analysis and Design of Steel

Analysis and Design of Steel and Composite Structures Qing Quan Liang CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business