Quality Control of Drilled Piles

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1 Quality Control of Drilled Piles (Drilled Shafts, Bored Piles, Augercast piles) Garland Likins, P.E. Pile Dynamics, Inc. August , Pile Dynamics, Inc.

2 For a pile to successfully carry the required load it must have: good structural integrity adequate bearing capacity - we cannot afford failures -

3 Why Test?? How to test Structural Integrity Low Strain Integrity Testing Cross-hole Sonic Logging Calipers Thermal Integrity Profiling Q R? How to test Geotechnical Capacity Inspection devices Static Load Testing Bi-directional Load Testing Dynamic Load Testing

4 Structural Integrity Evaluations

5 Low Strain Integrity Testing ASTM D5882

6 Pile Preparation Remove fractured or contaminated concrete Grind a flat spot to attach accelerometer

7 Small hammer impact device Pile Integrity Testing (PIT) looks for major defects Accelerometer measures response (defect) 10

8 Free-End Free-Body Diagram Pile Forces Pile Velocities +F C T -F +v +v Equilibrium Continuity F=0 +2v

9 Basic Interpretation Good Pile Bad Pile

10 Low Strain Integrity Testing looks for major defects (PIT) PIT finds structural defect 350 mm CFA Static test failed to hold design load ( S.F. < 1 ) Failed static test prompts testing

11 Defect sometimes further down pile We excavated and I could stick my hand all the way to the middle of the pile and pull out handfuls of soil. 15

12 Classification of Results AA Good pile, clear toe ABx No defect to Depth x, no toe signal (long pile, high resistance, major bulges) PFx Probable Flaw at Depth x, toe apparent PDx Probable Defect at Depth x, no toe signal IVx Inconclusive below Depth x due to Vibrations (machinery, reinforcement) IR Inconclusive Record 17

13 Pile Profile in ideal conditions may estimate pile shape in/s x ft (12700 ft/s) Magn V in/s (0.080) 60 ft diam

14 Tests : pile length 54 ft Testing pile in structure

15 Low Strain Integrity Testing Advantages Cost Effective even apply to all concrete piles Finds MAJOR defects Limitations / Disadvantages Limited to 30 to 50 L/D on concrete piles Difficult interpretation if highly non-uniform Cannot locate defect quadrant 20

16 Cross-hole Sonic Logging (CSL) ASTM D6760

17 Tubes (Perimeter & Major Diagonals) Tubes Paths Measurements required to define geometry Detail required for good wavespeeds and tomography computed

18 Use an encoder (350 counts per rev.) Measure tube length Pull probe full length of tube Proportion counts to depth Depth calibration 24

19 Pull Probes From Bottom To Top Cross-hole Sonic Logging CSL Top view of shaft with 4 access tubes Fill Tubes with water Test all paths Transmit Receive 25

20 How to find defects? Good Defect 1. Reduced signal strength ( lower energy ) 2. Delayed FAT - First Arrival Time (low wavespeed)

21 Cross-hole Analyzer Signal Defect Arrival Arrival Defect Defect

22 Good/Satisfactory (G) FAT increase 0 to 10% and Energy Reduction < 6 db Questionable (Q) FAT increase 11 to 20% or Energy Reduction < 9 db Poor/Flaw (P/F) FAT increase 21 to 30% or Energy Reduction of 9 to 12 db Poor/Defect FAT increase >31% CSL rating guide (P/D) or Energy Reduction > 12 db

23 Repaired by pressure grouting 1 31

24 extracted shaft 32 32

25 CSL Tomography 1-2 Results should be compared with waterfall data. 33

26 ASTM D6760 suggests test after 3 days French norm requires 7 day wait 10 DAYS 13 DAYS

27 Initial test 30 min later Debonding Test after flooding top of shaft

28 Bleed water channel effect Know the situation of the test shaft

29 Canary Wharf Testing Pile large shell defect 41

30 Cross-hole Sonic Logging Advantages Access tubes inspire better construction Checks concrete inside cage by depth & quadrant Limitations / Disadvantages Wait 3 to 7 days prior to test Cannot evaluate concrete outside cage Debonding, bleeding are issues leads to unnecessary coring

31 Advantages Gamma Density Logging Gives data on concrete cover Compliments CSL testing Disadvantages Very local range (maybe 4 inch mm) near PVC tubes Radioactive materials

32 Advantages Calipers Estimates shape and volume required Measures verticality Limitations / Disadvantages Slurry sometimes obscures testing Assumes no further change before concreting

33 Thermal Integrity Profiling Use temperature vs. depth vs. quadrant Strength Shaft Serviceability Durability Cement Quantity Cover Concrete Temperature versus depth during curing at cage ASTM D7949

34 THERMAL WIRE cable Installation TAP Data Logger Thermal Wire

35 Thermal Wire cables installed in reinforcing cage

36 Shaft Heat Signature 80 Temperature S46 S37 S28 20 S S1 S10 59

37 Shaft Heat Signature 80 Temperature S46 S37 S28 20 S S1 S10

38 8.4 ft 8 ft 17 ft 17 ft 16.1 ft

39 Temperature roll-off in top and bottom one 1 63

40 End Effect Correction 80 Temperature (F) avg toe tanh Depth (ft)

41 Method Shaft Temperature (deg F) No Correction for Over-pour Concrete Average Grnd Surf TOS WT 40 BOC Depth (ft) TOLime TOR BOS Effective Diam. Theoretical Diam. Truck volume and depth after each truck can establish the effective diameter for each shaft segment Shaft Diam (ft) No Correction for Tremie filling / volume

42 Method Shaft Temperature (deg F) No Correction for Over-pour Concrete Average Grnd Surf TOS WT 40 BOC Depth (ft) TOLime TOR BOS Effective Diam. Theoretical Diam. Average temperature is related to average radius Shaft Diam (ft) No Correction for Tremie filling / volume

43 March 2012 drilling Cleveland Shaft 3 66 inch shaft (R = 33 in) cage (R = 27 in) 180 ft length Volume Theoretical Actual 158 cu yd 191 cu yd (121%) Temp casing 84 inch dia. (R = 42 in) 28 ft length attach Thermal cables

44 TIP can look outside cage also and estimate the shaft profile

45 Iowa test shaft August 2014 Concrete prisms 5% of X-section Clay spoils 7% of X-section Tube m (72 inch) nominal diameter

46 Optimum time to see defects Iowa test shaft Top 15 ft 78 Rest is Cage alignment 11:12 hrs 19:33hrs Peak temperature

47 South Carolina test shaft - Sept 2014 Defects planned at Depth below top 4 ft (soil bags 15% of section) 21 ft (soil bags 15% of section) Dia m dia Dia m dia. 5 SC DOT Sumpter SC

48 South Carolina test shaft

49 16 hours after end of pour clearly see planned defects 5 & 1 5 & 1 South Carolina test shaft

50 16 hours after end of pour also see unplanned defect! 4 South Carolina test shaft

51 About 34 hours after end of pour Max temperature Dia Dia. South Carolina test shaft

52 4 ft dia shafts Michigan 4.5 dia bad good 4 83

53 11.5 Hours 25 Hours (Peak) 48 Hours Center West near cage Defect found best at early time 350 shafts tested by TIP in SC 6 shafts found with defects near top 1.22 m shaft (48 inch)

54 22 inch augercast x 16 ft depth

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