Foundation Engineering

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1 Foundation Engineering P.C. Varghese

2 Foundation Engineering P.C. VARGHESE Honorary Professor, Anna University, Madras Formerly, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, and UNESCO Chief Technical Advisor, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka New Delhi

3 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING P.C. Varghese 2005 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Ninth Printing May, 2012 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi

4 To Professor Arthur Casagrande under whose guidance the author started his studies in Geotechnical Engineering

5 1 Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Units xv xvii xix xxi Chapter 1 Engineering Properties of Soils Introduction Models Used in Design of Foundations Important Engineering Properties Review of Physical Properties Strength of Soils Soil Parameters from Field Sounding Tests Dynamic Penetration Tests Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) (q c ) Correlation between SCPT and SPT In-situ Vane Shear Test Estimation of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction and Modulus of Elasticity Consolidation Properties of Clays Settlement of Overconsolidated Clays 32 References 35 Chapter 2 Contact Pressures on Base of Footings Introduction Rigid and Flexible Foundations Contact Pressures under Rigid and Flexible Footings Concept of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction Concept of Bulb of Pressure Effect of Rigidity on Settlement Calculations 40 v

6 vi Contents 2.7 Assumptions for Proportioning of Rigid Footings Structural Design of Footings 44 References 47 Chapter 3 Stress Distribution in Soils Introduction Soil Considered as an Elastic Material Boussinesq s Equation Application of Boussinesq s Formula to Other Cases Westergard s Solution [IS 8009 (Part I) 1976] Methods for Special Cases Stress Distribution for Load Applied Below the Surface Pressure Distribution at Base of Strip Footings Heave in Clay due to Excavation Stresses on Retaining Walls due to Loads Behind the Walls Approximate Methods for Evaluation of Vertical Stresses in Soils Distribution of Load of a Single Pile Selection of Method for Use Summary 65 References 68 Chapter 4 Settlement of Foundations Introduction Elastic Settlement of Footings Settlement of Foundation on Cohesionless Soil Estimation of Total Settlement of Foundations on Cohesive Soils Secondary Consolidation Determination of Rate of Settlement Estimation of Differential Settlement Settlement of a Group of Piles Used as Foundation (Deep Foundations) Settlement of Pier Foundations Allowable Differential Settlements Methods to Reduce Settlement in Buildings Rotation of Footings Subjected to Moments Summary 87 References 98 Chapter 5 General Requirements of Shallow and Deep Foundations Introduction Depth of Foundations Importance of Soil Immediately Below Foundation Shallow Standard Practice of Laying Footing Foundation of Buildings Construction of Footings for Basements Foundations on Fills 103

7 Contents vii 5.7 Foundations on Soft Deposits Safe Bearing Capacity for Simple Cases Reduction of Bearing Capacity with Submergence Types of Foundations and Their Uses 104 References 108 Chapter 6 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations Introduction Some Definitions Terzaghi s Theory Bearing Capacity Factors Bearing Capacity of Shallow Footings in Clays Effect of Water Table on Ultimate Bearing Capacity Allowable Bearing Capacity Settlement of Footings in Sand Deposits from SPT Values Safe Bearing Capacity in Clays General Remarks Bearing Capacity of Stratified Soils Precautions To Be Taken in Foundation Preparation for Footings Load Tests for Bearing Capacity Design Practice Summary of Formulae for Bearing Capacity of Soils 126 References 132 Chapter 7 Factors Affecting Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations Introduction Major Factors Affecting Bearing Capacity Effect of Size of Foundation Effect of Shape, Depth and Inclination of Load on Bearing Capacity of Footings Stability under Inclined Loads Effect of Eccentricity of Load Effect of Inclination of Base of Foundation Effect of Footings on Sloping Ground Effect of Shape of Base of Foundation Footings on Stratified Soils General Equations for Bearing Capacity Summary 141 References 149 Chapter 8 Design of Raft Foundations Introduction Types of Rafts and Their Use Loads on Rafts Stiffness or Rigidity of Soil Structure System Allowable Soil Pressures for Rafts in Cohesionless Soils 153

