Bridging on Building Envelope Performance. A Whole Building Energy Perspective

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1 The Effects of Thermal Bridging on Building Envelope Performance A Whole Building Energy Perspective Dave André PEng Dave André, P.Eng. January 2014

2 1 Thermal Bridging g Impact 2 Thermal Bridging Overview 3 Thermal Bridging Prioritization 4 Building Envelope Thermal Performance 5 Best Practice Design Approach 2

3 3 1 Thermal Bridging Impact

4 4 Source: Architecture 2030

5 5 Source:

6 6 Source:

7 7 Source:

8 8

9 Perspective Compliance Energy Codes Performance - Heat Loss, Condensation and Durability 9

10 2 Thermal Bridging Overview 10

11 Thermal Bridging What is a Thermal Bridge? Highly conductive material that by-passes insulation layer Areas of high heat transfer Can greatly affect the thermal performance of assemblies 11

12 ASHRAE 90.1 Uvalues (max.) Continuous Insulation Wall framing heat loss 2013 Handbook Fundamental Multidimensional i i Construction 12

13 ASHRAE Standard 90.1 ASHRAE Standard

14 ASHRAE Standard 90.1 ASHRAE 90.1 & thermal bridging TABLE A3.3 3 Assembly U-Factors for Steel-Frame Walls Overall U-Factor for Assembly of Base Wall Plus Continuous Insulation (Uninterrupted by Framing) Rated R-Value of Continuous Insulation = R-8 =R8+R R-8 R-8 14

15 How is Thermal Bridging Typically Evaluated? Hand Calculations Computer Modeling Lab Measurement 15

16

17 The Real World is Complicated! 17

18 ASHRAE Research Project Details Catalogue 40 building assemblies and details common to North American construction Focus on opaque assemblies, but also includes some glazing g transitions Details not already addressed in ASHRAE publications Highest priority on details with thermal bridges in 3D 18

19 Exterior Insulated Steel Stud Concrete Mass Wall Curtain Walls Precast Panels Brick Veneers 19

20 Overall Heat Loss Q Q o Qslab Additional heat loss due to the slab 20

21 Overall Heat Loss Ψ = Qslab / L OR Qslab = L Ψ The linear transmittance represents the additional heat flow because of the slab, but with area set to zero 21

22 Overall Heat Loss Types of Transmittances Clear Field Linear Point or Ψ χ o U o Q 22

23 Overall Heat Loss Total Heat loss = heat loss due to clear field + Heat loss due to anomalies Q ( Ψ L) + Σ( n) = ( U A ) + Σ χ o Total Q o 23

24 Overall Heat Loss ( Ψ L) + Σ ( χ n) Σ U = + A Total U o The assembly U-factor is the clear field U-factor, plus all the linear and point transmittances 24

25 25 Living Building Challenge

26 26

27 2 3 Thermal Bridging Prioritization 27

28 High Rise Residential Inverted roof assemblies Window wall glazing (vision and metal panel areas) Punched windows Select portions of opaque wall (brick veneer, EIFS, etc.) Slab edges (cantilevered balcony slabs and window wall bypasses) 28

29 Priority 1 Vision Area Priority 2 Slab Edges (cantilevered balcony slab, shelf angles, etc.) Window Transition Priority Opaque Wall Framing (sub girts) Priority 3 29

30 30

31 31

32 32

33 33

34 34 SI IP (W/m K) (BTU/hr ft o F) Ψ

35 35 SI (W/m K) IP (BTU/hr ft o F) Ψ

36 36

37 37 SI IP (W/m K) (BTU/hr ft o F) Ψ

38 SI (W/m K) IP (BTU/hr ft o F) Ψ

39 Slab Edges 39

40 40

41 41

42 42

43 Ψ BTU/ft hr o F (0.454 W/m K) Flashing extends past thermal break to frame 43

44 Heat Flow through 4 x 8 Window Q = 32 x 0.35 = 11.2 BTU/ft hr o F Heat Flow through Window Transition Q = 24 x = 6.3 BTU/ft hr o F

45 Ψ = BTU/ft hr o F (0.048 W/m K) Flashing stops at thermal break 45

46 Heat Flow through Heat Flow through 4 x 8 Window Window Transition Q = 32 x 0.35 = 11.2 Q = 24 x = 0.67 BTU/ft hr o F BTU/ft hr o F

