TACAMP 2014 CONCRETE. Presented by Rick Wheeler

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1 TACAMP 2014 CONCRETE Presented by Rick Wheeler

2 HISTORY OF CONCRETE

3 2000 years and still working

4 Concrete is the longest lasting Man-made construction material The Roman Pantheon is the largest (43.4m dia.) unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world. It was built by the emperor Hadrian almost 2,000 years ago.

5 Components of Concrete Components of Concrete

6 Is it CEMENT or is it CONCRETE? Portland or Hydraulic cement is an ingredient in concrete just like rock, sand and water It is analogous to bread and flour

7 What is Concrete?

8 Two Major Concrete Components Cement + Water + Admixture = Paste Coarse Agg.+ Fine Agg. = Aggregates Batch & Mix =

9 Paste Component Breakdown Portland Cement ASTM C150 Types I through V Hydraulic Cements- ASTM C595 or C1157 Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) Fly Ash Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS) Microsilica (Silica Fume) Water Air voids entrapped and entrained Admixtures: Used to enhance the properties of concrete Liquid - Types A through G Mineral

10 10 Paste Cement Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) Chemical Admixtures Water Air (entrained and / or entrapped)

11 WATER Potable fit to drink when in doubt, conduct setting time and strength tests Water of convenience should be kept as low as possible Free Water in aggregates is part of the mixing water and therefore must be determined.

12 Aggregate Component Major ingredient of a concrete mix 60% to 75% by volume Most common for normal wt. are: Sand Gravel Crushed Stone Governing specification is ASTM C 33

13 Fine Aggregate Sand and/or crushed stone < 5 mm (0.2 in.) F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate

14 Coarse Aggregate Gravel and crushed stone 5 mm (0.2 in.) Typically between 9.5 and 37.5 mm (3/8 and 1½ in.)

15 Lightweight Aggregate (ASTM C 330) Expanded Shale Clay Slate Slag Produce structural lightweight concrete 90 to 120 lb/ft 3

16 Recycled-Concrete Aggregate

17 Batching, Mixing, and Placing

18 Typical Plant

19 Batching

20 Batching Sequence: 1 water* 2 rock 3 sand 4 cement Batching time - approximately 3-6 minutes > > > > > > > * admixtures added with up-front water. If more than one, add separately.

21 Stationary Mixing Central-mixed concrete mixed completely in a stationary mixer delivered in a truck agitator a truck mixer operating at agitating speed a non-agitating truck

22 Central Mix Materials weighed and dispensed into revolving drum.

23 Ready Mixed Concrete Shrink-mixed concrete mixed partially in a stationary mixer and completed in a truck mixer Truck-mixed concrete mixed completely in a truck mixer

24 How Does Concrete Work? Concrete does not gain strength through drying Concrete hardens through a process called HYDRATION Hydration is the chemical reaction between the cement and water in which new compounds with strength producing properties are formed. Concrete must have favorable moisture and temperature conditions to continue hydration

25 Ratios W/CM and W/C Water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) ratio of mass of water to mass of cementitious materials in a concrete mix expressed as a decimal. The water is exclusive to that absorbed by the aggregate. Water-cement ratio (w/c) ratio of mass of water to mass of cement in a concrete mix expressed as a decimal. Note: The lower the w/c or w/cm ratio the higher the strength and durability of concrete.

26 Advantages of Reducing Water Content: Increased strength Lower permeability Increased resistance to weathering Better bond between concrete and reinforcement Reduced drying shrinkage and cracking Less volume change from wetting and drying

27 Typical Relationships of Strength to W/C-Ratio

28 Compressive Strength is defined as the measured maximum resistance of a concrete or mortar specimen to an axial load, usually expressed in psi (Mpa) at an age of 28-days. Most general use concrete 3000 to 6000 psi (20 to 40 Mpa) High-strength concrete by definition psi or greater (70 MPa or greater)

29 Properties of Concrete Freshly Mixed (Plastic) Air Content Workability Setting Time and Rate of Hardening Hardened Strength Density Permeability Durability

30 Freshly Mixed (Plastic) Properties of Concrete

31 Air Voids Entrapped not desirable, not stable, no contribution to freeze/thaw resistance Entrained small, round and stable, barely visible

32 Why Entrain Air? Water expands 9% upon freezing Tiny, stable bubbles absorb pressure De-icers exacerbate the problem Inexpensive to add Takes up volume normally filled with aggregates and/or water Rupture strength of freezing water is approx. 30,000 psi

33 Air Entraining Benefits Freeze/Thaw resistance Workability (slump) Segregation Cohesion Bleeding Decreased material content economy Increased durability and watertightness in spite of compressive strength loss

34 Specimens Subjected to 150 Cycles of Freezing and Thawing Non-air-entrained High water-cement ratio Air-entrained Low water-cement ratio

35 Workability that property of freshly mixed concrete that determines its working characteristics i.e. the ease with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Workability is often linked to the measured slump of concrete

36 Workability

37 Factors Affecting Workability Method and duration of transportation Quantity and characteristics of cementing materials Concrete consistency (slump) Aggregate grading, shape & surface texture % entrained air Water content Concrete & ambient air temperature Admixtures

38 Setting Time

39 Temperature has significant effect on setting characteristics On a 70 F day, the first phase of the hydration process (initial set) can occur within a few hours Each 10 F change in temperature will increase or decrease setting time by 1/3 rd of the normal value Example: 3.5 hr. set at 70 F will become 2 hrs. & 20 min. at 80 F or 4 hrs. & 40 min. at 60⁰F

40 Temperature Rules of Thumb 10 F temperature change in cement produces 1 F change in concrete 3.8 F temperature change in water produces 1 F change in concrete 1.6 F temperature change in aggregate produces 1 F change in concrete

41 Effect of Casting Temperature on Slump

42 Hardened Properties of Concrete

43 Strength Strength is the most important characteristic of concrete High strength denotes quality

44 Compressive strength is the most common test of strength Compressive Strength can be defined as the resistance of a material to break under compression It is generally expressed as pounds per square inch (psi) at an age of 28 days 7 day strengths are often estimated to be about 75% of the 28 day strength 56 and 90 day strengths are usually 10-15% greater than 28 day strengths The compressive strength that concrete achieves results from: Water-cement ratio (W/C) Lower Water-cement ratio, higher compressive strength The extent to which hydration has progressed Curing and environmental conditions Age of concrete Air entrained concrete reduces the compressive strength (more bubbles makes the concrete less dense) Low W/C High Air High Strength Low Strength

45 Strength (Continued) To determine the compressive strength, tests are conducted on concrete specimens Concrete sample cylinders (4 x 8 or 6 x 12 ) Concrete sample cylinder exploding as a result of applied load Compressive strength testing machine Concrete sample cylinder molds

46 Curing Critical to durable concrete Increases strength Decreases permeability Increases durability

47 Effect of Curing on Strength Development

48 Curing Methods Ponding Sprinkling or fog spray Wet burlap Plastic / Impervious Paper Curing compounds Insulating Blankets Forms

49 Questions???

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