The Building Envelope Defined

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1 Learning Objectives 1. The purpose of the building envelope 2. The energy code s definition of the building envelope 3. The exterior forces that act on the building envelope 4. The interior forces that act on the building envelope 5. The concept of continuous control layers to resist exterior and interior forces 2

2 The Building Envelope Defined The building envelope is the part of a building that separates the controlled indoor environment from the uncontrolled outdoor environment 3

3 The Building Envelope Defined 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC): Building Thermal Envelope: The basement walls, exterior walls, floor, roof, and any other building element that enclose conditioned space. This boundary also includes the boundary between conditioned space and any exempt or unconditioned space. 4

4 The Building Envelope Defined [2011 NYCECC] Building Thermal Envelope: The basement walls, exterior walls, floor, roof, and any other building element that encloses conditioned space. This also includes the boundary between conditioned space and any exempt or unconditioned space html

5 Building Envelope Design Factors Resist imposed loads Control rain penetration Control air flow Accommodate movement Control heat flow Control vapor diffusion Provide security Control radiation and light Control fire Control sound transmission Be easy to build Be aesthetically pleasing Be economical Be durable 7

6 Environmental Factors Exterior Environment Temperature Air Movement Humidity Rain Snow Light Seismic Interior Environment Temperature Air Movement Humidity Light Air leakage Load: vapor pressure Occupant activities Load: air pressure Load: temperature Wind Snow cover Soil Environment Temperature Air Movement (radon gas) Humidity Seismic Mechanical design 8

7 Durability Ability to continue to perform functions over time Durability is a function of a material and its environment E.g., heat, UV radiation, thermal cycles, wind, salt spray, movement, water, biological growth, etc. degrade building materials Moisture is the single biggest environmental factor affecting durability 9

8 Hydrothermal Design Factors Heat, air, and moisture control Control Heat Flow Control Vapor Diffusion Heat, air and moisture flows are interrelated Control Air Flow Control Rain Penetration 10

9 Heat, air and moisture flows are Interrelated Control Air Flow Control Heat Flow Control Rain Penetration Control Vapor Flow 11

10 Water in the Environment Water exists in three phases: Liquid (rainwater, groundwater) Solid (snow and ice) Gas (water vapor) Building envelope design must account for water in all three phases. 12

11 Relevant terms related to vapor Relative Humidity: defined as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapor to the saturated vapor pressure. Dew point Temperature: the temperature at which air containing a constant amount of water vapor reaches the saturation point. As the temperature decreases, the air has a lower capacity to contain moisture. Condensation can occur at or below the dew point temperature. Condensation: Change of state of water from gas to liquid, due to the water vapor cooling and contacting a surface at or below the dew point. 13

12 Water Vapor Diffusion Vapor diffusion is the process of water vapor molecules moving through a material (independent of air movements) Outside Air low water content Direction of vapor flow Inside Air high water content Source: Graphic adapted from Wood Frame Envelope in the Coastal Climate of British Columbia Best Practice Guide, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. 14

13 Air Leakage Air leakage is driven by the air pressure difference across the building envelope assembly. Air infiltration occurs where smoke is sucked into building Smoke puffer 15

14 Air Pressure Difference Stack Effect Wind Mechanical Pressurization 16

15 Air Leakage Importance of Air leakage control Air flow carries: heat (affects thermal performance), rain (increases risk of water leaks) water vapor (may result in condensation within assemblies) 17

16 Durability

17 Characteristics of Climates in Oregon Mixed-Marine Mean Temperature of Coldest Month between 27 F and 65 F Warmest month mean temperature less than 72 F At least 4 months mean temperature over 50 F Dry season in summer. Month with heaviest precipitation in cold season has at least 3x as much precipitation as the month with the least precipitation in the rest of year. Cold season is October through March. Heating Degree Days (base 65 F) between 3600 and

18 Characteristics of Climates in Pacific Northwest Cool-Dry Not marine and: Annual precipitation (inches) is less than 0.44 x (annual mean temperature 19.5) HDD (base 65 F) is between 5400 and 7200 Less humidity Greater temperature extremes -40 for several days near Burns (1989) 117 degrees in Prineville, Pendleton (1998) 21

19 Climate Zones IECC, ASHRAE 22

20 Climate Zones of OR State per 2009 IECC C 5B 4C = Mixed-Marine 5B = Cool-Dry 23

21 CLIMATE ZONES PER 2010 OEESC Two Climate Zones are defined in the OEESC, Section thermal performance requirements vary based on Climate Zone Climate Zone 4C: West of the Cascades Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, Yamhill Climate Zone 5B: East of the Cascades Baker, Crook, Deschutes, Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Hood River, Jefferson, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Morrow, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Wasco, Wheeler 24

22 Rain Penetration Failures 28

23 Rain Penetration Failures 29

24 Rain Penetration Control Driving forces: Momentum Capillarity can pull water uphill Gravity Air pressure For control, resist these forces with Deflection Drainage Drying Durable materials 30

25 Rain Penetration Control Design Considerations Deflection Drainage Drying Durability Redundancy is important to success 31