47 Vertical Z-Girts Horizontal Z-Girts Mixed Z-Girts Intermittent Z-Girts 47

48 48

49 49

50 Continuous Insulation Systems IMP EIFS Continuous insulation systems can t escape the poor details problem 50

51 IMP Panel Example effectively continuous insulation but Potentially 40% (plus) heat flow attributed to window transition Panel assembly of U is only U (effective R-21 to R-8) when considering thermally inefficient details Improved to U (R-15) without much difficulty (no continuous metal flashing) 51

52 Insulated Metal Panels

53 Insulated Metal Panels

54 Direct heat flow path from interior to exterior through flashing and studs Potentially ti 40% (plus) heat flow attributed t to window transition Improved to U (R-15) without much difficulty (no continuous metal flashing) 54

55 Office Inverted roof assemblies Curtain wall glazing Specialty glazing 55

56 Priority 1 Vision Area Priority 2 Spandrel Pi Priority it 3 Specialty Glazing 56

57 Area of circle represents total envelope heat loss Fenestration heat loss, UA, Btu/hr-F Opaque wall heat loss UA, Btu/hr-F 2,592 2,98 19% 3 27% 10, % 8, % 3, % 5, % 3,764 58% 2,764 42% Ration = 40% Glazing U=0.40 Opaque Wall U=0.059 Total Heat Loss = Btu 208% increase Ratio = 30% Glazing U=0.40 Opaque Wall U=0.059 Total Heat Loss Btu 72% increase Ration = 20% Glazing U=0.40 Opaque Wall U=0.059 Total Heat Loss = % increase Ratio 10%, Glazing U=0.40 Opaque Wall U=0.059 (R=17) Total Heat Loss = 6528 Btu 57 57

58 Glazing Spandrel Areas No Spray Foam 58

59 Glazing Spandrel Areas Spray Foam 59

60 Glazing Spandrel Areas Span ndrel Section R Value Back Pan Insulation Detail 22 (Air in Stud Cavity) Detail 23 (Spray Foam in Stud Cavity) 60

61 Glazing Spandrel Areas No Spray Foam Spray Foam 61

62 Glazing Spandrel Areas Provide R-15 insulation in the back pan Provide continuous insulation inboard of the back pan in an airtight fashion Maximize area with floor to ceiling spandrel to further improve performance 62

63 3 4 Building Envelope Thermal Performance 63

64 How to Use Data Sheets - Sample Project 64

65 How to evaluate relative contribution of details Wall Parameter Wall Parameter Values Steel stud with R-20 exterior insulation and horizontal girts and R-12 in the stud cavity; U Btu/hrft 2o F Wall Width 30 ft (9.1m) Wall Height 100 ft (30.5m) # of floors 10 Glazing % 40% Window Perimeter Length 28 ft (8.5m) # of Windows 25 Opaque Wall 1800 sqft (167.2m 2 ) 65

66 Corner Shelf angle Parapet Window Transition Slab 66

67 67

68 68

69 69

70 Calculations Sample Example 1 Total Heat loss = heat loss due to clear field + Heat loss due to anomalies Q ( Ψ L) + Σ( n) = ( U A ) + Σ χ o Total Q = Btu/hrft 2o F * 30 ft (width) * 100ft (height) * %60 (area) o = 88 Btu/hr o F ( Ψ L )slab = Btu/hrft 2o F * 30 ft (width) * 10 (# floors) = 134 Btu/hr o F 70

71 71

72 72

73 Contribution of Thermal Perform mance of Wall Ass sembly to Energy Use(GJ/m 2 of Floor Area) R 3.9 Clear Wall Only IncludingPoor Details IncludingEfficient Details R 4.5 R 5.2 R 5.0 R 5.3 R 10.2 R 14.3 R 16.7 Additional building energy use based on thermal performance of the building wall assembly for varying amounts of nominal exterior insulation for a mid-rise MURB in Edmonton (overall assembly thermal resistance in ft 2 ºF h/btu also given) 73

74 Key Point Whole Building Energy Approaches Efficient details, thin insulation Thick insulation, poor details At low effective R-values, increases = big energy savings High effective R-value = thermally efficient details and some insulation. 74

75 4 5 Best Practice Approach 75

76 Closing Remarks Shift from nominal R-value thinking to effective R-value Move beyond simply adding more insulation. Examine cost effectiveness of insulating the building envelope through better details Look to building envelope to provide opportunity to achieve energy gains Be prepared to modify details and evaluate new products 76

77 Accessing Information ashrae1365research/pages/insights-publications.aspx 77

78 Thank You

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