8 viii Contents 8.6 Allowable Pressures for Rafts in Cohesive Soils Structural Design of Raft Foundations Rigid Beam Analysis (Conventional Method) Winkler Model Analysis Solution as Plates or Beams on Elastic Half-space (Elastic Continuum) Closed Form Solutions Based on Elastic Theory ACI Methods for Analysis of Beams and Grids on Elastic Foundation Raft-Superstructure Interaction Tank Foundations Summary 163 References 172 Chapter 9 Load Carrying Capacity of Piles by Static Formulae Introduction Types of Piles Commonly Used Sizes Structural Capacity Barrette Foundations IS Codes on Piles Factors Affecting Choice of Type of Pile Load Carrying Capacity Effective Length Point of Inflection Historic Development of Static Method Method 1 Static Formula (for Piles in Granular Soils) Method 1 Static Formula (for Cohesive Soils) Capacity of Piles in c f Soils By Static Formula Factor of Safety for Static Formula Based on Soil Properties Limiting Capacity of Piles Method 2 Meyerhof s Formula for Driven Piles in Sand Based on SPT Values Method 3 Load Carrying Capacity From Static Cone Penetration Tests Negative Skin Friction Comparison of Capacities of Driven and Bored Piles Capacity of Piles Founded on Solid Rock Socketing of Bored Piles in Weathered and Soft Rock Buckling of Slender Piles Uplift Resistance (Tension Capacity) of Piles Tapered Piles Bearing Areas of Driven Hollow and H Piles Summary 199 References 208 Chapter 10 Load Carrying Capacity of Piles by Dynamic Formulae Introduction Pile Driving Formulae Determination of Temporary Elastic Compression During Driving Selection of Pile Hammers Driving Stresses in Piles 217

9 Contents ix 10.6 Jetting of Pre-cast Piles Examination of Suitability of Hammer for Driving Lifting and Pitching of Piles Field Measurement of Set of Piles Field Record of Pile Driving Other Pile Driving Formulae Wave Equation Analysis of Piles [WAP] Tension Cracking of Piles During Driving Summary 228 References 236 Chapter 11 Structural Design of Concrete Piles Introduction Cover To Be Used Requirements of Concrete for Pile Works Detailing of Steel in Cast In-situ Piles Detailing of Longitudinal Steel in Pre-cast Piles Links in Pre-cast Driven Piles (IS 2911 Part I Sec. 3) Pre-stressed Concrete Piles Pile Shoes Pile to Pile Cap Connections Design of Pile Caps Deterioration of Concrete and Corrosion of Steel in Piles Summary 248 References 252 Chapter 12 Construction of Cast in-situ Piles Introduction Construction of Driven Cast in-place Piles Bored Cast in-situ Piles Properties of Bentonite To Be Used Methods of Advancing the Hole Choice of Tools Limitations of Bentonite Method Action To Be Taken Before Concreting Concreting of Piles Summary 259 Reference 259 Chapter 13 Group Action and Lateral Resistance of Vertical Piles Introduction Minimum Spacing of Piles Estimation of Group Bearing Capacity Effect of Pile Arrangement General Analysis of Pile Groups 262

10 x Contents 13.6 Lateral Resistance of Single Pile IS 2911 Method for Lateral Resistance of Piles Broms Charts for Lateral Load Analysis on Single Piles Analysis of Lateral Loads on Piles Using Finite Element Method Improving Lateral Resistance of Piles Summary 276 References 283 Chapter 14 Field Tests on Piles Introduction Types of Load Tests on Piles Loading Arrangements for Vertical Load Test Types of Vertical Load Tests on a Single Pile Vertical Load Test on Pile Group Nondestructive Tests (NDTs) on Piles Other Field Tests on Piles 291 References 293 Chapter 15 Piled Raft Foundations Introduction Types of Piled Rafts Transfer of Load to Piles in a Piled Raft Design of Piled Raft for Settlement Reduction (Type 1 Piled Rafts) Approximate Design of Piled Raft for Load Transmission [Type 2 Piled Rafts] Effect of Various Parameters on Results of Analysis 299 References 300 Chapter 16 Lateral Earth Pressures on Rigid Walls Introduction Historical Development Nature and Magnitudes of Earth Pressures Pressures on Retaining Structures Coulomb s Theory of Earth Pressure Culmann s Graphical Construction for Active Pressure Plastic Equilibrium of Soils Active and Passive Rankine States Effect of Submergence and Broken Back Pressures Due to Soils with Cohesion Economical Design of High Retaining Walls 315 References 319 Chapter 17 Effect of Superimposed Loads on Backfill and Empirical Design of Retaining Walls Introduction Case 1: Effect of Uniform Surcharge (q/m 2 ) 320

11 Foundation Engineering 25% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : VARGHESE, P. C. Type the URL : 28 Get this ebook

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