26 Rain Penetration Control Some common approaches Mass wall Face-sealed Concealed barrier Rainscreen 32

27 Rain Penetration Control Mass Walls Mass wall: relies on absorption & evaporation Rain Absorbed Water Water Shedding 33

28 Rain Penetration Control Mass Walls Mass wall: relies on absorption & evaporation Rain Absorbed Water Water Shedding 34

29 Rain Penetration Control Mass Walls Not all mass walls are created equal 35

30 Rain Penetration Control Face Seals Face seal (Barrier): relies on sealed exterior 36

31 Rain Penetration Control Face Seals Face seal (Barrier): relies on sealed exterior 37

32 Rain Penetration Control Concealed Barriers Concealed barrier: relies on multiple layers 38

33 Rain Penetration Control Concealed Barriers Concealed barrier: relies on multiple layers 39

34 Rain Penetration Control Rainscreens Rainscreen: relies on 2 layers with air space and drainage 40

35 Rain Penetration Control Rainscreens Rainscreen: relies on 2 layers with air space and drainage 41

36 Requirements of Rainscreen Walls Water shedding surface (Rainscreen) Secondary moisture barrier (water resistive barrier) Drainage path from water barrier to outside Ventilated cavity increases drying potential 42

37 Water Resistive Barrier Water Shedding Materials Asphalt impregnated paper (building paper) Spun-bonded polyolefin or similar house wraps" Some fluid-applied membranes Water repellant coatings Waterproof Materials some Fluid-Applied membranes some Self-Adhered membranes Torch Applied membranes 43

38 Water Resistive Barrier May also perform function of: Air barrier Vapor retarder but must have insulation installed to exterior! 44

39 Why Control Air Flow? Air leakage will carry moisture laden air into the envelope, and interstitial condensation can lead to mold, rot, corrosion Higher energy cost Poor thermal comfort (winter and summer) Uncontrolled indoor environment (humidity, outdoor contaminants) Larger forces for rain penetration Possible fire/smoke movement Increased sound transmission 45

40 Air Leakage Problems Failure at Roof Parapet 46

41 What Happens Without Envelope Continuity? 47

42 What Happens Without Envelope Continuity? Spray foam insulation for air, vapor and thermal continuity 48

43 Air Leakage Problems Failure at Soffits and Decks 49

44 Air Leakage Problems Window Interface 50

45 Categorizing Air Leakage Diffuse Flow: air flow through material large areas condensation over time P ao P ai Orifice Flow: air flow through direct opening localized leakage path condensation and water intrusion Channel Flow: air flow through tortuous path localized leakage path highest condensation potential 51

46 Air Leakage Path and Condensation 75% 29% 32% 71% Percentage shows relative amount of moisture that can be deposited in a wall cavity based on leakage path. 52

47 Controlling Air Flow What is an Air Barrier System? The assembly installed to provide a continuous barrier to the movement of air across the building envelope 53

48 Air Flow Control Design Considerations Install plane of air tightness using low air permeance materials (low air flow) Design system to resist air pressure difference especially wind loads (structural integrity) Maintain low air flow and structural integrity across joints and junctions (continuity) 54

49 Vapor Diffusion Control Vapor retarder: the material(s) installed to control the diffusion of water vapor 55

50 Vapor Diffusion Control Design Considerations interior building envelope exterior Low vapor permeance material must be warm enough to avoid moisture accumulation from condensation (installed to the interior of thermal insulation in Pacific Northwest) Assembly should be more permeable towards the low vapor pressure side of the envelope assembly Vapor retarder need not be sealed to control vapor diffusion (if there is an air barrier and if conditioned air cannot bypass the vapor retarder to circulates behind it) 56

51 Heat Flow 57

52 Heat Flow Problems 58

53 Thermal Barrier (Insulation) The element that represents the majority of resistance to conductive heat flow in an assembly Must be continuous but does not need to be sealed Best placed to the exterior of the structure to minimize thermal bridging Ideally majority placed outboard of air barrier Majority must be placed outboard of vapor barrier (except in cooling climates) Placed inboard of weather barrier unless water insusceptible 59

54 Heat Flow Control Design Considerations Design for continuity of coverage Minimize thermal bridges Avoid air flow through/around insulation Keep low permeance material warm enough to avoid condensation 60

55 Heat Flow Control Thermal Mass Image from 61

56 Below Grade Design Considerations Control of groundwater Control of radon gas Control of potential soil contaminates Continuity of barriers at transition from below grade to above grade assemblies 62

57 Architectural expressions impacting building envelope performance 63

58 Architectural expressions impacting building envelope performance Vertical mullion Galvanized metal Anti-rotation spacer Sealed glazing unit Pressure plate Snap cap Flexible air barrier membrane Rigid insulation Air space Source: Glass and Metal Curtain Wall Best Practice Guide, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. 64

59 Architectural expressions impacting building envelope performance Slab projections/decks, etc. Good for rainwater penetration control: protects walls and windows from wind driven rain Bad for thermal control: large thermal bridges through insulation 65

60 Architectural expressions impacting building envelope performance Projecting decorative trim Can collect water, increasing risk of water penetration and deterioration of claddings/trim. 66

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